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Fuller MT, Dadoo O, Xiong T, Chivukula P, MacDonald ME, Lee SK, Austin RC, Igdoura SA, Trigatti BL. Extensive diet-induced atherosclerosis in scavenger receptor class B type 1-deficient mice is associated with substantial leukocytosis and elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in coronary artery endothelium. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1023397. [PMID: 36714321 PMCID: PMC9877335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Mice that lack genes involved in the clearance of LDL from the bloodstream, such as the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E, are widely used models of experimental atherosclerosis. Conversely, mice that lack the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I, and therefore have disrupted HDL functionality, also develop diet-inducible atherosclerosis but are a seldom-used disease model. In this study, we compared atherosclerosis and associated phenotypes in scavenger receptor class B type I knockout mice with those of wild type, LDL receptor knockout, and apolipoprotein E knockout mice after 20 weeks of being fed an atherogenic diet containing sodium cholate. We found that while scavenger receptor class B type I knockout mice had substantially lower plasma cholesterol than LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E knockout mice, they developed atherosclerotic plaques with similar sizes and compositions in their aortic sinuses, and more extensive atherosclerosis in their descending aortas and coronary arteries. This was associated with elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in scavenger receptor class B type I knockout mice compared to wild type and LDL receptor knockout mice, and lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule expression in coronary artery endothelial cells compared to the other mice examined. We conclude that extensive atherosclerosis in arteries that are not generally susceptible to atherosclerosis in scavenger receptor class B type I knockout mice is driven by factors in addition to hypercholesterolemia, including inflammation, dysregulation of the immune system and increased sensitivity of endothelial cells in arteries that are normally resistant to atherosclerosis. Scavenger receptor class B type I knockout mice fed a cholate containing atherogenic diet may prove to be a useful model to study mechanisms of atherosclerosis and evaluate treatments that rely on intact LDL clearance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T. Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Omid Dadoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pardh Chivukula
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E. MacDonald
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel K. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard C. Austin
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Research Institute of St. Joe’s Hamilton and the Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Suleiman A. Igdoura
- Department of Biology and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Bernardo L. Trigatti,
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2
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Ilhan R, Üner G, Yilmaz S, Atalay Sahar E, Cayli S, Erzurumlu Y, Gozen O, Ballar Kirmizibayrak P. Novel regulation mechanism of adrenal cortisol and DHEA biosynthesis via the endogen ERAD inhibitor small VCP-interacting protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:869. [PMID: 35042898 PMCID: PMC8766438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is a well-characterized mechanism of protein quality control by removal of misfolded or unfolded proteins. The tight regulation of ERAD is critical for protein homeostasis as well as lipid metabolism. Although the mechanism is complex, all ERAD branches converge on p97/VCP, a key protein in the retrotranslocation step. The multifunctionality of p97/VCP relies on its multiple binding partners, one of which is the endogenous ERAD inhibitor, SVIP (small VCP-interacting protein). As SVIP is a promising target for the regulation of ERAD, we aimed to assess its novel physiological roles. We revealed that SVIP is highly expressed in the rat adrenal gland, especially in the cortex region, at a consistently high level during postnatal development, unlike the gradual increase in expression seen in developing nerves. Steroidogenic stimulators caused a decrease in SVIP mRNA expression and increase in SVIP protein degradation in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Interestingly, silencing of SVIP diminished cortisol secretion along with downregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and proteins involved in cholesterol uptake and cholesterol biosynthesis. A certain degree of SVIP overexpression mainly increased the biosynthesis of cortisol as well as DHEA by enhancing the expression of key steroidogenic proteins, whereas exaggerated overexpression led to apoptosis, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and diminished adrenal steroid hormone biosynthesis. In conclusion, SVIP is a novel regulator of adrenal cortisol and DHEA biosynthesis, suggesting that alterations in SVIP expression levels may be involved in the deregulation of steroidogenic stimulator signaling and abnormal adrenal hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Ilhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Göklem Üner
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yilmaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alanya Aladdin Keykubat, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Esra Atalay Sahar
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevil Cayli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Oguz Gozen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Petek Ballar Kirmizibayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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3
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de Guia RM. Stress, glucocorticoid signaling pathway, and metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1273-1280. [PMID: 32755820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glucocorticoids and the GR serve as an essential molecular mediator of stress and different physiologic processes. This review summarizes main findings from studies on the role of the GC/GR signaling in the modulation of genes for nutrient processing by the different organs involved in metabolic diseases. METHODS Descriptive review of relevant papers known to the author was conducted. RESULTS Several high-throughput screenings in the past 15 years have identified potential GR DNA-binding regions in different cell types with genes that are annotated to be important for the control of metabolism. Transcriptional regulation of these GC-responsive genes provides links between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and systemic energy homeostasis in both physiological and pathophysiological states. Future studies must reconsider the use of agonist, the utilization of animal models of stress and metabolic disorders, and validation in humans. CONCLUSION This review recapitulates the significant role of the GC/GR signaling in molecular metabolic control and metabolic disorders. Potential future research focus and optimizations have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roldan M de Guia
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Keio Global Research Institute (KGRI) and Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Czech Centre for Phenogenomics (CCP), Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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4
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Ito M, Ye X, Wang Q, Guo L, Hao D, Howatt D, Daugherty A, Cai L, Temel R, Li XA. SR-BI (Scavenger Receptor BI), Not LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor, Mediates Adrenal Stress Response-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1830-1837. [PMID: 32522007 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenal gland secretes stress-induced glucocorticoids (iGCs) to coping with stress. Previous study showed that SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) null (SR-BI-/-) mice failed to generate iGC in stress conditions, suggesting that SR-BI-mediated cholesterol uptake from HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is a key regulator for iGC production. However, the LDL (low-density lipoprotein)/LDLr (LDL receptor) pathway can also provide cholesterol for iGC synthesis, but rodents have limited LDL levels in circulation. Here, we generated SR-BI-/-ApoBtg (apolipoprotein B transgenic) mice with normal LDL levels in circulation to determine the relative contribution of the HDL/SR-BI and LDL/LDLr pathways to iGC production in stress conditions. Approach and Results: To obtain mouse models with normal LDL levels, SR-BI-/- mice were bred to ApoBtg mice. Then, the F1 SR-BI±ApoBtg mice were backcrossed to SR-BI-/- to obtain SR-BI-/-ApoBtg, SR-BI-/-ApoBwt (apolipoprotein B wild type), and SR-BI+/+ApoBtg mice. We first examined the lipoprotein profile, which shows a 6.5-fold increase in LDL levels in SR-BI-/-ApoBtg mice compared with SR-BI-/-ApoBwt mice. Then, we induced stress with adrenocorticotropic hormone and cecal ligation and puncture. One hour after adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, SR-BI+/+ApoBtg control mice produced iGC (14.9-fold), but both SR-BI-/-ApoBwt and SR-BI-/-ApoBtg showed no iGC production (P<0.001). Three hours after cecal ligation and puncture treatment, SR-BI+/+ApoBtg control mice showed iGC production (6.4-fold), but both SR-BI-/-ApoBwt and SR-BI-/-ApoBtg mice showed no iGC production (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SR-BI-/-ApoBtg mice fail to produce iGC in stress conditions even though with restored LDL levels in circulation. These findings clarify that the HDL/SR-BI, not LDL/LDLr, pathway is responsible for iGC production in stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Ito
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (M.I., D. Hao, A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Xiang Ye
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Qian Wang
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Ling Guo
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Dan Hao
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (M.I., D. Hao, A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Deborah Howatt
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (M.I., D. Hao, A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Lei Cai
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Ryan Temel
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Xiang-An Li
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (M.I., X.Y., Q.W., L.G., D. Hao, D. Howatt, A.D., L.C., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (M.I., D. Hao, A.D., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington.,Department of Physiology (A.D., R.T., X.-A.L.), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
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5
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VLDL/LDL serves as the primary source of cholesterol in the adrenal glucocorticoid response to food deprivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158682. [PMID: 32169652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of individual lipoprotein species to the generation of the adrenal cholesterol pool used for the synthesis of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid species remains unknown. Here we examined the impact of specific lowering of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) levels on adrenal cholesterol and glucocorticoid homeostasis. Hereto, lethally-irradiated hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E (APOE) knockout mice received APOE-containing bone marrow from wild-type mice (n = 6) or APOE knockout control bone marrow (n = 10) and were subsequently fed a regular chow diet. Transplantation with wild-type bone marrow was associated with a 10-fold decrease in VLDL/LDL-cholesterol levels. No changes were observed in adrenal weights, adrenal cholesterol content, or basal plasma corticosterone levels. However, food deprivation-induced corticosterone secretion was 64% lower (P < 0.05) in wild-type bone marrow recipients as compared to APOE knockout bone marrow recipients, in the context of similar plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. A parallel 19-29% decrease in adrenal relative mRNA expression levels of ACTH-responsive genes SR-BI (P < 0.01), STAR (P < 0.05), and CYP11A1 (P < 0.05) was detected. In support of relative glucocorticoid insufficiency, blood lymphocyte and eosinophil concentrations were respectively 2.4-fold (P < 0.01) and 8-fold (P < 0.001) higher in wild-type bone marrow recipients under food deprivation stress conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that a selective lowering of VLDL/LDL levels in APOE knockout mice through a transplantation with APOE-containing wild-type bone marrow is associated with a decreased maximal adrenal glucocorticoid output. Our studies provide experimental support for the hypothesis that, in vivo, VLDL/LDL serves as the primary source of cholesterol used for glucocorticoid synthesis during food deprivation stress.
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6
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Walther R, Julius U, Tselmin S, Schatz U, Bornstein SR, Graessler J. Short- and long-term effects of lipoprotein apheresis on plasma hormones in patients with therapy-resistant dyslipidemia. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2019; 40:30-37. [PMID: 31818447 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a highly effective method to improve the clinical and metabolic situation in patients with therapy-resistant disorders of lipid metabolism. Cholesterol is the substrate for the synthesis of all steroid hormones. If repeated massive reduction of LDL-cholesterol may interfere with human adrenal steroidogenesis, and could become clinically relevant is unknown, so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine possible short- and long-term effects of LA on blood plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol, aldosterone, DHEAS, renin and testosterone. METHODS In total, 39 patients, treated with one of four LA techniques were studied: 1. Lipid Filtration (LF; n = 7), 2. Dextran Sulfate Adsorption (DSA; n = 7), 3. Membrane Filtration Optimised Novel Extracorporeal Treatment (MONET; n = 8), and 4. Direct Absorption of Lipoproteins (DALI; n = 15). Hormone levels were analyzed before and after five LA sessions with an interval of 20 weeks covering a total observation time of two years. In addition patients were comprehensively characterized by clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS Patients treated with LA revealed an acute reduction of steroid hormones and ACTH, independent of apheresis technology but no long-term insufficiency in steroidogenesis was observed. Plasma renin levels were stable in LF patients and were highly elevated in patients under DSA, MONET and DALI apheresis throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data suggest that although different LA techniques considerably differ in their acute effects on hormone levels during LA, they did not alter long-term hormone levels sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Walther
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Julius
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergey Tselmin
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schatz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen Graessler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Osborn MF, Coles AH, Biscans A, Haraszti RA, Roux L, Davis S, Ly S, Echeverria D, Hassler MR, Godinho BMDC, Nikan M, Khvorova A. Hydrophobicity drives the systemic distribution of lipid-conjugated siRNAs via lipid transport pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1070-1081. [PMID: 30535404 PMCID: PMC6379714 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutic RNA beyond the liver is the fundamental obstacle preventing its clinical utility. Lipid conjugation increases plasma half-life and enhances tissue accumulation and cellular uptake of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). However, the mechanism relating lipid hydrophobicity, structure, and siRNA pharmacokinetics is unclear. Here, using a diverse panel of biologically occurring lipids, we show that lipid conjugation directly modulates siRNA hydrophobicity. When administered in vivo, highly hydrophobic lipid-siRNAs preferentially and spontaneously associate with circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while less lipophilic lipid-siRNAs bind to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Lipid-siRNAs are targeted to lipoprotein receptor-enriched tissues, eliciting significant mRNA silencing in liver (65%), adrenal gland (37%), ovary (35%), and kidney (78%). Interestingly, siRNA internalization may not be completely driven by lipoprotein endocytosis, but the extent of siRNA phosphorothioate modifications may also be a factor. Although biomimetic lipoprotein nanoparticles have been explored for the enhancement of siRNA delivery, our findings suggest that hydrophobic modifications can be leveraged to incorporate therapeutic siRNA into endogenous lipid transport pathways without the requirement for synthetic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire F Osborn
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Coles
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Annabelle Biscans
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Reka A Haraszti
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Loic Roux
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Davis
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Socheata Ly
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hassler
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruno M D C Godinho
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mehran Nikan
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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8
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van der Geest R, van der Sluis RJ, Groen AK, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Cholestasis-associated glucocorticoid overexposure does not increase atherogenesis. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:1-12. [PMID: 31035252 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid overexposure predisposes to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in humans. Cholestatic liver disease is associated with increased plasma glucocorticoid levels. Here, we determined - in a preclinical setting - whether the chronic presence of cholestatic liver disease also induces a concomitant negative impact on atherosclerosis susceptibility. Hereto, regular chow diet-fed atherosclerosis-susceptible hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E (APOE)-knockout mice were treated with the bile duct toxicant alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) for 8 weeks. ANIT exposure induced the development of fibrotic cholestatic liver disease as evident from collagen deposits and compensatory bile duct hyperproliferation within the liver and the rise in plasma levels of bilirubin (+60%; P < 0.01) and bile acids (10-fold higher; P < 0.01). Adrenal weights (+22%; P < 0.01) and plasma corticosterone levels (+72%; P < 0.01) were increased in ANIT-treated mice. In contrast, atherosclerosis susceptibility was not increased in response to ANIT feeding, despite the concomitant increase in plasma free cholesterol (+30%; P < 0.01) and cholesteryl ester (+42%; P < 0.001) levels. The ANIT-induced hypercorticosteronemia coincided with marked immunosuppression as judged from the 50% reduction (P < 0.001) in circulating lymphocyte numbers. However, hepatic glucocorticoid signaling was not enhanced after ANIT treatment. It thus appears that the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids is uncoupled from their metabolic effect under cholestatic disease conditions. In conclusion, we have shown that cholestatic liver disease-associated endogenous glucocorticoid overexposure does not increase atherosclerosis susceptibility in APOE-knockout mice. Our studies provide novel preclinical evidence for the observations that the hypercholesterolemia seen in cholestatic human subjects does not translate into a higher risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick van der Geest
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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van der Sluis RJ, Depuydt MAC, Verwilligen RAF, Hoekstra M, Van Eck M. Elimination of adrenocortical apolipoprotein E production does not impact glucocorticoid output in wild-type mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 490:21-27. [PMID: 30953750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) deficient mice exhibit unexplained hypercorticosteronemia. Given that APOE is also produced locally within the adrenals, we evaluated the effect of adrenal-specific APOE deficiency on the glucocorticoid function. Hereto, one adrenal containing or lacking APOE was transplanted into adrenalectomized wild-type mice. Adrenal APOE deficiency did not impact adrenal total cholesterol levels. Importantly, the ability of the two adrenal types to produce glucocorticoids was also not different as judged from the similar plasma corticosterone levels. Adrenal mRNA expression levels of HMG-CoA reductase and the LDL receptor were decreased by respectively 72% (p < 0.01) and 65% (p = 0.07), suggesting that cholesterol acquisition pathways were inhibited to possibly compensate the lack of APOE. In support, a parallel increase in the expression level of the cholesterol accumulation-associated ER stress marker CHOP was detected (+117%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, our studies show that elimination of adrenocortical APOE production does not impact glucocorticoid output in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Hoekstra M, Ouweneel AB, Nahon JE, van der Geest R, Kröner MJ, van der Sluis RJ, Van Eck M. ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 deficiency is associated with mild glucocorticoid insufficiency in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:443-451. [PMID: 30633988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since cholesterol is the sole precursor for glucocorticoid synthesis, it is hypothesized that genetic defects in proteins that impact the cellular cholesterol pool may underlie glucocorticoid insufficiency in humans. In the current study, we specifically focused on the cholesterol efflux mediator ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) as gene candidate. METHODS The adrenal transcriptional response to fasting stress was measured in wild-type mice to identify putative novel gene candidates. Subsequently, the adrenal glucocorticoid function was compared between ABCG1 knockout mice and wild-type controls. RESULTS Overnight food deprivation induced a change in relative mRNA expression levels of cholesterol metabolism-related proteins previously linked to steroidogenesis, i.e. scavenger receptor class B type I (+149%; P < 0.001), LDL receptor (-70%; P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein E (-41%; P < 0.01). Strikingly, ABCG1 transcript levels were also markedly decreased (-61%; P < 0.05). In contrast to our hypothesis that decreasing cholesterol efflux would increase the adrenal cholesterol pool and enhance glucocorticoid output, ABCG1 knockout mice as compared to wild-type mice exhibited a reduced ability to secrete corticosterone in response to an ACTH challenge (two-way ANOVA: P < 0.001 for genotype) or fasting stress. As a result, glucocorticoid target gene expression levels in liver and hypothalamus were reduced and blood lymphocyte concentrations and spleen weights increased in ABCG1 knockout mice under fasting stress conditions. This was paralleled by a 48% reduction in adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and stimulation of adrenal NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (+37%; P < 0.05) and apolipoprotein E (+59%; P < 0.01) mRNA expression. CONCLUSION ABCG1 deficiency is associated with mild glucocorticoid insufficiency in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Amber B Ouweneel
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joya E Nahon
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rick van der Geest
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Natural low- and high-density lipoproteins as mighty bio-nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:371-382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Bai J, Na H, Hua X, Wei Y, Ye T, Zhang Y, Jian G, Zeng W, Yan L, Tang Q. A retrospective study of NENs and miR-224 promotes apoptosis of BON-1 cells by targeting PCSK9 inhibition. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6929-6939. [PMID: 28036293 PMCID: PMC5351680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent relatively rare tumors. The lack of diagnostic, therapeutic method and prognostic factors makes them a challenge to us. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 205 NENs patients among which 157 cases were followed-up. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), a regulator of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), was confirmed as a target gene of microRNA-224. We found an increased incidence of NENs from 2012 to 2015. Women were usually diagnosed at earlier stages than men (P < 0.05). Tumor grading was associated with primary tumor site, especially esophagus and cardia NENs all at G3 (P <0.001). Age, tumor grading and LDL-C levels were independent risk factors of digestive NENs. Low LDL-C level was significantly correlated with survival rate and median overall survival (OS, P < 0.05). MicroRNA-224 agomir and PCSK9 siRNA could promote apoptosis and suppress proliferation, invasion of BON-1 cells (P < 0.05), but increase the level of glucocorticoid (GC, P < 0.05). Taken together, age, tumor grading and LDL-C level are independent risk factors of NENs. The miR-224/PCSK9/GC axis binds to tumorigenesis and prognosis of pancreatic NENs (p-NENs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian'an Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Na
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiumei Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Guo Jian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Linyi People's Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Weiwen Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Ouweneel AB, van der Sluis RJ, Nahon JE, Van Eck M, Hoekstra M. Simvastatin treatment aggravates the glucocorticoid insufficiency associated with hypocholesterolemia in mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 261:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Perani CV, Langgartner D, Uschold-Schmidt N, Füchsl AM, Neumann ID, Reber SO, Slattery DA. Adrenal gland plasticity in lactating rats and mice is sufficient to maintain basal hypersecretion of corticosterone. Stress 2017; 20:303-311. [PMID: 28460556 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1325462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased basal glucocorticoid secretion and a reduced glucocorticoid response during acute stress, despite only minor changes in the secretion of the major secretagogue adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), have been documented in the peripartum period in several species. We recently showed that the adrenal gland, the site of glucocorticoid synthesis, undergoes substantial postpartum-associated plasticity in the rat at mid-lactation. Here, we asked the question whether adrenal changes already take place around parturition in the rat and in another species, namely the mouse. After demonstrating that several components of the adrenal machinery mediating cholesterol supply for steroidogenesis, including protein levels of hormone-sensitive lipase, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class-B type-1 (SRB1), are upregulated, while hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is downregulated in the lactating rat one day after delivery, as previously observed at mid-lactation, we demonstrated profound changes in the mouse. In detail, protein expression of LDLR, SRB1, HMGCR and adrenal lipid store density were increased in the mouse adrenal one day after parturition as tested via western blot analysis and oil-red lipid staining, respectively. Moreover, using in vitro culture techniques, we observed that isolated adrenal explants from lactating mice secreted higher levels of corticosterone under basal conditions, but showed impaired responsiveness to ACTH, mimicking the in vivo scenario. These results suggest that mechanisms of adaptation in the maternal adrenal after delivery, namely increased cholesterol availability and decreased ACTH sensitivity, are crucial for the basal increase in circulating glucocorticoids and maternal stress hyporesponsiveness that are typical of this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara V Perani
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- b Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- d Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Andrea M Füchsl
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Inga D Neumann
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Stefan O Reber
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- c Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - David A Slattery
- a Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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Mu J, Wang QG, Wang XQ, Cheng FF, Li CX, Lian YJ. Mechanisms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its correlation with chronic stress. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:692-698. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i5.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the distributions of area and age have gradually expanded, and it has become a hot topic in the field of medical and scientific research. Previous studies often attributed the reason of NAFLD to unhealthy diet and lifestyle. However, recent studies have shown that chronic stress is one of the main factors for the development of NAFLD. In this paper, we present the latest research achievements on the mechanism of NAFLD caused by chronic stress, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
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