1
|
Yu S, Wang B, Rao Y, Liu M, Liang L, Gou K. Trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid reduced reproductive ability by disrupting the estrus cycle in female mice. Anim Reprod 2024; 21:e20240010. [PMID: 38756621 PMCID: PMC11095849 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As a positional and geometrical isomer of linoleic acid, trans 10, cis 12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) reduces white fat by reducing food intake, modulating lipid metabolism, and stimulating energy expenditure. However, the t10c12-CLA products are mostly mixtures, making it difficult to obtain accurate results. Studies are needed to investigate the effects of pure t10c12-CLA on animals and humans. In this study, we used the biallelic transgenic (tg) mice, which could produce t10c12-CLA itself, to investigate the effects of pure t10c12-CLA on female reproductive ability. The results showed that the body and relative ovary weights had no significant difference between tg and wild-type (wt) littermates at ages 3 or 10 weeks. While the fecundity test found that tg mice had a significantly longer first litter time (32.0 ± 4.70 days vs. 21.3 ± 2.31 days, P<0.05), and a significantly lower number of litters (4.75 ± 2.75 vs. 6.67 ± 0.57, P<0.05) when compared with wt mice during continuous mating within seven months. Hormone profiles showed that serum estradiol levels did not change in tg mice; however, significantly (P<0.05) decreased progesterone and increased prostaglandin E2 levels were observed in tg mice compared with those of wt mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed no pathological characteristics in tg ovaries, except for the increased atresia follicles (P<0.05). Moreover, the tg mice had a significantly more extended diestrus period than the wt mice (48.4 ± 6.38% vs. 39.6 ± 3.81%, P<0.05). In summary, t10c12-CLA could affect serum progesterone and prostaglandin E2 levels, lead to a disordered estrus cycle, and impact the reproductive performance of female mice. This study provided theoretical and biosafety recommendations for applying t10c12-CLA in female mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Rao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luwen Liang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kemian Gou
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Innocenti F, Di Persio S, Taggi M, Maggio R, Lardo P, Toscano V, Canipari R, Vicini E, Stigliano A. Effect of Mitotane on Male Gonadal Function. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3234. [PMID: 37370841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence has shown frequent hypogonadism following mitotane (MTT) treatment in male patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MTT on male gonadal function. METHODS Morphological analysis of testes and testosterone assays were performed on adult CD1 MTT-treated and untreated mice. The expression of key genes involved in interstitial and tubular compartments was studied by real-time PCR. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative analysis of spermatozoa was performed. RESULTS Several degrees of damage to the testes and a significant testosterone reduction in MTT-treated mice were observed. A significant decline in 3βHsd1 and Insl3 mRNA expression in the interstitial compartment confirmed an impairment of androgen production. Fsh-R mRNA expression was unaffected by MTT, proving that Sertoli cells are not the drug's primary target. Sperm concentrations were significantly lower in MTT-treated animals. Moreover, the drug caused a significant increase in the percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal chromatin structures. CONCLUSION MTT negatively affects the male reproductive system, including changes in the morphology of testicular tissue and reductions in sperm concentration and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Innocenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Di Persio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Taggi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Maggio
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Pina Lardo
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Toscano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Canipari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
UPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Naturally Derived Apis mellifera Products and Their Promising Effects against Cadmium-Induced Adverse Effects in Female Rats. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010119. [PMID: 36615776 PMCID: PMC9823550 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybee products arouse interest in society due to their natural origin and range of important biological properties. Propolis (P) and royal jelly (RJ) attract scientists' attention because they exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory abilities. In this study, we tested whether P and RJ could mitigate the adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure, with particular emphasis on the reproductive function in female rats. In this line, one week of pretreatment was established. Six experimental groups were created, including (i) the control group (without any supplementation), (ii) the Cd group (receiving CdCl2 in a dose of 4.5 mg/kg/day), (iii) the P group (50 mg of P/kg/day), (iv) RJ group (200 mg of RJ/kg/day), (v) P + Cd group (rats pretreated with P and then treated with P and Cd simultaneously), (vi) RJ + Cd group (animals pretreated with RJ before receiving CdCl2 simultaneously with RJ). Cd treatment of rats adversely affected a number of measured parameters, including body weight, ovarian structure and ultrastructure, oxidative stress parameters, increased ovarian Cd content and prolonged the estrous cycle. Pretreatment and then cotreatment with P or RJ and Cd alleviated the adverse effects of Cd, transferring the clusters in the PCA analysis chart toward the control group. However, clusters for cotreated groups were still distinctly separated from the control and P, or RJ alone treated groups. Most likely, investigated honeybee products can alter Cd absorption in the gut and/or increase its excretion through the kidneys and/or mitigate oxidative stress by various components. Undoubtedly, pretreatment with P or RJ can effectively prepare the organism to overcome harmful insults. Although the chemical composition of RJ and P is relatively well known, focusing on proportion, duration, and scheme of treatment, as well as the effects of particular components, may provide interesting data in the future. In the era of returning to natural products, both P and RJ seem valuable materials for further consideration as anti-infertility agents.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pre- and Postnatal Dietary Exposure to a Pesticide Cocktail Disrupts Ovarian Functions in 8-Week-Old Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147525. [PMID: 35886873 PMCID: PMC9317375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Female infertility has a multifactorial origin, and exposure to contaminants, including pesticides, with endocrine-disrupting properties is considered to be involved in this reproductive disorder, especially when it occurs during early life. Pesticides are present in various facets of the environment, and consumers are exposed to a combination of multiple pesticide residues through food intake. The consequences of such exposure with respect to female fertility are not well known. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of pre- and postnatal dietary exposure to a pesticide mixture on folliculogenesis, a crucial process in female reproduction. Mice were exposed to the acceptable daily intake levels of six pesticides in a mixture (boscalid, captan, chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, thiophanate and ziram) from foetal development until 8 weeks old. Female offspring presented with decreased body weight at weaning, which was maintained at 8 weeks old. This was accompanied by an abnormal ovarian ultrastructure, a drastic decrease in the number of corpora lutea and progesterone levels and an increase in ovary cell proliferation. In conclusion, this study shows that this pesticide mixture that can be commonly found in fruits in Europe, causing endocrine disruption in female mice with pre- and postnatal exposure by disturbing folliculogenesis, mainly in the luteinisation process.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lo Iacono M, Puglisi S, Perotti P, Saba L, Petiti J, Giachino C, Reimondo G, Terzolo M. Molecular Mechanisms of Mitotane Action in Adrenocortical Cancer Based on In Vitro Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215255. [PMID: 34771418 PMCID: PMC8582505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mitotane is the only approved drug for the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma and for postoperative adjuvant therapy. It is known that mitotane destroys the adrenal cortex impairing steroidogenesis, although its exact molecular mechanism is still unclear. However, confounding factors affecting in vitro experiments could reduce the relevance of the studies. In this review, we explore in vitro studies on mitotane effects, highlighting how different experimental conditions might contribute to the controversial findings. On this basis, it may be necessary to re-evaluate the experiments taking into account their potential confounding factors such as cell strains, culture serum, lipoprotein concentration, and culture passages, which could hide important molecular results. As a consequence, the identification of novel pharmacological molecular pathways might be used in the future to implement personalized therapy, maximizing the benefit of mitotane treatment while minimizing its toxicity. Abstract Mitotane is the only approved drug for the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma and is increasingly used for postoperative adjuvant therapy. Mitotane action involves the deregulation of cytochromes P450 enzymes, depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and accumulation of free cholesterol, leading to cell death. Although it is known that mitotane destroys the adrenal cortex and impairs steroidogenesis, its exact mechanism of action is still unclear. The most used cell models are H295-derived cell strains and SW13 cell lines. The diverging results obtained in presumably identical cell lines highlight the need for a stable in vitro model and/or a standard methodology to perform experiments on H295 strains. The presence of several enzymatic targets responsive to mitotane in mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membranes causes progressive alteration in mitochondrial structure when cells were exposed to mitotane. Confounding factors of culture affecting in vitro experiments could reduce the significance of any molecular mechanism identified in vitro. To ensure experimental reproducibility, particular care should be taken in the choice of culture conditions: aspects such as cell strains, culture serum, lipoproteins concentration, and culture passages should be carefully considered and explicated in the presentation of results. We aimed to review in vitro studies on mitotane effects, highlighting how different experimental conditions might contribute to the controversial findings. If the concerns pointed out in this review will be overcome, the new insights into mitotane mechanism of action observed in-vitro could allow the identification of novel pharmacological molecular pathways to be used to implement personalized therapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Paolo V, Mangialardo C, Zacà C, Barberi M, Sereni E, Borini A, Centanni M, Coticchio G, Verga-Falzacappa C, Canipari R. Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate human luteinized granulosa cells, counteracting apoptosis and promoting cell survival. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:821-831. [PMID: 31894536 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fine and balanced regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis are key to achieve ovarian follicle development from the primordial to the preovulatory stage and therefore assure female reproductive function. While gonadotropins are the major and most recognized regulators of follicle cell growth and function, other factors, both systemic and local, play equally important roles. This work is aimed at evaluating the effects of thyroid hormones (THs) on human granulosa luteinized (hGL) viability. METHODS Human GL cells derived from assisted reproduction treatments were exposed to T3 or T4. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay and active caspase-3 staining. StAR, CYP19A1,Caspase-3, P53 and BAX mRNA were evaluated by real-time PCR. LC3-I/-II, AKT and pAKT were evaluated by western blot. RESULTS T3 and T4 promoted cell viability in a dose-dependent modality and modulate StAR and CYP19A1 expression. T3 and to a lesser extent T4 mitigated cell death induced by serum starvation by inhibition of caspase-3 activity and expression of P53 and BAX; and attenuate cell death experimentally induced by C2-ceramide. Cell death derived from starvation appeared to be involved in autophagic processes, as the levels of autophagic markers (LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) decreased when starved cells were exposed to T3 and T4. This effect was associated with an increase in pAkt levels. CONCLUSION From the present study, THs emerge as potent anti-apoptotic agents in hGL cells. This effect is achieved by inhibiting the apoptosis signalling pathway of BAX and caspase-3, while maintaining active the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Di Paolo
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mangialardo
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Zacà
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Barberi
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Sereni
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Borini
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Centanni
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Coticchio
- 9.Baby, Family and Fertility Center, Via Dante 15, 40125, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Verga-Falzacappa
- Department of Medical‑Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Canipari
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abrahamsson G, Ekerhovd E, Janson PO, Jansson S, Ahlman H, Wängberg B, Norström A. Ovarian cyst formation in women of reproductive age receiving mitotane as part of the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma: Clinical and experimental observations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2020; 99:1297-1302. [PMID: 32282928 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitotane is an adrenolytic drug that is used as an adjuvant to treat adrenocortical carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying ovarian cyst formation in women of reproductive age diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma and being treated with mitotane as an adjuvant to surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five women presented with stage III-IV adrenocortical carcinoma and ovarian cyst formation during mitotane treatment. The clinical course of the disease was followed during and after treatment. The effects of mitotane on progesterone production and cell proliferation were studied in cultured human ovarian granulosa cells. RESULTS Computed tomography and vaginal ultrasonography during mitotane treatment repeatedly demonstrated ovarian cysts of varying size without solid intralocular structures. Two women became amenorrheic during the treatment period. After mitotane cessation, the ovarian cysts disappeared and normal menstrual cycles resumed. One woman had an uncomplicated pregnancy two years after mitotane treatment. In one woman, who underwent salpingo-oophorectomy, histological analysis demonstrated benign ovarian cysts. Mitotane impeded the synthesis of progesterone, reduced the stimulatory effect of gonadotropins on progesterone formation, and reduced labeling with [3 H]thymidine in cultured granulosa cells. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic concentrations of mitotane are associated with the formation of benign ovarian cysts and amenorrhea. Mitotane-induced suppression of ovarian steroidogenesis and impediment of the proliferative capacity of steroid-producing cells are suggested potential pathogenetic mechanisms underlying mitotane-induced ovarian dysfunction and cyst development. Mitotane treatment does not compromise future ovarian function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gun Abrahamsson
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erling Ekerhovd
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Olof Janson
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Svante Jansson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlman
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Wängberg
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Norström
- Institution of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Canipari R, Mangialardo C, Di Paolo V, Alfei F, Ucci S, Russi V, Santaguida MG, Virili C, Segni M, Misiti S, Centanni M, Verga Falzacappa C. Thyroid hormones act as mitogenic and pro survival factors in rat ovarian follicles. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:271-282. [PMID: 29934772 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thyroid disorders are clinically associated with impaired fertility in women, and these abnormalities can be improved by restoring the euthyroid state. The exact mechanisms of thyroid effect on female fertility are not well known; however, it is conceivable that thyroid hormones (THs) might act on ovarian physiology via receptors in granulosa cells. This work is aimed at evaluating the effects of THs on non-tumoral granulosa cells and follicles. METHODS Freshly isolated rat ovarian follicles and granulosa cells were exposed to T3 or T4 (THs). Cell growth and viability were evaluated by cell counting and the MTT assay, respectively, follicle growth was evaluated by volume measurements. Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay and active Caspase 3 staining. rGROV cells were exposed to T3, and apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation. Bcl2, Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), Akt and pAkt expression were evaluated by western blot. RESULTS T3 induced a 40% increase in follicle volume (after 7 days). This increase was presumably due to the observed decrease (33%) in the apoptotic rate of the granulosa cell population. Both T3 and T4 caused a dose-dependent increase in rat granulosa cell number and viability. In addition, THs decreased the cell apoptotic rate in a dose-dependent manner. In both conditions, T3 appeared to be more efficient. In rGROV cells, 100 nM T3 induced cell growth and, in the absence of growth factors, reduced cell apoptosis by 40%, downregulating Caspase 3 and BAX. This effect was associated with an increase in pAkt levels. The involvement of the PI3 K pathway was confirmed by the ability of the PI3 K specific inhibitor (LY-294,002) to abolish T3 pro-survival action. CONCLUSIONS THs influence cell survival of ovarian granulosa cells. This effect likely contributes to the TH-induced follicle volume increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Canipari
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Mangialardo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - V Di Paolo
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Alfei
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Ucci
- Pasteur Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - V Russi
- Pasteur Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Santaguida
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Virili
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Segni
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Misiti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Centanni
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Verga Falzacappa
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|