1
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Mills M, Emori C, Kumar P, Boucher Z, George J, Bolcun-Filas E. Single-cell and bulk transcriptional profiling of mouse ovaries reveals novel genes and pathways associated with DNA damage response in oocytes. Dev Biol 2024; 517:55-72. [PMID: 39306223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Immature oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles stored in female ovaries are under constant threat of DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous factors. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a key mediator of the DNA damage response (DDR) in all cells. Genetic studies have shown that CHEK2 and its downstream targets, p53, and TAp63, regulate primordial follicle elimination in response to DNA damage. However, the mechanism leading to their demise is still poorly characterized. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing were used to determine the DDR in wild-type and Chek2-deficient ovaries. A low but oocyte-lethal dose of ionizing radiation induces ovarian DDR that is solely dependent on CHEK2. DNA damage activates multiple response pathways related to apoptosis, p53, interferon signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion, and intercellular communication. These pathways are differentially employed by different ovarian cell types, with oocytes disproportionately affected by radiation. Novel genes and pathways are induced by radiation specifically in oocytes, shedding light on their sensitivity to DNA damage, and implicating a coordinated response between oocytes and pregranulosa cells within the follicle. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the specific mechanisms regulating oocyte survival in the context of aging, therapeutic and environmental genotoxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Mills
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Parveen Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06110, USA
| | - Zachary Boucher
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06110, USA
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2
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Suzuki R, Tan X, Szymanska KJ, Kubikova N, Perez CA, Wells D, Oktay KH. The role of declining ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) function in oocyte aging. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:302. [PMID: 38914566 PMCID: PMC11196715 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in the understanding of reproductive physiology, the mechanisms underlying ovarian aging are still not deciphered. Recent research found an association between impaired ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms and oocyte aging. However, direct evidence connecting ATM-mediated pathway function decline and impaired oocyte quality is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the role of ATM-mediated DNA DSB repair in the maintenance of oocyte quality in a mouse oocyte knockdown model. Gene interference, in vitro culture, parthenogenesis coupled with genotoxicity assay approaches, as well as molecular cytogenetic analyses based upon next-generation sequencing, were used to test the hypothesis that intact ATM function is critical in the maintenance of oocyte quality. We found that ATM knockdown impaired oocyte quality, resulting in poor embryo development. ATM knockdown significantly lowered or blocked the progression of meiosis in vitro, as well as retarding and reducing embryo cleavage after parthenogenesis. After ATM knockdown, all embryos were of poor quality, and none reached the blastocyst stage. ATM knockdown was also associated with an increased aneuploidy rate compared to controls. Finally, ATM knockdown increased the sensitivity of the oocytes to a genotoxic active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, with increased formation of DNA DSBs, reduced survival, and earlier apoptotic death compared to controls. These findings suggest a key role for ATM in maintaining oocyte quality and resistance to genotoxic stress, and that the previously observed age-induced decline in oocyte ATM function may be a prime factor contributing to oocyte aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Xiujuan Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Katarzyna J Szymanska
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nada Kubikova
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Columba Avila Perez
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dagan Wells
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Juno Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kutluk H Oktay
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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3
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Fan Y, Chen S, Chu C, Yin X, Jin J, Zhang L, Yan H, Cao Z, Liu R, Xin M, Li L, Yin C. TP63 truncating mutation causes increased cell apoptosis and premature ovarian insufficiency by enhanced transcriptional activation of CLCA2. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:67. [PMID: 38528613 PMCID: PMC10962206 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a severe disorder leading to female infertility. Genetic mutations are important factors causing POI. TP63-truncating mutation has been reported to cause POI by increasing germ cell apoptosis, however what factors mediate this apoptosis remains unclear. METHODS Ninety-three patients with POI were recruited from Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for each patient. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm potential causative genetic variants. A minigene assay was performed to determine splicing effects of TP63 variants. A TP63-truncating plasmid was constructed. Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot analyses, dual luciferase reporter assays, immunofluorescence staining, and cell apoptosis assays were used to study the underlying mechanism of a TP63-truncating mutation causing POI. RESULTS By WES of 93 sporadic patients with POI, we found a 14-bp deletion covering the splice site in the TP63 gene. A minigene assay demonstrated that the 14-bp deletion variant led to exon 13 skipping during TP63 mRNA splicing, resulting in the generation of a truncated TP63 protein (TP63-mut). Overexpression of TP63-mut accelerated cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the TP63-mut protein could bind to the promoter region of CLCA2 and activate the transcription of CLCA2 several times compared to that of the TP63 wild-type protein. Silencing CLCA2 using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibiting the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) pathway using the KU55933 inhibitor attenuated cell apoptosis caused by TP63-mut protein expression. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a crucial role for CLCA2 in mediating apoptosis in POI pathogenesis, and suggested that CLCA2 is a potential therapeutic target for POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Fan
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Shuya Chen
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Chunfang Chu
- Department of Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiaodan Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China
| | - Mingwei Xin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100006, China.
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4
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Hill RJ, Bona N, Smink J, Webb HK, Crisp A, Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP. p53 regulates diverse tissue-specific outcomes to endogenous DNA damage in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2518. [PMID: 38514641 PMCID: PMC10957910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA repair deficiency can lead to segmental phenotypes in humans and mice, in which certain tissues lose homeostasis while others remain seemingly unaffected. This may be due to different tissues facing varying levels of damage or having different reliance on specific DNA repair pathways. However, we find that the cellular response to DNA damage determines different tissue-specific outcomes. Here, we use a mouse model of the human XPF-ERCC1 progeroid syndrome (XFE) caused by loss of DNA repair. We find that p53, a central regulator of the cellular response to DNA damage, regulates tissue dysfunction in Ercc1-/- mice in different ways. We show that ablation of p53 rescues the loss of hematopoietic stem cells, and has no effect on kidney, germ cell or brain dysfunction, but exacerbates liver pathology and polyploidisation. Mechanistically, we find that p53 ablation led to the loss of cell-cycle regulation in the liver, with reduced p21 expression. Eventually, p16/Cdkn2a expression is induced, serving as a fail-safe brake to proliferation in the absence of the p53-p21 axis. Taken together, our data show that distinct and tissue-specific functions of p53, in response to DNA damage, play a crucial role in regulating tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Hill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nazareno Bona
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Job Smink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah K Webb
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Ma JY, Xia TJ, Li S, Yin S, Luo SM, Li G. Germline cell de novo mutations and potential effects of inflammation on germline cell genome stability. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:316-327. [PMID: 36376195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled pathogenic genome mutations in germline cells might impair adult fertility, lead to birth defects or even affect the adaptability of a species. Understanding the sources of DNA damage, as well as the features of damage response in germline cells are the overarching tasks to reduce the mutations in germline cells. With the accumulation of human genome data and genetic reports, genome variants formed in germline cells are being extensively explored. However, the sources of DNA damage, the damage repair mechanisms, and the effects of DNA damage or mutations on the development of germline cells are still unclear. Besides exogenous triggers of DNA damage such as irradiation and genotoxic chemicals, endogenous exposure to inflammation may also contribute to the genome instability of germline cells. In this review, we summarized the features of de novo mutations and the specific DNA damage responses in germline cells and explored the possible roles of inflammation on the genome stability of germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Ma
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tian-Jin Xia
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Luo
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guowei Li
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Methodology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Mills M, Emori C, Kumar P, Boucher Z, George J, Bolcun-Filas E. Single-cell and bulk transcriptional profiling of mouse ovaries reveals novel genes and pathways associated with DNA damage response in oocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578648. [PMID: 38352597 PMCID: PMC10862846 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Immature oocytes enclosed in primordial follicles stored in female ovaries are under constant threat of DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous factors. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) is a key mediator of the DNA damage response in all cells. Genetic studies have shown that CHEK2 and its downstream targets, p53 and TAp63, regulate primordial follicle elimination in response to DNA damage, however the mechanism leading to their demise is still poorly characterized. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing were used to determine the DNA damage response in wildtype and Chek2-deficient ovaries. A low but oocyte-lethal dose of ionizing radiation induces a DNA damage response in ovarian cells that is solely dependent on CHEK2. DNA damage activates multiple ovarian response pathways related to apoptosis, p53, interferon signaling, inflammation, cell adhesion, and intercellular communication. These pathways are differentially employed by different ovarian cell types, with oocytes disproportionately affected by radiation. Novel genes and pathways are induced by radiation specifically in oocytes, shedding light on their sensitivity to DNA damage, and implicating a coordinated response between oocytes and pre-granulosa cells within the follicle. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the specific mechanisms regulating oocyte survival in the context of aging, as well as therapeutic and environmental genotoxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Mills
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Chihiro Emori
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Parveen Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Zachary Boucher
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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7
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Sun F, Sutovsky P, Patterson AL, Balboula AZ. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Response in Mammalian Oocytes. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2024; 238:47-68. [PMID: 39030354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55163-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA damage poses a significant challenge to all eukaryotic cells, leading to mutagenesis, genome instability and senescence. In somatic cells, the failure to repair damaged DNA can lead to cancer development, whereas, in oocytes, it can lead to ovarian dysfunction and infertility. The response of the cell to DNA damage entails a series of sequential and orchestrated events including sensing the DNA damage, activating DNA damage checkpoint, chromatin-related conformational changes, activating the DNA damage repair machinery and/or initiating the apoptotic cascade. This chapter focuses on how somatic cells and mammalian oocytes respond to DNA damage. Specifically, we will discuss how and why fully grown mammalian oocytes differ drastically from somatic cells and growing oocytes in their response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Amanda L Patterson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Balboula
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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8
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Seong SY, Kang MK, Kang H, Lee HJ, Kang YR, Lee CG, Sohn DH, Han SJ. Low dose rate radiation impairs early follicles in young mice. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100817. [PMID: 37890397 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2023.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose radiation is generally considered less harmful than high-dose radiation. However, its impact on ovaries remains debated. Since previous reports predominantly employed low-dose radiation delivered at a high dose rate on the ovary, the effect of low-dose radiation at a low dose rate on the ovary remains unknown. We investigated the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation delivered at a low dose rate on murine ovaries. Three- and ten-week-old mice were exposed to 0.1 and 0.5 Gy of radiation at a rate of 6 mGy/h and monitored after 3 and 30 days. While neither body weight nor ovarian area showed significant changes, ovarian cells were damaged, showing apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation after exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 Gy radiation. Follicle numbers decreased over time in both age groups proportionally to the radiation dose. Younger mice were more susceptible to radiation damage, as evidenced by decreased follicles in 3-week-old mice after 30 days of 0.1 Gy exposure, while 10-week-old mice showed reduced follicles only following 0.5 Gy exposure. Primordial or primary follicles were the most vulnerable to radiation. These findings suggest that even low-dose radiation, delivered at a low dose rate, can adversely affect ovarian function, particularly in the early follicles of younger mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yoon Seong
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kook Kang
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Rok Kang
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Sohn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Institute for Digital Antiaging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Kashi O, Meirow D. Overactivation or Apoptosis: Which Mechanisms Affect Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Reserve Depletion? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16291. [PMID: 38003481 PMCID: PMC10671775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormant primordial follicles (PMF), which constitute the ovarian reserve, are recruited continuously into the cohort of growing follicles in the ovary throughout female reproductive life. Gonadotoxic chemotherapy was shown to diminish the ovarian reserve pool, to destroy growing follicle population, and to cause premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Three primary mechanisms have been proposed to account for this chemotherapy-induced PMF depletion: either indirectly via over-recruitment of PMF, by stromal damage, or through direct toxicity effects on PMF. Preventative pharmacological agents intervening in these ovotoxic mechanisms may be ideal candidates for fertility preservation (FP). This manuscript reviews the mechanisms that disrupt follicle dormancy causing depletion of the ovarian reserve. It describes the most widely studied experimental inhibitors that have been deployed in attempts to counteract these affects and prevent follicle depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Kashi
- The Morris Kahn Fertility Preservation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel;
| | - Dror Meirow
- The Morris Kahn Fertility Preservation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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10
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Emori C, Boucher Z, Bolcun-Filas E. CHEK2 signaling is the key regulator of oocyte survival after chemotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0898. [PMID: 37862420 PMCID: PMC10588956 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments can damage the ovarian follicle reserve, leading to primary ovarian insufficiency and infertility among survivors. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) deficiency prevents elimination of oocytes in primordial follicles in female mice exposed to radiation and preserves their ovarian function and fertility. Here, we demonstrate that CHEK2 also coordinates the elimination of oocytes after exposure to standard-of-care chemotherapy drugs. CHEK2 activates two downstream targets-TAp63 and p53-which direct oocyte elimination. CHEK2 knockout or pharmacological inhibition preserved ovarian follicle reserve after radiation and chemotherapy. However, the lack of specificity for CHEK2 among available inhibitors limits their potential for clinical development. These findings demonstrate that CHEK2 is a master regulator of the ovarian cellular response to damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy and warrant the development of selective inhibitors specific to CHEK2 as a potential avenue for ovario-protective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Emori
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Zachary Boucher
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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11
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Lambert M, Gebel J, Trejtnar C, Wesch N, Bozkurt S, Adrian-Allgood M, Löhr F, Münch C, Dötsch V. Fuzzy interactions between the auto-phosphorylated C-terminus and the kinase domain of CK1δ inhibits activation of TAp63α. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16423. [PMID: 37777570 PMCID: PMC10542812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 family member TAp63α plays an important role in maintaining the genetic integrity in oocytes. DNA damage, in particular DNA double strand breaks, lead to the transformation of the inhibited, only dimeric conformation into the active tetrameric one that results in the initiation of an apoptotic program. Activation requires phosphorylation by the kinase CK1 which phosphorylates TAp63α at four positions. The third phosphorylation event is the decisive step that transforms TAp63α into the active state. This third phosphorylation, however, is ~ 20 times slower than the first two phosphorylation events. This difference in the phosphorylation kinetics constitutes a safety mechanism that allows oocytes with a low degree of DNA damage to survive. So far these kinetic investigations of the phosphorylation steps have been performed with the isolated CK1 kinase domain. However, all CK1 enzymes contain C-terminal extensions that become auto-phosphorylated and inhibit the activity of the kinase. Here we have investigated the effect of auto-phosphorylation of the C-terminus in the kinase CK1δ and show that it slows down phosphorylation of the first two sites in TAp63α but basically inhibits the phosphorylation of the third site. We have identified up to ten auto-phosphorylation sites in the CK1δ C-terminal domain and show that all of them interact with the kinase domain in a "fuzzy" way in which not a single site is particularly important. Through mutation analysis we further show that hydrophobic amino acids following the phosphorylation site are important for a substrate to be able to successfully compete with the auto-inhibitory effect of the C-terminal domain. This auto-phosphorylation adds a new layer to the regulation of apoptosis in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahil Lambert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Charlotte Trejtnar
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Wesch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Süleyman Bozkurt
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Martin Adrian-Allgood
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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12
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Stringer JM, Alesi LR, Winship AL, Hutt KJ. Beyond apoptosis: evidence of other regulated cell death pathways in the ovary throughout development and life. Hum Reprod Update 2023; 29:434-456. [PMID: 36857094 PMCID: PMC10320496 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulated cell death is a fundamental component of numerous physiological processes; spanning from organogenesis in utero, to normal cell turnover during adulthood, as well as the elimination of infected or damaged cells throughout life. Quality control through regulation of cell death pathways is particularly important in the germline, which is responsible for the generation of offspring. Women are born with their entire supply of germ cells, housed in functional units known as follicles. Follicles contain an oocyte, as well as specialized somatic granulosa cells essential for oocyte survival. Follicle loss-via regulated cell death-occurs throughout follicle development and life, and can be accelerated following exposure to various environmental and lifestyle factors. It is thought that the elimination of damaged follicles is necessary to ensure that only the best quality oocytes are available for reproduction. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Understanding the precise factors involved in triggering and executing follicle death is crucial to uncovering how follicle endowment is initially determined, as well as how follicle number is maintained throughout puberty, reproductive life, and ovarian ageing in women. Apoptosis is established as essential for ovarian homeostasis at all stages of development and life. However, involvement of other cell death pathways in the ovary is less established. This review aims to summarize the most recent literature on cell death regulators in the ovary, with a particular focus on non-apoptotic pathways and their functions throughout the discrete stages of ovarian development and reproductive life. SEARCH METHODS Comprehensive literature searches were carried out using PubMed and Google Scholar for human, animal, and cellular studies published until August 2022 using the following search terms: oogenesis, follicle formation, follicle atresia, oocyte loss, oocyte apoptosis, regulated cell death in the ovary, non-apoptotic cell death in the ovary, premature ovarian insufficiency, primordial follicles, oocyte quality control, granulosa cell death, autophagy in the ovary, autophagy in oocytes, necroptosis in the ovary, necroptosis in oocytes, pyroptosis in the ovary, pyroptosis in oocytes, parthanatos in the ovary, and parthanatos in oocytes. OUTCOMES Numerous regulated cell death pathways operate in mammalian cells, including apoptosis, autophagic cell death, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. However, our understanding of the distinct cell death mediators in each ovarian cell type and follicle class across the different stages of life remains the source of ongoing investigation. Here, we highlight recent evidence for the contribution of non-apoptotic pathways to ovarian development and function. In particular, we discuss the involvement of autophagy during follicle formation and the role of autophagic cell death, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos during follicle atresia, particularly in response to physiological stressors (e.g. oxidative stress). WIDER IMPLICATIONS Improved knowledge of the roles of each regulated cell death pathway in the ovary is vital for understanding ovarian development, as well as maintenance of ovarian function throughout the lifespan. This information is pertinent not only to our understanding of endocrine health, reproductive health, and fertility in women but also to enable identification of novel fertility preservation targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren R Alesi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy L Winship
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Karla J Hutt
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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13
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Miao X, Guo R, Williams A, Lee C, Ma J, Wang PJ, Cui W. Replication Protein A1 is essential for DNA damage repair during mammalian oogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.04.547725. [PMID: 37461444 PMCID: PMC10349974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.04.547725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of unrepaired DNA damage in oocytes is detrimental and may cause genetic aberrations, miscarriage, and infertility. RPA, an ssDNA-binding complex, is essential for various DNA-related processes. Here we report that RPA plays a novel role in DNA damage repair during postnatal oocyte development after meiotic recombination. To investigate the role of RPA during oogenesis, we inactivated RPA1 (replication protein A1), the largest subunit of the heterotrimeric RPA complex, specifically in oocytes using two germline-specific Cre drivers (Ddx4-Cre and Zp3-Cre). We find that depletion of RPA1 leads to the disassembly of the RPA complex, as evidenced by the absence of RPA2 and RPA3 in RPA1-deficient oocytes. Strikingly, severe DNA damage occurs in RPA1-deficient GV-stage oocytes. Loss of RPA in oocytes triggered the canonical DNA damage response mechanisms and pathways, such as activation of ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, and p53. In addition, the RPA deficiency causes chromosome misalignment at metaphase I and metaphase II stages of oocytes, which is consistent with altered transcript levels of genes involved in cytoskeleton organization in RPA1-deficient oocytes. Absence of the RPA complex in oocytes severely impairs folliculogenesis and leads to a significant reduction in oocyte number and female infertility. Our results demonstrate that RPA plays an unexpected role in DNA damage repair during mammalian folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosu Miao
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Andrea Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Animal Models Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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14
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Wu M, Xue L, Guo Y, Dong X, Chen Z, Wei S, Yi X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhou S, Wu M, Lou X, Dai J, Xia F, Wang S. Microenvironmentally Responsive Chemotherapeutic Prodrugs and CHEK2 Inhibitors Self-Assembled Micelles: Protecting Fertility and Enhancing Chemotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210017. [PMID: 36528787 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a widely used and effective adjuvant treatment for cancer, and it has unavoidable damage to female fertility, with statistics showing 38% of women who have received chemotherapy are infertile. How to reduce fertility toxicity while enhancing the oncologic chemotherapy is a clinical challenge. Herein, co-delivery micelles (BML@PMP) are developed, which are composed of a reduction-sensitive paclitaxel prodrug (PMP) for chemotherapy and a CHEK2 inhibitor (BML277) for both fertility protection and chemotherapy enhancement. BML@PMP achieves fertility protection through three actions: (1) Due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, BML@PMP is more enriched in the tumor, while very little in the ovary (about 1/10th of the tumor). (2) Glutathione (GSH) triggers the release of PTX, and with low levels of GSH in the ovary, the amount of PTX released in the ovary is correspondingly reduced. (3) BML277 inhibits oocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the CHEK2-TAp63α pathway. Because of the different downstream targets of CHEK2 in tumor cells and oocytes, BML277 also enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy by reducing DNA damage repair which is activated through the CHEK2 pathway. This bidirectional effect of CHEK2 inhibitor-based co-delivery system represents a promising strategy for improving oncology treatment indices and preventing chemotherapy-associated fertility damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liru Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yican Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhaojun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Simin Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication in Tissue Engineering of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yinuo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China
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15
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Huang C, Zhao S, Yang Y, Guo T, Ke H, Mi X, Qin Y, Chen ZJ, Zhao S. TP63 gain-of-function mutations cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing oocyte apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162315. [PMID: 36856110 PMCID: PMC9974095 DOI: 10.1172/jci162315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 guards genome integrity in the female germline, and its mutations have been reported in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the precise contribution of the TP63 gene to the pathogenesis of POI needs to be further determined. Here, in 1,030 Chinese patients with POI, we identified 6 heterozygous mutations of the TP63 gene that impaired the C-terminal transactivation-inhibitory domain (TID) of the TAp63α protein and resulted in tetramer formation and constitutive activation of the mutant proteins. The mutant proteins induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of apoptosis-inducing factors in vitro. We next introduced a premature stop codon and selectively deleted the TID of TAp63α in mice and observed rapid depletion of the p63+/ΔTID mouse oocytes through apoptosis after birth. Finally, to further verify the pathogenicity of the mutation p.R647C in the TID that was present in 3 patients, we generated p63+/R647C mice and also found accelerated oocyte loss, but to a lesser degree than in the p63+/ΔTID mice. Together, these findings show that TID-related variants causing constitutive activation of TAp63α lead to POI by inducing oocyte apoptosis, which will facilitate the genetic diagnosis of POI in patients and provide a potential therapeutic target for extending female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Simin Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yajuan Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanni Ke
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Mi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART-Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Kaur S, Kurokawa M. Regulation of Oocyte Apoptosis: A View from Gene Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021345. [PMID: 36674865 PMCID: PMC9861590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that plays a critical role in cellular homeostasis and development, including in the ovarian reserve. In humans, hundreds of thousands of oocytes are produced in the fetal ovary. However, the majority die by apoptosis before birth. After puberty, primordial follicles develop into mature follicles. While only a large dominant follicle is selected to ovulate, smaller ones undergo apoptosis. Despite numerous studies, the mechanism of oocyte death at the molecular level remains elusive. Over the last two and a half decades, many knockout mouse models disrupting key genes in the apoptosis pathway have been generated. In this review, we highlight some of the phenotypes and discuss distinct and overlapping roles of the apoptosis regulators in oocyte death and survival. We also review how the transcription factor p63 and its family members may trigger oocyte apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
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17
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Wang J, Fang J, Feng M, Li L, Ma L, Zhao X, Dai Y. Inhibition of EED activity enhances cell survival of female germline stem cell and improves the oocytes production during oogenesis in vitro. Open Biol 2023; 13:220211. [PMID: 36695089 PMCID: PMC9874982 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian organoids, based on female germline stem cells (FGSCs), are nowadays widely applied for reproductive medicine screening and exploring the potential mechanisms during mammalian oogenesis. However, there are still key issues that urgently need to be resolved in ovarian organoid technology, one of which is to establish a culture system that effectively expands FGSCs in vitro, as well as maintaining the unipotentcy of FGSCs to differentiate into oocytes. Here, FGSCs were EED226 treated and processed for examination of proliferation and differentiation in vitro. According to the results, EED226 specifically increased FGSC survival by decreasing the enrichment of H3K27me3 on Oct4 promoter and exon, as well as enhancing OCT4 expression and inhibiting P53 and P63 expression. Notably, we also found that FGSCs with EED226 treatment differentiated into more oocytes during oogenesis in vitro, and the resultant oocytes maintained a low level of P63 versus control at early stage development. These results demonstrated that inhibition of EED activity appeared to promote the survival of FGSCs and markedly inhibited their apoptosis during in vitro differentiation. As a result of our study, we propose an effective culture strategy to culture FGSCs and obtain oocytes in vitro, which provides a new vision for oogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Li
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Xilingol South Road No. 49, Hohhot 010020, People's Republic of China
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18
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Bamberger C, Pankow S, Yates JR. Nvp63 and nvPIWIL1 Suppress Retrotransposon Activation in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2586-2595. [PMID: 36195974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors p63 and p73 have high similarity to the tumor suppressor protein p53. While the importance of p53 in DNA damage control is established, the functions of p63 or p73 remain elusive. Here, we analyzed nvp63, the cnidarian homologue of p63, that is expressed in the mesenteries of the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and that is activated in response to DNA damage. We used ultraviolet light (UV) to induce DNA damage and determined the chromatin-bound proteome with quantitative, bottom-up proteomics. We found that genotoxic stress or nvp63 knockdown recruited the protein nvPIWIL1, a homologue of the piRNA-binding PIWI protein family. Knockdown nvPIWIL1 increased protein expression from open reading frames (ORFs) that overlap with class I and II transposable element DNA sequences in the genome of N. vectensis. UV irradiation induced apoptosis, and apoptosis was reduced in the absence of nvp63 but increased with the loss of nvPIWIL1. Loss of nvp63 increased the presence of class I LTR and non-LTR retrotransposon but not of class II DNA transposon-associated protein products. These results suggest that an evolutionary early function of nvp63 might be to control genome stability in response to activation of transposable elements, which induce DNA damage during reintegration in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir Bamberger
- Department for Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 9203 United States
| | - Sandra Pankow
- Department for Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 9203 United States
| | - John R Yates
- Department for Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 9203 United States
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The programmed death of fetal oocytes and the correlated surveillance mechanisms. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/rd9.0000000000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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20
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p53 Controls Meiotic Prophase Progression and Crossover Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179818. [PMID: 36077210 PMCID: PMC9456223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis initiates with the formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) throughout the genome. To avoid genomic instability, these DSBs need to be correctly repaired by homologous recombination. Surveillance mechanisms involving the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway ATM-CHK2-p53 can detect the persistence of unrepaired DBSs and activate the recombination-dependent arrest at the pachytene stage. However, a complete understanding of p53 functions under normal physiological conditions remains lacking. Here, we report a detailed analysis of the p53 role during meiotic prophase in mice spermatocytes. We show that the absence of p53 regulates prophase progression by slowing down the pachytene stage when the recombination-dependent arrest occurs. Furthermore, our results show that p53 is necessary for proper crossover (CO) formation and localization. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of p53 roles during the meiotic prophase.
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21
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Liu C, Moten A, Ma Z, Lin HK. The foundational framework of tumors: Gametogenesis, p53, and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 81:193-205. [PMID: 33940178 PMCID: PMC9382687 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The completion-of-tumor hypothesis involved in the dynamic interplay between the initiating oncogenic event and progression is essential to better recognize the foundational framework of tumors. Here we review and extend the gametogenesis-related hypothesis of tumors, because high embryonic/germ cell traits are common in tumors. The century-old gametogenesis-related hypothesis of tumors postulated that tumors arise from displaced/activated trophoblasts, displaced (lost) germ cells, and the reprogramming/reactivation of gametogenic program in somatic cells. Early primordial germ cells (PGCs), embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonic germ cells (EGCs), and pre-implantation embryos at the stage from two-cell stage to blastocysts originating from fertilization or parthenogenesis have the potential to develop teratomas/teratocarcinomas. In addition, the teratomas/teratocarcinomas/germ cells occur in gonads and extra-gonads. Undoubtedly, the findings provide strong support for the hypothesis. However, it was thought that these tumor types were an exception rather than verification. In fact, there are extensive similarities between somatic tumor types and embryonic/germ cell development, such as antigens, migration, invasion, and immune escape. It was documented that embryonic/germ cell genes play crucial roles in tumor behaviors, e.g. tumor initiation and metastasis. Of note, embryonic/germ cell-like tumor cells at different developmental stages including PGC and oocyte to the early embryo-like stage were identified in diverse tumor types by our group. These embryonic/germ cell-like cancer cells resemble the natural embryonic/germ cells in morphology, gene expression, the capability of teratoma formation, and the ability to undergo the process of oocyte maturation and parthenogenesis. These embryonic/germ cell-like cancer cells are derived from somatic cells and contribute to tumor formation, metastasis, and drug resistance, establishing asexual meiotic embryonic life cycle. p53 inhibits the reactivation of embryonic/germ cell state in somatic cells and oocyte-like cell maturation. Based on earlier and our recent studies, we propose a novel model to complete the gametogenesis-related hypothesis of tumors, which can be applied to certain somatic tumors. That is, tumors tend to establish a somatic asexual meiotic embryonic cycle through the activation of somatic female gametogenesis and parthenogenesis in somatic tumor cells during the tumor progression, thus passing on corresponding embryonic/germ cell traits leading to the malignant behaviors and enhancing the cells' independence. This concept may be instrumental to better understand the nature and evolution of tumors. We rationalize that targeting the key events of somatic pregnancy is likely a better therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment than directly targeting cell mitotic proliferation, especially for those tumors with p53 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Asad Moten
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Zhan Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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22
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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23
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Unlaid Eggs: Ovarian Damage after Low-Dose Radiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071219. [PMID: 35406783 PMCID: PMC8997758 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The total body irradiation of lymphomas and co-irradiation in the treatment of adjacent solid tumors can lead to a reduced ovarian function, premature ovarian insufficiency, and menopause. A small number of studies has assessed the radiation-induced damage of primordial follicles in animal models and humans. Studies are emerging that evaluate radiation-induced damage to the surrounding ovarian tissue including stromal and immune cells. We reviewed basic laboratory work to assess the current state of knowledge and to establish an experimental setting for further studies in animals and humans. The experimental approaches were mostly performed using mouse models. Most studies relied on single doses as high as 1 Gy, which is considered to cause severe damage to the ovary. Changes in the ovarian reserve were related to the primordial follicle count, providing reproducible evidence that radiation with 1 Gy leads to a significant depletion. Radiation with 0.1 Gy mostly did not show an effect on the primordial follicles. Fewer data exist on the effects of radiation on the ovarian microenvironment including theca-interstitial, immune, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. We concluded that a mouse model would provide the most reliable model to study the effects of low-dose radiation. Furthermore, both immunohistochemistry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses were valuable to analyze not only the germ cells but also the ovarian microenvironment.
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24
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Enhanced pro-apoptosis gene signature following the activation of TAp63α in oocytes upon γ irradiation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:204. [PMID: 35246516 PMCID: PMC8897389 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Specialized surveillance mechanisms are essential to maintain the genetic integrity of germ cells, which are not only the source of all somatic cells but also of the germ cells of the next generation. DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations are, therefore, not only detrimental for the individual but affect the entire species. In oocytes, the surveillance of the structural integrity of the DNA is maintained by the p53 family member TAp63α. The TAp63α protein is highly expressed in a closed and inactive state and gets activated to the open conformation upon the detection of DNA damage, in particular DNA double-strand breaks. To understand the cellular response to DNA damage that leads to the TAp63α triggered oocyte death we have investigated the RNA transcriptome of oocytes following irradiation at different time points. The analysis shows enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic and typical p53 target genes such as CDKn1a or Mdm2, concomitant with the activation of TAp63α. While DNA repair genes are not upregulated, inflammation-related genes become transcribed when apoptosis is initiated by activation of STAT transcription factors. Furthermore, comparison with the transcriptional profile of the ΔNp63α isoform from other studies shows only a minimal overlap, suggesting distinct regulatory programs of different p63 isoforms.
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25
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Puy V, Barroca V, Messiaen S, Ménard V, Torres C, Devanand C, Moison D, Lewandowski D, Guerquin MJ, Martini E, Frydman N, Livera G. Mouse model of radiation-induced premature ovarian insufficiency reveals compromised oocyte quality: implications for fertility preservation. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:799-809. [PMID: 34602345 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of radiation exposure on oocyte quality and female fertility? DESIGN Prepubertal mice underwent whole-body irradiation with a single dose (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 2, 8 Gy) of gamma- or X-rays. Oocytes were quantified in irradiated (n = 36) and sham-treated (n = 8) mice. After a single exposure to 2 Gy, formation of DNA double-strand breaks (n = 10), activation of checkpoint kinase (Chk2) (n = 10) and dynamics of follicular growth (n = 18) were analysed. Fertility assessment was performed in adult irradiated mice and controls from the number of pups per mouse (n = 28) and the fetal abortion rate (n = 24). Ploidy of mature oocytes (n = 20) was analysed after CREST immunostaining, and uterine sections were examined. RESULTS Radiation exposure induced a massive loss of primordial follicles with LD50 below 50 mGy for both gamma and X-rays. Growing follicles survived doses up to 8 Gy. This difference in radiosensitivity was not due to a different amount of radio-induced DNA damage, and Chk2 was activated in all oocytes. Exposure to a 2 Gy dose abolished the long-term fertility of females due to depletion of the ovarian reserve. Detailed analysis indicates that surviving oocytes were able to complete folliculogenesis and could be fertilized. This transient fertility allowed irradiated females to produce a single litter albeit with a high rate of fetal abortion (23%, P = 0.0096), related to altered ploidy in the surviving oocytes (25.5%, P = 0.0035). CONCLUSIONS The effects of radiation on surviving oocyte quality question natural conception as a first-line approach in cancer survivors. Together, the data emphasize the need for fertility preservation before radiation exposure and call for reassessment of the use of cryopreserved oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Puy
- Reproductive Biology Unit, University Hospital Antoine-Béclère-AP-HP, Clamart, France; Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vilma Barroca
- Animal Experimentation Platform-UMR Genetic Stability - Stem Cells & Radiation, INSERM U1274, CEA-Universities Paris Diderot and Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Véronique Ménard
- CEA Irradiation platform-UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, INSERM U1274, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Claire Torres
- CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, INSERM UMR1274, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Université Paris-Sud (Paris 11), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Devanand
- Animal Experimentation Platform-UMR Genetic Stability - Stem Cells & Radiation, INSERM U1274, CEA-Universities Paris Diderot and Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, INSERM UMR1274, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Université Paris-Sud (Paris 11), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martini
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nelly Frydman
- Reproductive Biology Unit, University Hospital Antoine-Béclère-AP-HP, Clamart, France; Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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26
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Nouri N, Aghebati-Maleki L, Yousefi M. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Promising Tool in the Treatment of pre mature ovarian failure. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 147:103363. [PMID: 34450435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite being rare, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a significant cause of infertility and deficiency of ovarian hormone in women. Several health risks are also associated with POI, which include dry eye syndrome, reduced density of bones and enhanced fracture risks, troublesome menopausal symptoms, early development of cardiovascular disease, and psychological effects such as declined cognition, reduced perceived psychological support, anxiety, and depression. Replacing premenopausal levels of ovarian sex steroids through proper hormone replacement therapy could improve the quality of life for POI women and ameliorate related health risks. Herein, POI and its complications, in addition to hormone replacement therapies, which are safe and effective, are discussed. It is proposed that the use of HRT) Hormone replacement therapy (formulations which mimic normal production of ovarian hormones could reduce POI-associated morbidity rates if they are continued by the age 50, which is approximately the natural age of menopause. Particular populations of POI women are also addressed, which include those with enhanced risk of ovarian or breast cancer, those with Turner syndrome, those approaching natural menopause, and those who are breastfeeding. It is generally predicted that stem cell-based therapies would be both safe and effective. In fact, several types of cells have been described as safe, though their effectiveness and therapeutic application are yet to be defined. Several factors exist which could affect the results of treatment, such as cell handling, ex-vivo preparation strategies, variations in tissue of origin, potency, and immunocompatibility. Accordingly, cell types potentially effective in regenerative medicine could be recognized. Notably, products of MSCs from various sources of tissues show different levels of regenerative capabilities. The ultimate focus of the review is on adipose tissue-derive MCSs (ADMSCs), which possess exceptional features such as general availability, great ability to proliferate and differentiate, immunomodulatory capabilities, and low immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Nouri
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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27
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The Role of Mutant p63 in Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168968. [PMID: 34445673 PMCID: PMC8396438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63, one of the p53 family members, plays an essential role in regulating maternal reproduction and genomic integrity as well as epidermal development. TP63 (human)/Trp63 (mouse) produces multiple isoforms: TAp63 and ΔNp63, which possess a different N-terminus depending on two different promoters, and p63a, p63b, p63g, p63δ, and p63ε as products of alternative splicing at the C-terminus. TAp63 expression turns on in the nuclei of primordial germ cells in females and is maintained mainly in the oocyte nuclei of immature follicles. It has been established that TAp63 is the genomic guardian in oocytes of the female ovaries and plays a central role in determining the oocyte fate upon oocyte damage. Lately, there is increasing evidence that TP63 mutations are connected with female infertility, including isolated premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and syndromic POI. Here, we review the biological functions of p63 in females and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations, which result in infertility in human patients.
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28
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Maeso-Alonso L, López-Ferreras L, Marques MM, Marin MC. p73 as a Tissue Architect. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:716957. [PMID: 34368167 PMCID: PMC8343074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene belongs to the p53 family comprised by p53, p63, and p73. In response to physiological and pathological signals these transcription factors regulate multiple molecular pathways which merge in an ensemble of interconnected networks, in which the control of cell proliferation and cell death occupies a prominent position. However, the complex phenotype of the Trp73 deficient mice has revealed that the biological relevance of this gene does not exclusively rely on its growth suppression effects, but it is also intertwined with other fundamental roles governing different aspects of tissue physiology. p73 function is essential for the organization and homeostasis of different complex microenvironments, like the neurogenic niche, which supports the neural progenitor cells and the ependyma, the male and female reproductive organs, the respiratory epithelium or the vascular network. We propose that all these, apparently unrelated, developmental roles, have a common denominator: p73 function as a tissue architect. Tissue architecture is defined by the nature and the integrity of its cellular and extracellular compartments, and it is based on proper adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions as well as the establishment of cellular polarity. In this work, we will review the current understanding of p73 role as a neurogenic niche architect through the regulation of cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics and Planar Cell Polarity, and give a general overview of TAp73 as a hub modulator of these functions, whose alteration could impinge in many of the Trp73 -/- phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maeso-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Margarita M Marques
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Maria C Marin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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29
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Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ. A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21753. [PMID: 34233068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian infertility and subfertility presenting with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve are major issues facing the developed world due to the trend of delaying childbirth. Ovarian senescence and POI represent a continuum of physiological/pathophysiological changes in ovarian follicle functions. Based on advances in whole exome sequencing, evaluation of gene copy variants, together with family-based and genome-wide association studies, we discussed genes responsible for POI and ovarian senescence. We used a gene-centric approach to sort out literature deposited in the Ovarian Kaleidoscope database (http://okdb.appliedbioinfo.net) by sub-categorizing candidate genes as ligand-receptor signaling, meiosis and DNA repair, transcriptional factors, RNA metabolism, enzymes, and others. We discussed individual gene mutations found in POI patients and verification of gene functions in gene-deleted model organisms. Decreased expression of some of the POI genes could be responsible for ovarian senescence, especially those essential for DNA repair, meiosis and mitochondrial functions. We propose to set up a candidate gene panel for targeted sequencing in POI patients together with studies on mitochondria-associated genes in middle-aged subfertile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aaron J Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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30
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Palomino GJQ, Sá NARD, Guerreiro DD, Gomes FDR, da Silva RF, Lopes EPF, Paes VM, Gataí PHS, Alves BG, Pessoa ODL, Figueiredo JR, Rocha RMP, Rodrigues APR. Induced-damages on preantral follicles by withanolide D, a potent chemotherapy candidate are not attenuated by melatonin. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:125-133. [PMID: 34274432 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Withanolide D (WD) has been investigated as an antineoplastic drug. This study aimed to evaluate whether melatonin (MT) could attenuate toxic effects on preantral follicles enclosed in the ovarian cortex (experiment 1 - E1) or on isolated secondary follicles (experiment 2 - E2) exposed to WD. For E1, ovarian cortex was incubated for 48 h to: (1) α-MEM+; (2) α-MEM+ plus 6 μM WD; (3) α-MEM+ plus 3 mmol/L MT or (4) α-MEM+ plus WD and MT. For E2, secondary follicles were exposed for until 96 h in. (1) only to basic medium (α-MEM++/α-MEM++); (2) α-MEM++ plus 3 mmol/L MT (MT/MT); (3) α-MEM++ until 48 h, followed by more 48 h in 6 μM WD (α-MEM++/WD) or (4) a pre-exposure to MT for until 48 h, followed by more 48 h of exposure to WD plus MT (MT/MT + WD). The main results obtained showed that exposure to drugs caused damage to follicular morphology (WD or WD + MT) and diameter (WD) in the ovarian cortex or in isolated follicles. In pre-antral follicles in situ, ATM expression increased in the presence of WD, MT or association. As for the secondary follicles, ATM and γH2AX were immunostained in the granulosa and theca cells and oocytes in all treatments. TAp63α was immunostained in follicles included in the ovarian cortex and in isolated follicles. We conclude that melatonin did not provide protection and could have enhanced the toxic effect of WD to follicles surrounded or not by the ovarian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Judith Quispe Palomino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Naíza Arcângela Ribeiro de Sá
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Denise Damasceno Guerreiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denilson Rodrigues Gomes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Renato Félix da Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Everton Pimentel Ferreira Lopes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Victor Macedo Paes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | | | - Benner Geraldo Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal University of Goias, Jatai, GO, Brazil
| | | | - José Ricardo Figueiredo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil.
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31
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He Y, Chen Q, Dai J, Cui Y, Zhang C, Wen X, Li J, Xiao Y, Peng X, Liu M, Shen B, Sha J, Hu Z, Li J, Shu W. Single-cell RNA-Seq reveals a highly coordinated transcriptional program in mouse germ cells during primordial follicle formation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13424. [PMID: 34174788 PMCID: PMC8282241 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of primordial follicles in mammals represents one of the most critical processes in ovarian biology. It directly affects the number of oocytes available to a female throughout her reproductive life. Premature depletion of primordial follicles contributes to the ovarian pathology primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). To delineate the developmental trajectory and regulatory mechanisms of oocytes during the process, we performed RNA‐seq on single germ cells from newborn (P0.5) ovaries. Three cell clusters were classified which corresponded to three cell states (germ cell cyst, cyst breakdown, and follicle) in the newborn ovary. By Monocle analysis, a uniform trajectory of oocyte development was built with a series of genes showed dynamic changes along the pseudo‐timeline. Gene Ontology term enrichment revealed a significant decrease in meiosis‐related genes and a dramatic increase in oocyte‐specific genes which marked the transition from a germ cell to a functional oocyte. We then established a network of regulons by using single‐cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) algorithm and identified possible candidate transcription factors that may maintain transcription programs during follicle formation. Following functional studies further revealed the differential regulation of the identified regulon Id2 and its family member Id1, on the establishment of primordial follicle pool by using siRNA knockdown and genetic modified mouse models. In summary, our study systematically reconstructed molecular cascades in oocytes and identified a series of genes and molecular pathways in follicle formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health Center for Global Health School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Qiuzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Biotechnology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
- Computer School University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health Center for Global Health School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yiqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xidong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jiazhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoxu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Bin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics International Joint Research Center on Environment and Human Health Center for Global Health School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wenjie Shu
- Department of Biotechnology Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine Beijing China
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Homer HA. Senataxin: A New Guardian of the Female Germline Important for Delaying Ovarian Aging. Front Genet 2021; 12:647996. [PMID: 33995483 PMCID: PMC8118517 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.647996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Early decline in ovarian function known as premature ovarian aging (POA) occurs in around 10% of women and is characterized by a markedly reduced ovarian reserve. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects ~1% of women and refers to the severe end of the POA spectrum in which, accelerated ovarian aging leads to menopause before 40 years of age. Ovarian reserve refers to the total number of follicle-enclosed oocytes within both ovaries. Oocyte DNA integrity is a critical determinant of ovarian reserve since damage to DNA of oocytes within primordial-stage follicles triggers follicular apoptosis leading to accelerated follicle depletion. Despite the high prevalence of POA, very little is known regarding its genetic causation. Another little-investigated aspect of oocyte DNA damage involves low-grade damage that escapes apoptosis at the primordial follicle stage and persists throughout oocyte growth and later follicle development. Senataxin (SETX) is an RNA/DNA helicase involved in repair of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and is well-known for its roles in preventing neurodegenerative disease. Recent findings uncover an important role for SETX in protecting oocyte DNA integrity against aging-induced increases in oxidative stress. Significantly, this newly identified SETX-mediated regulation of oocyte DNA integrity is critical for preventing POA and early-onset female infertility by preventing premature depletion of the ovarian follicular pool and reducing the burden of low-grade DNA damage both in primordial and fully-grown oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden A Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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DNA repair in primordial follicle oocytes following cisplatin treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1405-1417. [PMID: 33864208 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy can cause DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) in primordial follicle (PMF) oocytes, which then undergo apoptosis. The development of effective new fertility preservation agents has been hampered, in part, by a limited understanding of DNA repair in PMF oocytes. This study investigated the induction of classical DSB repair pathways in the follicles of wild type (WT) and apoptosis-deficient Puma-/- mice in response to DSBs caused by the chemotherapy agent cisplatin. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 WT and Puma-/- mice were injected i.p. with saline or cisplatin (5 mg/kg); ovaries were harvested at 8 or 24 h. Follicles were counted, and H2A histone family member (γH2AX) immunofluorescence used to demonstrate DSBs. DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51) and DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) immunofluorescence were used to identify DNA repair pathways utilised. RESULTS Puma-/- mice retained 100% of follicles 24 h after cisplatin treatment. Eight hours post-treatment, γH2AX immunofluorescence showed DSBs across follicular stages in Puma-/- mice; staining returned to control levels in PMFs within 5 days, suggesting repair of PMF oocytes in this window. RAD51 immunofluorescence eight hours post-cisplatin was positive in damaged cell types in both WT and Puma-/- mice, demonstrating induction of the homologous recombination pathway. In contrast, DNA-PKcs staining were rarely observed in PMFs, indicating non-homologous end joining plays an insignificant role. CONCLUSION PMF oocytes are able to conduct high-fidelity repair of DNA damage accumulated during chemotherapy. Therefore, apoptosis inhibition presents a viable strategy for fertility preservation in women undergoing treatment.
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de Klerk LK, Goedegebuure RSA, van Grieken NCT, van Sandick JW, Cats A, Stiekema J, van der Kaaij RT, Farina Sarasqueta A, van Engeland M, Jacobs MAJM, van Wanrooij RLJ, van der Peet DL, Thorner AR, Verheul HMW, Thijssen VLJL, Bass AJ, Derks S. Molecular profiles of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal cancers to develop personalized treatment strategies. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:901-914. [PMID: 33506581 PMCID: PMC8024738 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of molecular predictive markers of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation could aid clinical decision‐making in patients with localized oesophageal cancer. Therefore, we subjected pretreatment biopsies of 75 adenocarcinoma (OAC) and 16 squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients to targeted next‐generation DNA sequencing, as well as biopsies of 85 OAC and 20 OSCC patients to promoter methylation analysis of eight GI‐specific genes, and subsequently searched for associations with histopathological response and disease‐free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Thereby, we found that in OAC, CSMD1 deletion (8%) and ETV4 amplification (5%) were associated with a favourable histopathological response, whereas SMURF1 amplification (5%) and SMARCA4 mutation (7%) were associated with an unfavourable histopathological response. KRAS (15%) and GATA4 (7%) amplification were associated with shorter OS. In OSCC, TP63 amplification (25%) and TFPI2 (10%) gene promoter methylation were associated with an unfavourable histopathological response and shorter DFS (TP63) and OS (TFPI2), whereas CDKN2A deletion (38%) was associated with prolonged OS. In conclusion, this study identified candidate genetic biomarkers associated with response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with localized oesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie K de Klerk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben S A Goedegebuure
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna W van Sandick
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Cats
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurrien Stiekema
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosa T van der Kaaij
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arantza Farina Sarasqueta
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A J M Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands
| | - Roy L J van Wanrooij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Derks
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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Asciminib Mitigates DNA Damage Stress Signaling Induced by Cyclophosphamide in the Ovary. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031395. [PMID: 33573271 PMCID: PMC7866503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments can often adversely affect the quality of life of young women. One of the most relevant negative impacts is the loss of fertility. Cyclophosphamide is one of the most detrimental chemotherapeutic drugs for the ovary. Cyclophosphamide may induce the destruction of dormant follicles while promoting follicle activation and growth. Herein, we demonstrate the in vivo protective effect of the allosteric Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor Asciminib on signaling pathways activated by cyclophosphamide in mouse ovaries. We also provide evidence that Asciminib does not interfere with the cytotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide in Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)7 breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that concomitant administration of Asciminib mitigates the cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian reserve loss without affecting the anticancer potential of cyclophosphamide. Taken together, these observations are relevant for the development of effective ferto-protective adjuvants to preserve the ovarian reserve from the damaging effects of cancer therapies.
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Subramanian GN, Greaney J, Wei Z, Becherel O, Lavin M, Homer HA. Oocytes mount a noncanonical DNA damage response involving APC-Cdh1-mediated proteolysis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151594. [PMID: 32328643 PMCID: PMC7147104 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitotic cells, DNA damage induces temporary G2 arrest via inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation. In contrast, fully grown G2-stage oocytes readily enter M phase immediately following chemical induction of DNA damage in vitro, indicating that the canonical immediate-response G2/M DNA damage response (DDR) may be deficient. Senataxin (Setx) is involved in RNA/DNA processing and maintaining genome integrity. Here we find that mouse oocytes deleted of Setx accumulate DNA damage when exposed to oxidative stress in vitro and during aging in vivo, after which, surprisingly, they undergo G2 arrest. Moreover, fully grown wild-type oocytes undergo G2 arrest after chemotherapy-induced in vitro damage if an overnight delay is imposed following damage induction. Unexpectedly, this slow-evolving DDR is not mediated by inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation but by APC-Cdh1–mediated proteolysis of the Cdk1 activator, cyclin B1, secondary to increased Cdc14B-dependent APC-Cdh1 activation and reduced Emi1-dependent inhibition. Thus, oocytes are unable to respond immediately to DNA damage, but instead mount a G2/M DDR that evolves slowly and involves a phosphorylation-independent proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Narayanan Subramanian
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Greaney
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhe Wei
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivier Becherel
- Cancer and Neurosciences Lab, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Lavin
- Cancer and Neurosciences Lab, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hayden Anthony Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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Hong YH, Kim SJ, Kim SK, Lee SC, Jun JH, Jee BC, Kim SH. Impact of imatinib or dasatinib coadministration on in vitro preantral follicle development and oocyte acquisition in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2020; 47:269-276. [PMID: 33227183 PMCID: PMC7711100 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2020.03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the impact of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib or dasatinib) coadministration with cyclophosphamide (Cp) on preantral follicle development in an in vitro mouse model. METHODS Seventy-three female BDF1 mice were allocated into four experimental groups: group A, saline; group B, Cp (25 mg/kg); group C, Cp (25 mg/kg) and imatinib (7.5 mg/kg); and group D, Cp (25 mg/kg) and dasatinib (7.5 mg/kg). Preantral follicles were isolated and cultured in vitro up to 12 days. Final oocyte acquisition and spindle integrity of metaphase II (MII) oocytes were assessed. Levels of 17β-estradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in the final spent media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the mRNA levels of Star, Sod1, Mapk3, and Casp3 in the final follicular cells were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The percentage of MII oocytes per initiated follicle, the proportion of MII oocytes with normal spindles, and the 17β-estradiol level were similar in all four groups. The median AMH level in group B (7.74 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in group A (10.84 ng/mL). However, the median AMH levels in group C (9.96 ng/mL) and group D (9.71 ng/mL) were similar to that in group A. The mRNA expression levels of Star, Sod1, Mapk3, and Casp3 were similar in all four groups. CONCLUSION Coadministration of imatinib or dasatinib with Cp could preserve AMH production capacity in this in vitro mice preantral follicle culture model, and it did not affect MII oocyte acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Jee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Vaz B, El Mansouri F, Liu X, Taketo T. Premature ovarian insufficiency in the XO female mouse on the C57BL/6J genetic background. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:678-688. [PMID: 32634219 PMCID: PMC7473787 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, all but 1% of monosomy 45.X embryos die in utero and those who reach term suffer from congenital abnormalities and infertility termed Turner's syndrome (TS). By contrast, XO female mice on various genetic backgrounds show much milder physical defects and normal fertility, diminishing their value as an animal model for studying the infertility of TS patients. In this article, we report that XO mice on the C57BL/6J (B6) genetic background showed early oocyte loss, infertility or subfertility and high embryonic lethality, suggesting that the effect of monosomy X in the female germline may be shared between mice and humans. First, we generated XO mice on either a mixed N2(C3H.B6) or B6 genetic background and compared the number of oocytes in neonatal ovaries; N2.XO females retained 45% of the number of oocytes in N2.XX females, whereas B6.XO females retained only 15% of that in B6.XX females. Second, while N2.XO females were as fertile as N2.XX females, both the frequency of delivery and the total number of pups delivered by B6.XO females were significantly lower than those by B6.XX females. Third, after mating with B6 males, both N2.XO and B6.XO females rarely produced XO pups carrying paternal X chromosomes, although a larger percentage of embryos was found to be XO before implantation. Furthermore, B6.XO females delivered 20% XO pups among female progeny after mating with C3H males. We conclude that the impact of monosomy X on female mouse fertility depends on the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vaz
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - F El Mansouri
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - X Liu
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - T Taketo
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
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p63 uses a switch-like mechanism to set the threshold for induction of apoptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1078-1086. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Rinaldi VD, Bloom JC, Schimenti JC. Oocyte Elimination Through DNA Damage Signaling from CHK1/CHK2 to p53 and p63. Genetics 2020; 215:373-378. [PMID: 32273296 PMCID: PMC7268994 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms have evolved mechanisms to prevent the accumulation of cells bearing genetic aberrations. This is especially crucial for the germline, because fecundity and fitness of progeny would be adversely affected by an excessively high mutational incidence. The process of meiosis poses unique problems for mutation avoidance because of the requirement for SPO11-induced programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) in recombination-driven pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes. Mouse meiocytes bearing unrepaired meiotic DSBs or unsynapsed chromosomes are eliminated before completing meiotic prophase I. In previous work, we showed that checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2; CHEK2), a canonical DNA damage response protein, is crucial for eliminating not only oocytes defective in meiotic DSB repair (e.g., Trip13Gt mutants), but also Spo11-/- oocytes that are defective in homologous chromosome synapsis and accumulate a threshold level of spontaneous DSBs. However, rescue of such oocytes by Chk2 deficiency was incomplete, raising the possibility that a parallel checkpoint pathway(s) exists. Here, we show that mouse oocytes lacking both p53 (TRP53) and the oocyte-exclusive isoform of p63, TAp63, protects nearly all Spo11-/- and Trip13Gt/Gt oocytes from elimination. We present evidence that checkpoint kinase I (CHK1; CHEK1), which is known to signal to TRP53, also becomes activated by persistent DSBs in oocytes, and to an increased degree when CHK2 is absent. The combined data indicate that nearly all oocytes reaching a threshold level of unrepaired DSBs are eliminated by a semiredundant pathway of CHK1/CHK2 signaling to TRP53/TAp63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera D Rinaldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jordana C Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - John C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
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ElInati E, Zielinska AP, McCarthy A, Kubikova N, Maciulyte V, Mahadevaiah S, Sangrithi MN, Ojarikre O, Wells D, Niakan KK, Schuh M, Turner JMA. The BCL-2 pathway preserves mammalian genome integrity by eliminating recombination-defective oocytes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2598. [PMID: 32451402 PMCID: PMC7248069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic to mammalian cells. However, during meiosis, more than 200 DSBs are generated deliberately, to ensure reciprocal recombination and orderly segregation of homologous chromosomes. If left unrepaired, meiotic DSBs can cause aneuploidy in gametes and compromise viability in offspring. Oocytes in which DSBs persist are therefore eliminated by the DNA-damage checkpoint. Here we show that the DNA-damage checkpoint eliminates oocytes via the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 pathway members Puma, Noxa and Bax. Deletion of these factors prevents oocyte elimination in recombination-repair mutants, even when the abundance of unresolved DSBs is high. Remarkably, surviving oocytes can extrude a polar body and be fertilised, despite chaotic chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. Our findings raise the possibility that allelic variants of the BCL-2 pathway could influence the risk of embryonic aneuploidy. If left unrepaired, meiotic DSBs are toxic to mammalian cells, thus oocytes in which DSBs persist are eliminated by the DNA-damage checkpoint. Here the authors provide insights into the roles of PUMA, NOXA and BAX during DNA damage checkpoint that eliminates Dmc1−/− and Msh5−/− oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias ElInati
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Agata P Zielinska
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Afshan McCarthy
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nada Kubikova
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,IVI-RMA, Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Valdone Maciulyte
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Shantha Mahadevaiah
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mahesh N Sangrithi
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Obah Ojarikre
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dagan Wells
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,IVI-RMA, Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Melina Schuh
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Martin JH, Aitken RJ, Bromfield EG, Nixon B. DNA damage and repair in the female germline: contributions to ART. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:180-201. [PMID: 30541031 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA integrity and stability are critical determinants of cell viability. This is especially true in the female germline, wherein DNA integrity underpins successful conception, embryonic development, pregnancy and the production of healthy offspring. However, DNA is not inert; rather, it is subject to assault from various environment factors resulting in chemical modification and/or strand breakage. If structural alterations result and are left unrepaired, they have the potential to cause mutations and propagate disease. In this regard, reduced genetic integrity of the female germline ranks among the leading causes of subfertility in humans. With an estimated 10% of couples in developed countries taking recourse to ART to achieve pregnancy, the need for ongoing research into the capacity of the oocyte to detect DNA damage and thereafter initiate cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or DNA repair is increasingly more pressing. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review documents our current knowledge of the quality control mechanisms utilised by the female germline to prevent and remediate DNA damage during their development from primordial follicles through to the formation of preimplantation embryos. SEARCH METHODS The PubMed database was searched using the keywords: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, germinal vesical, MI, MII oocyte, zygote, preimplantation embryo, DNA repair, double-strand break and DNA damage. These keywords were combined with other phrases relevant to the topic. Literature was restricted to peer-reviewed original articles in the English language (published 1979-2018) and references within these articles were also searched. OUTCOMES In this review, we explore the quality control mechanisms utilised by the female germline to prevent, detect and remediate DNA damage. We follow the trajectory of development from the primordial follicle stage through to the preimplantation embryo, highlighting findings likely to have important implications for fertility management, age-related subfertility and premature ovarian failure. In addition, we survey the latest discoveries regarding DNA repair within the metaphase II (MII) oocyte and implicate maternal stores of endogenous DNA repair proteins and mRNA transcripts as a primary means by which they defend their genomic integrity. The collective evidence reviewed herein demonstrates that the MII oocyte can engage in the activation of major DNA damage repair pathway(s), therefore encouraging a reappraisal of the long-held paradigm that oocytes are largely refractory to DNA repair upon reaching this late stage of their development. It is also demonstrated that the zygote can exploit a number of protective strategies to mitigate the risk and/or effect the repair, of DNA damage sustained to either parental germline; affirming that DNA protection is largely a maternally driven trait but that some aspects of repair may rely on a collaborative effort between the male and female germlines. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The present review highlights the vulnerability of the oocyte to DNA damage and presents a number of opportunities for research to bolster the stringency of the oocyte's endogenous defences, with implications extending to improved diagnostics and novel therapeutic applications to alleviate the burden of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta H Martin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - R John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Han J, Wang H, Zhang T, Chen Z, Zhao T, Lin L, Xia G, Wang C. Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced meiotic failure through inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse oocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7717-7728. [PMID: 32352929 PMCID: PMC7244048 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DXR), a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, has adverse effects on female fertility in young cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of doxorubicin exposure on female fertility and how to prevent it have not been well studied yet. Here, mouse oocytes were employed to investigate the issues mentioned above. The results showed that doxorubicin treatment impaired oocyte meiotic maturation by destroying spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement. In addition, doxorubicin caused oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Furthermore, doxorubicin led to severe DNA damage in oocytes, which eventually induced apoptosis through DNA damage-P63-Caspase3 pathway. Conversely, resveratrol (RES) effectively improved oocyte quality by restoring spindle and chromosome configuration, reducing ROS levels and inhibiting apoptosis. In summary, our results indicate that RES can protect oocytes against doxorubicin-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huarong Wang
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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46
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Looking beyond the ovary for oncofertility care in women: uterine injury as a potential target for fertility-preserving treatments. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1467-1476. [PMID: 32342270 PMCID: PMC7311602 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for cancer has the potential to significantly diminish fertility and, further, to negatively impact the obstetrical outcomes of pregnancies that do occur. Cancer survivors have decreased rates of fertility and increased rates of pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, after exposure to chemotherapy. To date, research on the impact of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on fertility and pregnancy outcomes has focused largely on the gonadotoxic effect of cancer treatments on ovaries, while the uterus and endometrium have not been extensively studied. It is intuitive, however, that decreased fertility and poorer obstetrical outcomes may be substantially mediated through injury to a highly mitotic tissue like the endometrium, which is also central to embryo implantation and utero-placental exchange. Pregnancy complications in cancer survivors might be due to compromised blood supply to the endometrium and myometrium affecting placentation or altered remodeling of the pregnant uterus secondary to radiation fibrosis. Alterations in endometrial receptivity at the molecular level could affect pregnancy implantation and early pregnancy loss, but later complications also can occur. This review focuses on understanding the unintended effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on uterine function in female cancer survivors and the impact on pregnancy, and summarizes mechanisms to protect and treat the uterus before and after cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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47
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Maidarti M, Anderson RA, Telfer EE. Crosstalk between PTEN/PI3K/Akt Signalling and DNA Damage in the Oocyte: Implications for Primordial Follicle Activation, Oocyte Quality and Ageing. Cells 2020; 9:E200. [PMID: 31947601 PMCID: PMC7016612 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of genome integrity in the mammalian female germline from primordial follicle arrest to activation of growth to oocyte maturation is fundamental to ensure reproductive success. As oocytes are formed before birth and may remain dormant for many years, it is essential that defence mechanisms are monitored and well maintained. The phosphatase and tensin homolog of chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) is a major signalling pathway governing primordial follicle recruitment and growth. This pathway also contributes to cell growth, survival and metabolism, and to the maintenance of genomic integrity. Accelerated primordial follicle activation through this pathway may result in a compromised DNA damage response (DDR). Additionally, the distinct DDR mechanisms in oocytes may become less efficient with ageing. This review considers DNA damage surveillance mechanisms and their links to the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, impacting on the DDR during growth activation of primordial follicles, and in ovarian ageing. Targeting DDR mechanisms within oocytes may be of value in developing techniques to protect ovaries against chemotherapy and in advancing clinical approaches to regulate primordial follicle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Maidarti
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.M.); (R.A.A.)
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (M.M.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Evelyn E. Telfer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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48
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Wang Q, Stringer JM, Liu J, Hutt KJ. Evaluation of mitochondria in oocytes following γ-irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19941. [PMID: 31882895 PMCID: PMC6934861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard cytotoxic cancer treatments, such as radiation, can damage and deplete the supply of oocytes stored within the ovary, which predisposes females to infertility and premature menopause later in life. The mechanisms by which radiation induces oocyte damage have not been completely elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine if γ-irradiation changes mitochondrial characteristics in oocytes, possibly contributing to a reduction in oocyte number and quality. Immature oocytes were collected from postnatal day (PN) 9–11 C57Bl6 mice 3, 6 and 24 hours after 0.1 Gy γ-irradiation to monitor acute mitochondrial changes. Oocytes were classified as small (>20 µm) or growing (40–60 µm). Mitochondrial membrane potential was lost in 20% and 44% of small oocytes (~20 µm) at 3 and 6 hours after γ-irradiation, respectively, consistent with the induction of apoptosis. However, mitochondrial mass, distribution and membrane potential in the surviving small oocytes were similar to the non-irradiated controls at both time points. At 24 hours after γ-irradiation, all mitochondrial parameters analysed within immature oocytes were similar to untreated controls. Mitochondrial parameters within growing oocytes were also similar to untreated controls. When mice were superovulated more than 3 weeks after γ-irradiation, there was a significant reduction in the number of mature oocytes harvested compared to controls (Control 18 ± 1 vs 0.1 Gy 4 ± 1, n = 6/16 mice, p < 0.05). There was a slight reduction in mitochondrial mass in mature oocytes after γ-irradiation, though mitochondrial localization, mtDNA copy number and ATP levels were similar between groups. In summary, this study shows that γ-irradiation of pre-pubertal mice is associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in a significant proportion of small immature oocytes and a reduction in the number of mature oocytes harvested from adult mice. Furthermore, these results suggest that immature oocytes that survive γ-irradiation and develop through to ovulation contain mitochondria with normal characteristics. Whether the oocytes that survive radiation and eventually undergo meiosis can support fertility remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Wang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica M Stringer
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jun Liu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karla J Hutt
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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49
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Kim SY, Cho GJ, Davis JS. Consequences of chemotherapeutic agents on primordial follicles and future clinical applications. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2019; 62:382-390. [PMID: 31777733 PMCID: PMC6856479 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.6.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovarian reserve is necessary for female fertility and endocrine health. Commonly used cancer therapies diminish the ovarian reserve, thus, resulting in primary ovarian insufficiency, which clinically presents as infertility and endocrine dysfunction. Prepubertal children who have undergone cancer therapies often experience delayed puberty or cannot initiate puberty and require endocrine support to maintain a normal life. Thus, developing an effective intervention to prevent loss of the ovarian reserve is an unmet need for these cancer patients. The selection of adjuvant therapies to protect the ovarian reserve against cancer therapies underlies the mechanism of loss of primordial follicles (PFs). Several theories have been proposed to explain the loss of PFs. The "burn out" theory postulates that chemotherapeutic agents activate dormant PFs through an activation pathway. Another theory posits that chemotherapeutic agents destroy PFs through an "apoptotic pathway" due to high sensitivity to DNA damage. However, the mechanisms causing loss of the ovarian reserve remains largely speculative. Here, we review current literature in this area and consider the mechanisms of how gonadotoxic therapies deplete PFs in the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geum Joon Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - John S. Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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50
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Interplay between Caspase 9 and X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) in the oocyte elimination during fetal mouse development. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:790. [PMID: 31624230 PMCID: PMC6797809 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian female fertility is limited by the number and quality of oocytes in the ovarian reserve. The number of oocytes is finite since all germ cells cease proliferation to become oocytes in fetal life. Moreover, 70-80% of the initial oocyte population is eliminated during fetal and neonatal development, restricting the ovarian reserve. Why so many oocytes are lost during normal development remains an enigma. In Meiotic Prophase I (MPI), oocytes go through homologous chromosome synapsis and recombination, dependent on formation and subsequent repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). The oocytes that have failed in DSB repair or synapsis get eliminated mainly in neonatal ovaries. However, a large oocyte population is eliminated before birth, and the cause or mechanism of this early oocyte loss is not well understood. In the current paper, we show that the oocyte loss in fetal ovaries was prevented by a deficiency of Caspase 9 (CASP9), which is the hub of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, CASP9 and its downstream effector Caspase 3 were counteracted by endogenous X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP) to regulate the oocyte population; while XIAP overexpression mimicked CASP9 deficiency, XIAP deficiency accelerated oocyte loss. In the CASP9 deficiency, more oocytes were accumulated at the pachytene stage with multiple γH2AFX foci and high LINE1 expression levels, but with normal levels of synapsis and overall DSB repair. We conclude that the oocytes with LINE1 overexpression were preferentially eliminated by CASP9-dependent apoptosis in balance with XIAP during fetal ovarian development. When such oocytes were retained, however, they get eliminated by a CASP9-independent mechanism during neonatal development. Thus, the oocyte is equipped with multiple surveillance mechanisms during MPI progression to safe-guard the quality of oocytes in the ovarian reserve.
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