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Abrun P, Ashouri A, Duplouy A, Farahani HK. Wolbachia impairs post-eclosion host preference in a parasitoid wasp. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2021; 108:13. [PMID: 33760987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host preference behavior can result in adaptive advantages with important consequences for the fitness of individuals. Hopkin's host-selection principle (HHSP) suggests that organisms at higher trophic levels demonstrate a preference for the host species on which they developed during their own larval stage. Although investigated in many herbivorous and predatory insects, the HHSP has, to our knowledge, never been tested in the context of insects hosting selfish endosymbiotic passengers. Here, we investigated the effect of infection with the facultative bacterial symbiont Wolbachia on post-eclosion host preference in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). We compared host preference in Wolbachia-infected individuals and uninfected adult female parasitoids after rearing them on two different Lepidopteran hosts, namely the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) or the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in choice and no choice experimental design (n = 120 wasps per each choice/no choice experiments). We showed that in T. brassicae, Wolbachia affects the post-eclosion host preference of female wasps. Wolbachia-infected wasps did not show any host preference and more frequently switched hosts in the laboratory, while uninfected wasps significantly preferred to lay eggs on the host species they developed on. Additionally, Wolbachia significantly improved the emergence rate of infected wasps when reared on new hosts. Altogether, our results revealed that the wasp's infection with Wolbachia may lead to impairment of post-eclosion host preference and facilitates growing up on different host species. The impairment of host preference by Wolbachia may allow T. brassicae to shift between hosts, a behavior that might have important evolutionary consequences for the wasp and its symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Abrun
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Leung K, Ras E, Ferguson KB, Ariëns S, Babendreier D, Bijma P, Bourtzis K, Brodeur J, Bruins MA, Centurión A, Chattington SR, Chinchilla‐Ramírez M, Dicke M, Fatouros NE, González‐Cabrera J, Groot TVM, Haye T, Knapp M, Koskinioti P, Le Hesran S, Lyrakis M, Paspati A, Pérez‐Hedo M, Plouvier WN, Schlötterer C, Stahl JM, Thiel A, Urbaneja A, van de Zande L, Verhulst EC, Vet LEM, Visser S, Werren JH, Xia S, Zwaan BJ, Magalhães S, Beukeboom LW, Pannebakker BA. Next-generation biological control: the need for integrating genetics and genomics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1838-1854. [PMID: 32794644 PMCID: PMC7689903 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological control is widely successful at controlling pests, but effective biocontrol agents are now more difficult to import from countries of origin due to more restrictive international trade laws (the Nagoya Protocol). Coupled with increasing demand, the efficacy of existing and new biocontrol agents needs to be improved with genetic and genomic approaches. Although they have been underutilised in the past, application of genetic and genomic techniques is becoming more feasible from both technological and economic perspectives. We review current methods and provide a framework for using them. First, it is necessary to identify which biocontrol trait to select and in what direction. Next, the genes or markers linked to these traits need be determined, including how to implement this information into a selective breeding program. Choosing a trait can be assisted by modelling to account for the proper agro-ecological context, and by knowing which traits have sufficiently high heritability values. We provide guidelines for designing genomic strategies in biocontrol programs, which depend on the organism, budget, and desired objective. Genomic approaches start with genome sequencing and assembly. We provide a guide for deciding the most successful sequencing strategy for biocontrol agents. Gene discovery involves quantitative trait loci analyses, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, and gene editing. Improving biocontrol practices includes marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and microbiome manipulation of biocontrol agents, and monitoring for genetic variation during rearing and post-release. We conclude by identifying the most promising applications of genetic and genomic methods to improve biological control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Leung
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erica Ras
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna International CentreP.O. Box 1001400ViennaAustria
| | - Kim B. Ferguson
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Simone Ariëns
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of EcologyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 528359BremenGermany
| | | | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 3386700 AHWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna International CentreP.O. Box 1001400ViennaAustria
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie VégétaleUniversité de Montréal4101 Sherbrooke EstMontréalQuebecCanadaH1X 2B2
| | - Margreet A. Bruins
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Centurión
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of EcologyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 528359BremenGermany
| | - Sophie R. Chattington
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of EcologyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 528359BremenGermany
| | - Milena Chinchilla‐Ramírez
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaUnidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV‐IVIACarretera CV‐315, Km 10'746113MoncadaValenciaSpain
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nina E. Fatouros
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joel González‐Cabrera
- Department of Genetics, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI‐BIOTECMED)Unidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV‐IVIA, Universitat de ValènciaDr Moliner 5046100BurjassotValenciaSpain
| | - Thomas V. M. Groot
- Koppert Biological SystemsVeilingweg 142651 BEBerkel en RodenrijsThe Netherlands
| | - Tim Haye
- CABIRue des Grillons 12800DelémontSwitzerland
| | - Markus Knapp
- Koppert Biological SystemsVeilingweg 142651 BEBerkel en RodenrijsThe Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Koskinioti
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna International CentreP.O. Box 1001400ViennaAustria
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity of ThessalyBiopolis41500LarissaGreece
| | - Sophie Le Hesran
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Koppert Biological SystemsVeilingweg 142651 BEBerkel en RodenrijsThe Netherlands
| | - Manolis Lyrakis
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaVeterinärplatz 11210ViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population GeneticsVetmeduni ViennaVeterinärplatz 11210ViennaAustria
| | - Angeliki Paspati
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaUnidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV‐IVIACarretera CV‐315, Km 10'746113MoncadaValenciaSpain
| | - Meritxell Pérez‐Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaUnidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV‐IVIACarretera CV‐315, Km 10'746113MoncadaValenciaSpain
| | - Wouter N. Plouvier
- INRA, CNRS, UMR 1355‐7254400 Route des ChappesBP 167 06903Sophia Antipolis CedexFrance
| | | | - Judith M. Stahl
- CABIRue des Grillons 12800DelémontSwitzerland
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension CenterUniversity of California Berkeley9240 South Riverbend AvenueParlierCA93648USA
| | - Andra Thiel
- Group for Population and Evolutionary Ecology, FB 02, Institute of EcologyUniversity of BremenLeobener Str. 528359BremenGermany
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaUnidad Mixta Gestión Biotecnológica de Plagas UV‐IVIACarretera CV‐315, Km 10'746113MoncadaValenciaSpain
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eveline C. Verhulst
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Louise E. M. Vet
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Droevendaalsesteeg 106708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Visser
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre CASBranišovská 31370 05České BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaBranišovská 1760370 05České BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - John H. Werren
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RochesterRochesterNY14627USA
| | - Shuwen Xia
- Animal Breeding and GenomicsWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 3386700 AHWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bas J. Zwaan
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental ChangesFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaEdifício C2, Campo Grande1749‐016LisbonPortugal
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart A. Pannebakker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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Abstract
The absence of a paternal contribution in an unfertilized ovum presents two developmental constraints against the evolution of parthenogenesis. We discuss the constraint caused by the absence of a centrosome and the one caused by the missing set of chromosomes and how they have been broken in specific taxa. They are examples of only a few well-underpinned examples of developmental constraints acting at macro-evolutionary scales in animals. Breaking of the constraint of the missing chromosomes is the best understood and generally involves rare occasions of drastic changes of meiosis. These drastic changes can be best explained by having been induced, or at least facilitated, by sudden cytological events (e.g., repeated rounds of hybridization, endosymbiont infections, and contagious infections). Once the genetic and developmental machinery is in place for regular or obligate parthenogenesis, shifts to other types of parthenogenesis can apparently rather easily evolve, for example, from facultative to obligate parthenogenesis, or from pseudoarrhenotoky to haplodiploidy. We argue that the combination of the two developmental constraints forms a near-absolute barrier against the gradual evolution from sporadic to obligate or regular facultative parthenogenesis, which can probably explain why the occurrence of the highly advantageous mode of regular facultative parthenogenesis is so rare and entirely absent in vertebrates.
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Kraaijeveld K, Anvar SY, Frank J, Schmitz A, Bast J, Wilbrandt J, Petersen M, Ziesmann T, Niehuis O, de Knijff P, den Dunnen JT, Ellers J. Decay of Sexual Trait Genes in an Asexual Parasitoid Wasp. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 8:3685-3695. [PMID: 28172869 PMCID: PMC5381511 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait loss is a widespread phenomenon with pervasive consequences for a species’ evolutionary potential. The genetic changes underlying trait loss have only been clarified in a small number of cases. None of these studies can identify whether the loss of the trait under study was a result of neutral mutation accumulation or negative selection. This distinction is relatively clear-cut in the loss of sexual traits in asexual organisms. Male-specific sexual traits are not expressed and can only decay through neutral mutations, whereas female-specific traits are expressed and subject to negative selection. We present the genome of an asexual parasitoid wasp and compare it to that of a sexual lineage of the same species. We identify a short-list of 16 genes for which the asexual lineage carries deleterious SNP or indel variants, whereas the sexual lineage does not. Using tissue-specific expression data from other insects, we show that fifteen of these are expressed in male-specific reproductive tissues. Only one deleterious variant was found that is expressed in the female-specific spermathecae, a trait that is heavily degraded and thought to be under negative selection in L. clavipes. Although the phenotypic decay of male-specific sexual traits in asexuals is generally slow compared with the decay of female-specific sexual traits, we show that male-specific traits do indeed accumulate deleterious mutations as expected by theory. Our results provide an excellent starting point for detailed study of the genomics of neutral and selected trait decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kraaijeveld
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Yahya Anvar
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Frank
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Schmitz
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Ziesmann
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Ma WJ, Schwander T. Patterns and mechanisms in instances of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:868-888. [PMID: 28299861 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Female-producing parthenogenesis can be induced by endosymbionts that increase their transmission by manipulating host reproduction. Our literature survey indicates that such endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis is known or suspected in 124 host species from seven different arthropod taxa, with Wolbachia as the most frequent endosymbiont (in 56-75% of host species). Most host species (81%, 100 out of 124) are characterized by haplo-diploid sex determination, but a strong ascertainment bias likely underestimates the frequency of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis in hosts with other sex determination systems. In at least one taxon, hymenopterans, endosymbionts are a significant driver of transitions from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction, with one-third of lineages being parthenogenetic as a consequence of endosymbiont infection. Endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis appears to facilitate the maintenance of reproductive polymorphism: at least 50% of species comprise both sexual (uninfected) and parthenogenetic (infected) strains. These strains feature distribution differences similar to the ones documented for lineages with genetically determined parthenogenesis, with endosymbiont-induced parthenogens occurring at higher latitudes than their sexual relatives. Finally, although gamete duplication is often considered as the main mechanism for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, it underlies parthenogenesis in only half of the host species studied thus far. We point out caveats in the methods used to test for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis and suggest specific approaches that allow for firm conclusions about the involvement of endosymbionts in the origin of parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-J Ma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mariño YA, Verle Rodrigues JC, Bayman P. Wolbachia Affects Reproduction and Population Dynamics of the Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei): Implications for Biological Control. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8010008. [PMID: 28085049 PMCID: PMC5371936 DOI: 10.3390/insects8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are widely distributed endosymbiotic bacteria that influence the reproduction and fitness of their hosts. In recent years the manipulation of Wolbachia infection has been considered as a potential tool for biological control. The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most devastating coffee pest worldwide. Wolbachia infection in the CBB has been reported, but until now the role of Wolbachia in CBB reproduction and fitness has not been tested. To address this issue we reared the CBB in artificial diets with and without tetracycline (0.1% w/v) for ten generations. Tetracycline reduced significantly the relative proportion of Wolbachia in the CBB microbiota from 0.49% to 0.04%. This reduction affected CBB reproduction: females fed with tetracycline had significantly fewer progeny, lower fecundity, and fewer eggs per female. Tetracycline also reduced the population growth rate (λ), net reproductive rate (R0), and mean generation time (T) in CBB; the reduction in population growth was mostly due to variation in fertility, according to life time response experiments (LTREs) analysis. Our results suggest that Wolbachia contribute to the reproductive success of the CBB and their manipulation represents a possible approach to CBB biocontrol mediated by microbiome management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yobana A Mariño
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
| | - José C Verle Rodrigues
- Center for Excellence in Quarantine and Invasive Species, Agricultural Experimental Station-Río Piedras, Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, 1193 Calle Guayacán, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
| | - Paul Bayman
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
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Ma WJ, Pannebakker BA, van de Zande L, Schwander T, Wertheim B, Beukeboom LW. Diploid males support a two-step mechanism of endosymbiont-induced thelytoky in a parasitoid wasp. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:84. [PMID: 25963738 PMCID: PMC4456809 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haplodiploidy, where females develop from diploid, fertilized eggs and males from haploid, unfertilized eggs, is abundant in some insect lineages. Some species in these lineages reproduce by thelytoky that is caused by infection with endosymbionts: infected females lay haploid eggs that undergo diploidization and develop into females, while males are very rare or absent. It is generally assumed that in thelytokous wasps, endosymbionts merely diploidize the unfertilized eggs, which would then trigger female development. Results We found that females in the parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica infected with thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia produce 0.7–1.2 % male offspring. Seven to 39 % of these males are diploid, indicating that diploidization and female development can be uncoupled in A. japonica. Wolbachia titer in adults was correlated with their ploidy and sex: diploids carried much higher Wolbachia titers than haploids, and diploid females carried more Wolbachia than diploid males. Data from introgression lines indicated that the development of diploid individuals into males instead of females is not caused by malfunction-mutations in the host genome but that diploid males are most likely produced when the endosymbiont fails to activate the female sex determination pathway. Our data therefore support a two-step mechanism by which endosymbionts induce thelytoky in A. japonica: diploidization of the unfertilized egg is followed by feminization, whereby each step correlates with a threshold of endosymbiont titer during wasp development. Conclusions Our new model of endosymbiont-induced thelytoky overthrows the view that certain sex determination mechanisms constrain the evolution of endosymbiont-induced thelytoky in hymenopteran insects. Endosymbionts can cause parthenogenesis through feminization, even in groups in which endosymbiont-diploidized eggs would develop into males following the hosts’ sex determination mechanism. In addition, our model broadens our understanding of the mechanisms by which endosymbionts induce thelytoky to enhance their transmission to the next generation. Importantly, it also provides a novel window to study the yet-poorly known haplodiploid sex determination mechanisms in haplodiploid insects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0370-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ma
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Genetics of decayed sexual traits in a parasitoid wasp with endosymbiont-induced asexuality. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:424-31. [PMID: 24781809 PMCID: PMC4220718 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait decay may occur when selective pressures shift, owing to changes in environment or life style, rendering formerly adaptive traits non-functional or even maladaptive. It remains largely unknown if such decay would stem from multiple mutations with small effects or rather involve few loci with major phenotypic effects. Here, we investigate the decay of female sexual traits, and the genetic causes thereof, in a transition from haplodiploid sexual reproduction to endosymbiont-induced asexual reproduction in the parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. We take advantage of the fact that asexual females cured of their endosymbionts produce sons instead of daughters, and that these sons can be crossed with sexual females. By combining behavioral experiments with crosses designed to introgress alleles from the asexual into the sexual genome, we found that sexual attractiveness, mating, egg fertilization and plastic adjustment of offspring sex ratio (in response to variation in local mate competition) are decayed in asexual A. japonica females. Furthermore, introgression experiments revealed that the propensity for cured asexual females to produce only sons (because of decayed sexual attractiveness, mating behavior and/or egg fertilization) is likely caused by recessive genetic effects at a single locus. Recessive effects were also found to cause decay of plastic sex-ratio adjustment under variable levels of local mate competition. Our results suggest that few recessive mutations drive decay of female sexual traits, at least in asexual species deriving from haplodiploid sexual ancestors.
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9
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van der Kooi CJ, Schwander T. On the fate of sexual traits under asexuality. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:805-19. [PMID: 24443922 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental shifts and life-history changes may result in formerly adaptive traits becoming non-functional or maladaptive. In the absence of pleiotropy and other constraints, such traits may decay as a consequence of neutral mutation accumulation or selective processes, highlighting the importance of natural selection for adaptations. A suite of traits are expected to lose their adaptive function in asexual organisms derived from sexual ancestors, and the many independent transitions to asexuality allow for comparative studies of parallel trait maintenance versus decay. In addition, because certain traits, notably male-specific traits, are usually not exposed to selection under asexuality, their decay would have to occur as a consequence of drift. Selective processes could drive the decay of traits associated with costs, which may be the case for the majority of sexual traits expressed in females. We review the fate of male and female sexual traits in 93 animal lineages characterized by asexual reproduction, covering a broad taxon range including molluscs, arachnids, diplopods, crustaceans and eleven different hexapod orders. Many asexual lineages are still able occasionally to produce males. These asexually produced males are often largely or even fully functional, revealing that major developmental pathways can remain quiescent and functional over extended time periods. By contrast, for asexual females, there is a parallel and rapid decay of sexual traits, especially of traits related to mate attraction and location, as expected given the considerable costs often associated with the expression of these traits. The level of decay of female sexual traits, in addition to asexual females being unable to fertilize their eggs, would severely impede reversals to sexual reproduction, even in recently derived asexual lineages. More generally, the parallel maintenance versus decay of different trait types across diverse asexual lineages suggests that neutral traits display little or no decay even after extended periods under relaxed selection, while extensive decay for selected traits occurs extremely quickly. These patterns also highlight that adaptations can fix rapidly in natural populations of asexual organisms, in spite of their mode of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9700CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Schwander T, Crespi BJ, Gries R, Gries G. Neutral and selection-driven decay of sexual traits in asexual stick insects. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130823. [PMID: 23782880 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental shifts and lifestyle changes may result in formerly adaptive traits becoming non-functional or maladaptive. The subsequent decay of such traits highlights the importance of natural selection for adaptations, yet its causes have rarely been investigated. To study the fate of formerly adaptive traits after lifestyle changes, we evaluated sexual traits in five independently derived asexual lineages, including traits that are specific to males and therefore not exposed to selection. At least four of the asexual lineages retained the capacity to produce males that display normal courtship behaviours and are able to fertilize eggs of females from related sexual species. The maintenance of male traits may stem from pleiotropy, or from these traits only regressing via drift, which may require millions of years to generate phenotypic effects. By contrast, we found parallel decay of sexual traits in females. Asexual females produced altered airborne and contact signals, had modified sperm storage organs, and lost the ability to fertilize their eggs, impeding reversals to sexual reproduction. Female sexual traits were decayed even in recently derived asexuals, suggesting that trait changes following the evolution of asexuality, when they occur, proceed rapidly and are driven by selective processes rather than drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schwander
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Stouthamer R, Russell JE, Vavre F, Nunney L. Intragenomic conflict in populations infected by Parthenogenesis Inducing Wolbachia ends with irreversible loss of sexual reproduction. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:229. [PMID: 20667099 PMCID: PMC2927591 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternally inherited, bacterial symbiont, parthenogenesis inducing (PI) Wolbachia, causes females in some haplodiploid insects to produce daughters from both fertilized and unfertilized eggs. The symbionts, with their maternal inheritance, benefit from inducing the production of exclusively daughters, however the optimal sex ratio for the nuclear genome is more male-biased. Here we examine through models how an infection with PI-Wolbachia in a previously uninfected population leads to a genomic conflict between PI-Wolbachia and the nuclear genome. In most natural populations infected with PI-Wolbachia the infection has gone to fixation and sexual reproduction is impossible, specifically because the females have lost their ability to fertilize eggs, even when mated with functional males. RESULTS The PI Wolbachia infection by itself does not interfere with the fertilization process in infected eggs, fertilized infected eggs develop into biparental infected females. Because of the increasingly female-biased sex ratio in the population during a spreading PI-Wolbachia infection, sex allocation alleles in the host that cause the production of more sons are rapidly selected. In haplodiploid species a reduced fertilization rate leads to the production of more sons. Selection for the reduced fertilization rate leads to a spread of these alleles through both the infected and uninfected population, eventually resulting in the population becoming fixed for both the PI-Wolbachia infection and the reduced fertilization rate. Fertilization rate alleles that completely interfere with fertilization ("virginity alleles") will be selected over alleles that still allow for some fertilization. This drives the final resolution of the conflict: the irreversible loss of sexual reproduction and the complete dependence of the host on its symbiont. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that dependence among organisms can evolve rapidly due to the resolution of the conflicts between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes, and without requiring a mutualism between the partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stouthamer
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Vavre F, Mouton L, Pannebakker BA. Drosophila-parasitoid communities as model systems for host-Wolbachia interactions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 70:299-331. [PMID: 19773076 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(09)70012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria are cytoplasmic endosymbionts that infect a wide range of arthropod and nematode hosts. They are transmitted from mother to offspring via the eggs (vertical transmission) and enhance their transmission to the next generation by manipulating the reproductive system of their hosts. These manipulations occur in many forms, such as the induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male killing and parthenogenesis induction. Wolbachia is estimated to occur in up to 66% of all insect species, but the greatest diversity of reproductive manipulations is found in the order of the Hymenoptera. Studies of Wolbachia in Drosophila-parasitoid communities have allowed for important insights into different aspects of Wolbachia biology. The extensive knowledge available on Drosophila parasitoids provides a solid base on which to test new hypotheses on host-Wolbachia interactions. The large range of Wolbachia phenotypes present in Drosophila parasitoids, combined with the recent acquisition of the bacteria from their Drosophilid hosts, make them an ideal model system to study the evolution and dynamics of Wolbachia infections, both in the laboratory as in the field. In this chapter, we aim to review the current knowledge on the associations between Wolbachia and Drosophila parasitoids, and identify open questions and specify new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Vavre
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Relaxed selection in the wild. Trends Ecol Evol 2009; 24:487-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Varaldi J, Ravallec M, Labrosse C, Lopez-Ferber M, Boulétreau M, Fleury F. Artifical transfer and morphological description of virus particles associated with superparasitism behaviour in a parasitoid wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:1202-12. [PMID: 17070831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In parasitoids, the adaptive significance of superparasitism (laying of egg(s) in already parasitized hosts) has been the subject of strong controversy. The current view is to interpret this behaviour as an adaptation to increased competition for hosts, because the supernumerary egg still has a chance to win possession for the host. However, we recently discovered that in the solitary parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi, superparasitism is rather caused by an unknown infectious element: stable non superparasitizing lineages (NS) are transformed into stable superparasitizing lineages (S) after eggs from both lineages have competed inside the same host (superparasitism). In this report, we investigate the nature and location of the causative agent. Involvement of bacteria is unlikely because antibiotic treatments do not affect wasp phenotype and because bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA was not detected using PCR. We report successful injection experiments showing that the causative agents are located in wasp poison gland and ovaries and are stably inherited. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate that long filamentous virus particles located in wasp oviducts are strongly associated with superparasitism behaviour, leading to reconsider the adaptive significance of this behaviour in parasitoids. Interestingly, parasitoids are often infected with similar viruses for which no phenotypic effect has been documented. This raises the possibility that they could induce the same behavioural manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Varaldi
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558);CNRS; Université Lyon 1, 43 bd 11 nov, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Breuker CJ, Victoir K, De Jong PW, van der Meijden E, Brakefield PM, Vrieling K. AFLP markers for the R-gene in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum, conferring resistance to defenses in Barbarea vulgaris. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2005; 5:38. [PMID: 17119620 PMCID: PMC1615245 DOI: 10.1093/jis/5.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A so-called R-gene renders the yellow-striped flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) resistant to the defenses of the yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicacea) and enables it to use it as a host plant in Denmark. In this study, genetic markers for an autosomal R-gene, inherited as a single, dominant locus in flea beetles from the Danish locality "Kvaerkeby" are described, and a genetic linkage map around this particular R-gene is constructed, using the technique of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J Breuker
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Pannebakker BA, Schidlo NS, Boskamp GJF, Dekker L, van Dooren TJM, Beukeboom LW, Zwaan BJ, Brakefield PM, van Alphen JJM. Sexual functionality of Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) after reversing Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:1019-28. [PMID: 16033575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Females infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia bacteria can be cured from their infection by antibiotic treatment, resulting in male production. In most cases, however, these males are either sexually not fully functional, or infected females have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. We studied the decay of sexual function in males and females of the parasitoid Leptopilina clavipes. In western Europe, infected and uninfected populations occur allopatrically, allowing for an investigation of both male and female sexual function. This was made by comparing females and males induced from different parthenogenetic populations with those from naturally occurring uninfected populations. Our results indicate that although males show a decay of sexual function, they are still able to fertilize uninfected females. Infected females, however, do not fertilize their eggs after mating with males from uninfected populations. The absence of genomic incompatibilities suggests that these effects are due to the difference in mode of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Pannebakker
- Section of Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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