1
|
Shaban S, Patel M, Ahmad A. Antifungal activity of human antimicrobial peptides targeting apoptosis in Candida auris. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38743468 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Innovative antifungal therapies are of crucial importance to combat the potentially life-threatening infections linked to the multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen Candida auris. Induction of regulated cell death, apoptosis, could provide an outline for future therapeutics. Human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), well-known antifungal compounds, have shown the ability to induce apoptosis in pathogenic fungi.Hypothesis/Gap Statement . Although it is known that AMPs possess antifungal activity against C. auris, their ability to induce apoptosis requires further investigations.Aim. This study evaluated the effects of AMPs on the induction of apoptosis in C. auris.Methods. Human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1), human β-Defensins-3 (hBD-3) and human salivary histatin 5 (His 5) were assessed against two clinical C. auris isolates. Apoptosis hallmarks were examined using FITC-Annexin V/PI double labelling assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labelling (TUNEL) to detect phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation, respectively. Then, several intracellular triggers were studied using JC-10 staining, spectrophotometric assay and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome-c release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively.Results and conclusion. FITC-Annexin V/PI staining and TUNEL analysis revealed that exposure of C. auris cells to HNP-1 and hBD-3 triggered both early and late apoptosis, while His 5 caused significant necrosis. Furthermore, HNP-1 and hBD-3 induced significant mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which resulted in substantial cytochrome c release. In contrast to His 5, which showed minimal mitochondrial depolarization and no cytochrome c release. At last, all peptides significantly increased ROS production, which is related to both types of cell death. Therefore, these peptides represent promising and effective antifungal agents for treating invasive infections caused by multidrug-resistant C. auris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siham Shaban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mrudula Patel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ivessa AS, Singh S. The increase in cell death rates in caloric restricted cells of the yeast helicase mutant rrm3 is Sir complex dependent. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17832. [PMID: 37857740 PMCID: PMC10587150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), which is a reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, usually extends lifespan and improves tissue integrity. This report focuses on the relationship between nuclear genomic instability and dietary-restriction and its effect on cell survival. We demonstrate that the cell survival rates of the genomic instability yeast mutant rrm3 change under metabolic restricted conditions. Rrm3 is a DNA helicase, chromosomal replication slows (and potentially stalls) in its absence with increased rates at over 1400 natural pause sites including sites within ribosomal DNA and tRNA genes. Whereas rrm3 mutant cells have lower cell death rates compared to wild type (WT) in growth medium containing normal glucose levels (i.e., 2%), under CR growth conditions cell death rates increase in the rrm3 mutant to levels, which are higher than WT. The silent-information-regulatory (Sir) protein complex and mitochondrial oxidative stress are required for the increase in cell death rates in the rrm3 mutant when cells are transferred from growth medium containing 2% glucose to CR-medium. The Rad53 checkpoint protein is highly phosphorylated in the rrm3 mutant in response to genomic instability in growth medium containing 2% glucose. Under CR, Rad53 phosphorylation is largely reduced in the rrm3 mutant in a Sir-complex dependent manner. Since CR is an adjuvant treatment during chemotherapy, which may target genomic instability in cancer cells, our studies may gain further insight into how these therapy strategies can be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Ivessa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine/Flow Cytometry and Immunology Core Laboratory, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzalez-Jimenez I, Perlin DS, Shor E. Reactive oxidant species induced by antifungal drugs: identity, origins, functions, and connection to stress-induced cell death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1276406. [PMID: 37900311 PMCID: PMC10602735 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1276406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidant species (ROS) are unstable, highly reactive molecules that are produced by cells either as byproducts of metabolism or synthesized by specialized enzymes. ROS can be detrimental, e.g., by damaging cellular macromolecules, or beneficial, e.g., by participating in signaling. An increasing body of evidence shows that various fungal species, including both yeasts and molds, increase ROS production upon exposure to the antifungal drugs currently used in the clinic: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. However, the implications of these findings are still largely unclear due to gaps in knowledge regarding the chemical nature, molecular origins, and functional consequences of these ROS. Because the detection of ROS in fungal cells has largely relied on fluorescent probes that lack specificity, the chemical nature of the ROS is not known, and it may vary depending on the specific fungus-drug combination. In several instances, the origin of antifungal drug-induced ROS has been identified as the mitochondria, but further experiments are necessary to strengthen this conclusion and to investigate other potential cellular ROS sources, such as the ER, peroxisomes, and ROS-producing enzymes. With respect to the function of the ROS, several studies have shown that they contribute to the drugs' fungicidal activities and may be part of drug-induced programmed cell death (PCD). However, whether these "pro-death" ROS are a primary consequence of the antifungal mechanism of action or a secondary consequence of drug-induced PCD remains unclear. Finally, several recent studies have raised the possibility that ROS induction can serve an adaptive role, promoting antifungal drug tolerance and the evolution of drug resistance. Filling these gaps in knowledge will reveal a new aspect of fungal biology and may identify new ways to potentiate antifungal drug activity or prevent the evolution of antifungal drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erika Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Y, Shao L, Jia L, Meng Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zou B, Dai R, Li X, Jia F. Subcellular inactivation mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated by cold atmospheric plasma and application on chicken breasts. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Khan SU, Khan MU, Kalsoom F, Khan MI, Gao S, Unar A, Zubair M, Bilal M. Mechanisms of gene regulation by histone degradation in adaptation of yeast: an overview of recent advances. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:287. [PMID: 35482104 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histones are important component of eukaryotic cells chromatin and consist of arginine and lysine residues. Histones play an important role in the protection of DNA. Their contents significantly affect high-level chromatin structure formation, gene expression, DNA replication, and other important life activities. Protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism of histone content. Recent studies have revealed that modification of amino acid sequence is directly related to histone breakdown. In addition, histone degradation is closely related to covalent modifications, such as ubiquitination and acetylation, which are considered to be driving factors in gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important mechanism in adaptation to the environment and survival of species. With the introduction of highly efficient technology, various mutations in histones have been identified in yeast. In the field of epigenetics and the transmission of chromatin states, two widely used model organisms are the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Higher eukaryotes can use their silent loci to maintain their epigenetic states and providing the base to investigate mechanisms underlying development. Therfore, both species have contributed a plethora of information on these mechanisms in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. This study focuses on the role of histone modifications in controlling telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and centromeric silencing in S. pombe as examples of genetic loci that demonstrate epigenetic inheritance. In view of recent advances, this review focuses on the post-translational modification of histone amino acid residues and reviews the relationship between histone degradation and amino acid residue modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fadia Kalsoom
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, District headquarters hospital, Jhang, 35200, Punjab Province, Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cdk8 Kinase Module: A Mediator of Life and Death Decisions in Times of Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102152. [PMID: 34683473 PMCID: PMC8540245 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase module (CKM) of the multi-subunit mediator complex plays an essential role in cell fate decisions in response to different environmental cues. In the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, the CKM consists of four conserved subunits (cyclin C and its cognate cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8, Med13, and Med12) and predominantly negatively regulates a subset of stress responsive genes (SRG’s). Derepression of these SRG’s is accomplished by disassociating the CKM from the mediator, thus allowing RNA polymerase II-directed transcription. In response to cell death stimuli, cyclin C translocates to the mitochondria where it induces mitochondrial hyper-fission and promotes regulated cell death (RCD). The nuclear release of cyclin C requires Med13 destruction by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In contrast, to protect the cell from RCD following SRG induction induced by nutrient deprivation, cyclin C is rapidly destroyed by the UPS before it reaches the cytoplasm. This enables a survival response by two mechanisms: increased ATP production by retaining reticular mitochondrial morphology and relieving CKM-mediated repression on autophagy genes. Intriguingly, nitrogen starvation also stimulates Med13 destruction but through a different mechanism. Rather than destruction via the UPS, Med13 proteolysis occurs in the vacuole (yeast lysosome) via a newly identified Snx4-assisted autophagy pathway. Taken together, these findings reveal that the CKM regulates cell fate decisions by both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, placing it at a convergence point between cell death and cell survival pathways.
Collapse
|
7
|
Polčic P, Machala Z. Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma on Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052247. [PMID: 33668158 PMCID: PMC7956799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasmas generated by various electrical discharges can affect cell physiology or induce cell damage that may often result in the loss of viability. Many cold plasma-based technologies have emerged in recent years that are aimed at manipulating the cells within various environments or tissues. These include inactivation of microorganisms for the purpose of sterilization, food processing, induction of seeds germination, but also the treatment of cells in the therapy. Mechanisms that underlie the plasma-cell interactions are, however, still poorly understood. Dissection of cellular pathways or structures affected by plasma using simple eukaryotic models is therefore desirable. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our knowledge of processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, it had been also employed in studies of plasma-cell interactions. This review focuses on the effects of cold plasma on yeast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH1, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-60296-398
| | - Zdenko Machala
- Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Citral and geraniol induce necrotic and apoptotic cell death on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:42. [PMID: 33547564 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils and their main components, monoterpenes, have been proven to be important alternatives for the control of pathogenic and spoiling microorganisms, but the mode of action of these compounds is poorly understood. This work aimed to determine the mode of action of citral and geraniol on the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a flow cytometry approach. Exponentially growing yeast cells were treated with different concentrations of citral and geraniol for 3 h, and evaluated for cell wall susceptibility to glucanase, membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and metacaspase activity. Results provide strong evidence that citral and geraniol acute fungicidal activity against Saccharomyces cells involves the loss of membrane and cell wall integrity resulting in a dose-dependent apoptotic/necrotic cell death. However, yeast cells that escape this first cell membrane disruption, particularly evident on sub-lethal concentration, die by metacaspase-mediated apoptosis induced by the accumulation of intracellular ROS. The deleted mutant on the yca1 gene showed high tolerance to citral and geraniol.
Collapse
|
9
|
Human hepatitis A virus 3C protease exerts a cytostatic effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and affects the vacuolar compartment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Xu H, Zhu Y, Du M, Wang Y, Ju S, Ma R, Jiao Z. Subcellular mechanism of microbial inactivation during water disinfection by cold atmospheric-pressure plasma. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116513. [PMID: 33091801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the identification of effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by plasma has been extensively studied, yet the subcellular mechanism of microbial inactivation has never been clearly elucidated in plasma disinfection processes. In this study, subcellular mechanism of yeast cell inactivation during plasma-liquid interaction was revealed in terms of comprehensive factors including cell morphology, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, membrane potential, intracellular redox homeostasis (intracellular ROS and H2O2, and antioxidant system (SOD, CAT and GSH)), intracellular ionic equilibrium (intracellular H+ and K+) and energy metabolism (mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and ATP level). The ROS analysis show that ·OH, 1O2, ·O2-and H2O2 were generated in this plasma-liquid interaction system and ·O2-served as the precursor of 1O2. Additionally, the solution pH was reduced. Plasma can effectively inactivate yeast cells mainly via apoptosis by damaging cell membrane, intracellular redox and ion homeostasis and energy metabolism as well as causing DNA fragmentation. ROS scavengers (l-His, d-Man and SOD) and pH buffer (phosphate buffer solution, PBS) were employed to investigate the role of five antimicrobial factors (·OH, 1O2, ·O2-, H2O2 and low pH) in plasma sterilization. Results show that they have different influences on the aforementioned cell physiological activities. The ·OH and 1O2 contributed most to the yeast inactivation. The ·OH mainly attacked cell membrane and increased cell membrane permeability. The disturb of cell energy metabolism was mainly attributed to 1O2. The damage of cell membrane as well as extracellular low pH could break the intracellular ionic equilibrium and further reduce cell membrane potential. The remarkable increase of intracellular H2O2 was mainly due to the influx of extracellular H2O2 via destroyed cell membrane, which played a little role in yeast inactivation during 10-min plasma treatment. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the antimicrobial mechanism of plasma, which can promote the development of plasma as an alternative water disinfection strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangbo Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yupan Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mengru Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Siyao Ju
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Zhen Jiao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, College of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Akintade D, Chaudhuri B. The effect of copy number on α-synuclein's toxicity and its protective role in Bax-induced apoptosis, in yeast. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20201912. [PMID: 32794578 PMCID: PMC7468099 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death which is essential for the growth of dividing human cells whereas, in contrast, it is deleterious for post-mitotic cells such as neurons. Bax and α-synuclein are two human proteins which play a role in the induction of neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Human Bax and α-synuclein also induce cell death when expressed in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quite unexpectedly, the human α-synuclein gene had been identified as an inhibitor of pro-apoptotic Bax using a yeast-based screen of a human hippocampal cDNA library. Plasmids were constructed with different promoters, which allow expression of wildtype and Parkinson's disease (PD)-related mutant α-synuclein genes, from (i) multi-copy 2µ (episomal) plasmids and (ii) integrative plasmids that compel expression of genes from chromosomal sites in varying copy numbers (1-3). All α-synuclein-containing plasmids were introduced, through transformation, into a yeast strain which already contained a chromosomally integrated copy of Bax. It is for the first time that it was observed that, depending on gene dosage, only wildtype α-synuclein is anti-apoptotic while mutant α-synuclein is not. The results also indicate that wildtype α-synuclein has a remarkable ability to manifest two contrasting effects depending on its level of expression: (i) normally, it would negate apoptosis but (ii) when overexpressed, it tends to induce apoptosis which is probably what happens in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damilare D. Akintade
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toth A, Aufschnaiter A, Fedotovskaya O, Dawitz H, Ädelroth P, Büttner S, Ott M. Membrane-tethering of cytochrome c accelerates regulated cell death in yeast. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32892209 PMCID: PMC7474732 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis as a modality of regulated cell death is intimately linked to permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and subsequent release of the protein cytochrome c into the cytosol, where it can participate in caspase activation via apoptosome formation. Interestingly, cytochrome c release is an ancient feature of regulated cell death even in unicellular eukaryotes that do not contain an apoptosome. Therefore, it was speculated that cytochrome c release might have an additional, more fundamental role for cell death signalling, because its absence from mitochondria disrupts oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we permanently anchored cytochrome c with a transmembrane segment to the inner mitochondrial membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thereby inhibiting its release from mitochondria during regulated cell death. This cytochrome c retains respiratory growth and correct assembly of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. However, membrane anchoring leads to a sensitisation to acetic acid-induced cell death and increased oxidative stress, a compensatory elevation of cellular oxygen-consumption in aged cells and a decreased chronological lifespan. We therefore conclude that loss of cytochrome c from mitochondria during regulated cell death and the subsequent disruption of oxidative phosphorylation is not required for efficient execution of cell death in yeast, and that mobility of cytochrome c within the mitochondrial intermembrane space confers a fitness advantage that overcomes a potential role in regulated cell death signalling in the absence of an apoptosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Toth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Aufschnaiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Olga Fedotovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Dawitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Svante Arrheniusväg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Akintade DD, Chaudhuri B. Identification of proteins involved in transcription/translation (eEF 1A1) as an inhibitor of Bax induced apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6785-6792. [PMID: 32875432 PMCID: PMC7561549 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) is central to translational activity. It is involved in complexes that form signal transduction with protein kinase C, as well as being a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are isoforms of the alpha subunit of elongating factor 1 complex. It has been reported that eEF1A1 is expressed in most human tissues but the brain, skeletal muscle and heart. eEF1A1 has been linked to both apoptosis and anti-apoptotic activities. In this study, eEF1A1 was co-expressed with Bax, a proapoptotic protein via heterologous expression of recombinant DNA in yeast cells. Assays were carried out to monitor the fate and state of yeast cells when eEF1A1 was co-expressed with Bax. The yeast strain (bearing an integrated copy of the Bax gene) was transformed with an episomal 2-micron plasmid that encodes HA-tagged eEF1A1 gene. The resultant strain would allow co-expression of Bax and eEF1A1 in yeast cells, Bax being under the control of the GAL1 promoter, while the PGK1 promoter drives eEF1A1 expression. Bcl 2A1, a known anti-apoptotic protein, was also co-expressed with Bax in yeast cells as a positive control, to study the anti-apoptotic characteristic of eEF-1A1. The part eEF1A1 plays in apoptosis has been contentious, amidst the pro and anti-apoptotic properties of eEF1A1, it was shown clearly, in this study that eEF1A1 portrays only anti-apoptotic property in the presence of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damilare D Akintade
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. .,Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The single gene, single protein, single function hypothesis is increasingly becoming obsolete. Numerous studies have demonstrated that individual proteins can moonlight, meaning they can have multiple functions based on their cellular or developmental context. In this review, we discuss moonlighting proteins, highlighting the biological pathways where this phenomenon may be particularly relevant. In addition, we combine genetic, cell biological, and evolutionary perspectives so that we can better understand how, when, and why moonlighting proteins may take on multiple roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA;
| | - Needhi Bhalla
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghosh A, Shcherbik N. Effects of Oxidative Stress on Protein Translation: Implications for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2661. [PMID: 32290431 PMCID: PMC7215667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. Due to their multifactorial nature and wide variation, CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding the molecular alterations leading to the development of heart and vessel pathologies is crucial for successfully treating and preventing CVDs. One of the causative factors of CVD etiology and progression is acute oxidative stress, a toxic condition characterized by elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Left unabated, ROS can damage virtually any cellular component and affect essential biological processes, including protein synthesis. Defective or insufficient protein translation results in production of faulty protein products and disturbances of protein homeostasis, thus promoting pathologies. The relationships between translational dysregulation, ROS, and cardiovascular disorders will be examined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Natalia Shcherbik
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Translation Inhibition by Rocaglates Activates a Species-Specific Cell Death Program in the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03329-19. [PMID: 32156828 PMCID: PMC7064782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03329-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of the fungal pathogen Candida auris has ignited intrigue and alarm within the medical community and the public at large. This pathogen is unusually resistant to antifungals, threatening to overwhelm current management options. By screening a library of structurally diverse molecules, we found that C. auris is surprisingly sensitive to translation inhibition by a class of compounds known as rocaglates (also known as flavaglines). Despite the high level of conservation across fungi in their protein synthesis machinery, these compounds inhibited translation initiation and activated a cell death program in C. auris but not in its relative Candida albicans. Our findings highlight a surprising divergence across the cell death programs operating in Candida species and underscore the need to understand the specific biology of a pathogen in attempting to develop more-effective treatments against it. Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths worldwide. Recently, global emergence of the fungal pathogen Candida auris has caused considerable concern because most C. auris isolates are resistant to fluconazole, the most commonly administered antifungal, and some isolates are resistant to drugs from all three major antifungal classes. To identify novel agents with bioactivity against C. auris, we screened 2,454 compounds from a diversity-oriented synthesis collection. Of the five hits identified, most shared a common rocaglate core structure and displayed fungicidal activity against C. auris. These rocaglate hits inhibited translation in C. auris but not in its pathogenic relative Candida albicans. Species specificity was contingent on variation at a single amino acid residue in Tif1, a fungal member of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) family of translation initiation factors known to be targeted by rocaglates. Rocaglate-mediated inhibition of translation in C. auris activated a cell death program characterized by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased caspase-like activity, and disrupted vacuolar homeostasis. In a rocaglate-sensitized C. albicans mutant engineered to express translation initiation factor 1 (Tif1) with the variant amino acid that we had identified in C. auris, translation was inhibited but no programmed cell death phenotypes were observed. This surprising finding suggests divergence between these related fungal pathogens in their pathways of cellular responses to translation inhibition. From a therapeutic perspective, the chemical biology that we have uncovered reveals species-specific vulnerability in C. auris and identifies a promising target for development of new, mechanistically distinct antifungals in the battle against this emerging pathogen.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zimmermann A, Tadic J, Kainz K, Hofer SJ, Bauer MA, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Madeo F. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of regulated cell death in yeast. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 352:55-82. [PMID: 32334817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular organisms like yeast can undergo controlled demise in a manner that is partly reminiscent of mammalian cell death. This is true at the levels of both mechanistic and functional conservation. Yeast offers the combination of unparalleled genetic amenability and a comparatively simple biology to understand both the regulation and evolution of cell death. In this minireview, we address the capacity of the nucleus as a regulatory hub during yeast regulated cell death (RCD), which is becoming an increasingly central question in yeast RCD research. In particular, we explore and critically discuss the available data on stressors and signals that specifically impinge on the nucleus. Moreover, we also analyze the current knowledge on nuclear factors as well as on transcriptional control and epigenetic events that orchestrate yeast RCD. Altogether we conclude that the functional significance of the nucleus for yeast RCD in undisputable, but that further exploration beyond correlative work is necessary to disentangle the role of nuclear events in the regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh K, Lee ME, Entezari M, Jung CH, Kim Y, Park Y, Fioretti JD, Huh WK, Park HO, Kang PJ. Genome-Wide Studies of Rho5-Interacting Proteins That Are Involved in Oxidant-Induced Cell Death in Budding Yeast. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:921-931. [PMID: 30670610 PMCID: PMC6404601 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases play critical roles in cell proliferation and cell death in many species. As in animal cells, cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo regulated cell death under various physiological conditions and upon exposure to external stress. The Rho5 GTPase is necessary for oxidant-induced cell death, and cells expressing a constitutively active GTP-locked Rho5 are hypersensitive to oxidants. Yet how Rho5 regulates yeast cell death has been poorly understood. To identify genes that are involved in the Rho5-mediated cell death program, we performed two complementary genome-wide screens: one screen for oxidant-resistant deletion mutants and another screen for Rho5-associated proteins. Functional enrichment and interaction network analysis revealed enrichment for genes in pathways related to metabolism, transport, and plasma membrane organization. In particular, we find that ATG21, which is known to be involved in the CVT (Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting) pathway and mitophagy, is necessary for cell death induced by oxidants. Cells lacking Atg21 exhibit little cell death upon exposure to oxidants even when the GTP-locked Rho5 is expressed. Moreover, Atg21 interacts with Rho5 preferentially in its GTP-bound state, suggesting that Atg21 is a downstream target of Rho5 in oxidant-induced cell death. Given the high degree of conservation of Rho GTPases and autophagy from yeast to human, this study may provide insight into regulated cell death in eukaryotes in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komudi Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mid Eum Lee
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Maryam Entezari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yeonsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jack D Fioretti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Molecular Cellular Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Pil Jung Kang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sousa CA, Soares HMVM, Soares EV. Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Trigger Caspase- and Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:245-254. [PMID: 30656935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of the industrial use of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) raises concerns about their potential adverse effects. Our work aimed to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity induced by NiO NPs, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a cell model. Yeast cells exposed to NiO NPs exhibited typical hallmarks of regulated cell death (RCD) by apoptosis [loss of cell proliferation capacity (cell viability), exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer cytoplasmic membrane leaflet, nuclear chromatin condensation, and DNA damage] in a process that required de novo protein synthesis. The execution of yeast cell death induced by NiO NPs is Yca1p metacaspase-dependent. NiO NPs also induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the frequency of respiratory-deficient mutants, which supports the involvement of mitochondria in the cell death process. Cells deficient in the apoptosis-inducing factor ( aif1Δ) displayed higher tolerance to NiO NPs, which reinforces the involvement of mitochondria in RCD by apoptosis. In summary, this study shows that NiO NPs induce caspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in yeast. Our results warn about the possible harmful effects associated with the use of NiO NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia A Sousa
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, Chemical Engineering Department , ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto , Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431 , 4249-015 Porto , Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal.,REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia , Universidade do Porto , rua Dr. Roberto Frias , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal
| | - Helena M V M Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia , Universidade do Porto , rua Dr. Roberto Frias , 4200-465 Porto , Portugal
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, Chemical Engineering Department , ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto , Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431 , 4249-015 Porto , Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar , 4710-057 Braga , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shang J, Wu L, Yang Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Huang Y. Overexpression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA 3′-end processing enzyme Trz2 leads to an increased cellular iron level and apoptotic cell death. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 122:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
21
|
Leiter É, Csernoch L, Pócsi I. Programmed cell death in human pathogenic fungi - a possible therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:1039-1048. [PMID: 30360667 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1541087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diseases caused by pathogenic fungi are increasing because of antibiotic overuse, the rise of immunosuppressive therapies, and climate change. The limited variety of antimycotics and the rapid adaptation of pathogenic fungi to antifungal agents serve to exacerbate this issue. Unfortunately, about 1.6 million people are killed by fungal infections annually. Areas covered: The discovery of the small antimicrobial proteins produced by microorganisms, animals, humans, and plants will hopefully overcome challenges in the treatment of fungal infections. These small proteins are highly stable and any resistance to them rarely evolves; therefore, they are potentially good candidates for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by pathogenic fungi. Some of these proteins target the programmed cell death machinery of pathogenic fungi; this is potentially a novel approach in antimycotic therapies. In this review, we highlight the elements of apoptosis in human pathogenic fungi and related model organisms and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of the apoptosis-inducing, small, antifungal proteins. Expert opinion: Small antimicrobial proteins may establish a new class of antimycotics in the future. The rarity of resistance and their synergistic effects with other frequently used antifungal agents may help pave the way for their use in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Leiter
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- b Department of Physiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Arlia-Ciommo A, Leonov A, Mohammad K, Beach A, Richard VR, Bourque SD, Burstein MT, Goldberg AA, Kyryakov P, Gomez-Perez A, Koupaki O, Titorenko VI. Mechanisms through which lithocholic acid delays yeast chronological aging under caloric restriction conditions. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34945-34971. [PMID: 30405886 PMCID: PMC6201858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All presently known geroprotective chemical compounds of plant and microbial origin are caloric restriction mimetics because they can mimic the beneficial lifespan- and healthspan-extending effects of caloric restriction diets without the need to limit calorie supply. We have discovered a geroprotective chemical compound of mammalian origin, a bile acid called lithocholic acid, which can delay chronological aging of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under caloric restriction conditions. Here, we investigated mechanisms through which lithocholic acid can delay chronological aging of yeast limited in calorie supply. We provide evidence that lithocholic acid causes a stepwise development and maintenance of an aging-delaying cellular pattern throughout the entire chronological lifespan of yeast cultured under caloric restriction conditions. We show that lithocholic acid stimulates the aging-delaying cellular pattern and preserves such pattern because it specifically modulates the spatiotemporal dynamics of a complex cellular network. We demonstrate that this cellular network integrates certain pathways of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, some intercompartmental communications, mitochondrial morphology and functionality, and liponecrotic and apoptotic modes of aging-associated cell death. Our findings indicate that lithocholic acid prolongs longevity of chronologically aging yeast because it decreases the risk of aging-associated cell death, thus increasing the chance of elderly cells to survive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Leonov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karamat Mohammad
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Beach
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent R Richard
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon D Bourque
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Pavlo Kyryakov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Olivia Koupaki
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Regulated Cell Death as a Therapeutic Target for Novel Antifungal Peptides and Biologics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5473817. [PMID: 29854086 PMCID: PMC5944218 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5473817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise of microbial pathogens refractory to conventional antibiotics represents one of the most urgent and global public health concerns for the 21st century. Emergence of Candida auris isolates and the persistence of invasive mold infections that resist existing treatment and cause severe illness has underscored the threat of drug-resistant fungal infections. To meet these growing challenges, mechanistically novel agents and strategies are needed that surpass the conventional fungistatic or fungicidal drug actions. Host defense peptides have long been misunderstood as indiscriminant membrane detergents. However, evidence gathered over the past decade clearly points to their sophisticated and selective mechanisms of action, including exploiting regulated cell death pathways of their target pathogens. Such peptides perturb transmembrane potential and mitochondrial energetics, inducing phosphatidylserine accessibility and metacaspase activation in fungi. These mechanisms are often multimodal, affording target pathogens fewer resistance options as compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Here, recent advances in the field are examined regarding regulated cell death subroutines as potential therapeutic targets for innovative anti-infective peptides against pathogenic fungi. Furthering knowledge of protective host defense peptide interactions with target pathogens is key to advancing and applying novel prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures to fungal resistance and pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Arlia-Ciommo A, Leonov A, Beach A, Richard VR, Bourque SD, Burstein MT, Kyryakov P, Gomez-Perez A, Koupaki O, Feldman R, Titorenko VI. Caloric restriction delays yeast chronological aging by remodeling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, altering peroxisomal and mitochondrial functionalities, and postponing the onsets of apoptotic and liponecrotic modes of regulated cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16163-16184. [PMID: 29662634 PMCID: PMC5882325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A dietary regimen of caloric restriction delays aging in evolutionarily distant eukaryotes, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we assessed how caloric restriction influences morphological, biochemical and cell biological properties of chronologically aging yeast advancing through different stages of the aging process. Our findings revealed that this low-calorie diet slows yeast chronological aging by mechanisms that coordinate the spatiotemporal dynamics of various cellular processes before entry into a non-proliferative state and after such entry. Caloric restriction causes a stepwise establishment of an aging-delaying cellular pattern by tuning a network that assimilates the following: 1) pathways of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; 2) communications between the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, peroxisomes, mitochondria and the cytosol; and 3) a balance between the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Through different phases of the aging process, the caloric restriction-dependent remodeling of this intricate network 1) postpones the age-related onsets of apoptotic and liponecrotic modes of regulated cell death; and 2) actively increases the chance of cell survival by supporting the maintenance of cellular proteostasis. Because caloric restriction decreases the risk of cell death and actively increases the chance of cell survival throughout chronological lifespan, this dietary intervention extends longevity of chronologically aging yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Leonov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Beach
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent R Richard
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon D Bourque
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pavlo Kyryakov
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Olivia Koupaki
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Feldman
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gevrek F, Erdemir F. Investigation of the effects of curcumin, vitamin E and their combination in cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis using immunohistochemical technique. Turk J Urol 2018; 44:16-23. [PMID: 29484222 PMCID: PMC5821277 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2017.95752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cisplatin is an effective antineoplastic agent used in cancer therapy. However, the use of cisplatin is restricted due to its toxic side effects. Alleviation of its side effects which restricts cisplatin use is highly important. We aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin, vitamin E and their combination in cisplatin induced testicular apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-five Wistar albino male adult rats, weighing 300-350 g were divided randomly into five groups including seven rats in each as control, cisplatin, curcumin, vitamin E, and curcumin + vitamin E. On the posttest 5th day, rats were sacrificed, and their testes were removed. 4-5 μm sections from formalin fixed paraffin embedded testis tissues were stained both hematoxylin-eosin to analyze histologically and immunohistochemically to determine the expression of the apoptotic pathway proteins (Bax, Cas-3, Bcl-2). RESULTS Increased histological damage with cisplatin administration was reduced in treatment, especially in combination therapy. Cas-3 and Bax protein immunostaining intensities H-scores were significantly increased but Bcl-2 was slightly decreased in the cisplatin group compared to the control. In all treatment groups Bax, Cas-3 decreased compared to cisplatin group however Bcl-2 decreased in the curcumin and vitamin E groups. Bax/Bcl-2 was the highest in the cisplatin, and decreased in all treatment groups in favor of control. CONCLUSION Cas-3 expression increased by cisplatin administration suggests that cisplatin causes apoptosis of germ cells. According to the present findings, cisplatin mainly caused testicular apoptosis through the Cas-3 and Bax apoptotic protein pathways. Cisplatin-induced testicular apoptosis can be prevented by administration of curcumin, vitamin E, and combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Gevrek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Fikret Erdemir
- Department of Urology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of active cell death engaged by developmental cues as well as many different cellular stresses in which the dying cell essentially 'packages' itself for removal. The process of apoptotic cell death, as defined at the molecular level, is unique to the Metazoa (animals). Yet active cell death exists in non-animal organisms, and in some cases molecules involved in such death show some sequence similarities to those involved in apoptosis, leading to extensive speculation regarding the evolution of apoptosis. Here, we examine such speculation from the perspective of the functional properties of molecules of the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway. We suggest scenarios for the evolution of one pathway of apoptosis, the mitochondrial pathway, and consider how they might be tested. We conclude with a 'Just So Story' of how the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis might have evolved during eukaryotic evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Patrick Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shedlovskiy D, Zinskie JA, Gardner E, Pestov DG, Shcherbik N. Endonucleolytic cleavage in the expansion segment 7 of 25S rRNA is an early marker of low-level oxidative stress in yeast. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18469-18485. [PMID: 28939771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to oxidative stress is crucial to the survival of living organisms. In cells, sensing of increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates many defensive mechanisms that limit or repair damage to cell components. The ROS-signaling responses necessary for cell survival under oxidative stress conditions remain incompletely understood, especially for the translational machinery. Here, we found that drug treatments or a genetic deficiency in the thioredoxin system that increase levels of endogenous hydrogen peroxide in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae promote site-specific endonucleolytic cleavage in 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) adjacent to the c loop of the expansion segment 7 (ES7), a putative regulatory region located on the surface of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Our data also show that ES7c is cleaved at early stages of the gene expression program that enables cells to successfully counteract oxidative stress and is not a prerequisite or consequence of apoptosis. Moreover, the 60S subunits containing ES7c-cleaved rRNA cofractionate with intact subunits in sucrose gradients and repopulate polysomes after a short starvation-induced translational block, indicating their active role in translation. These results demonstrate that ES7c cleavage in rRNA is an early and sensitive marker of increased ROS levels in yeast cells and suggest that changes in ribosomes may be involved in the adaptive response to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ethan Gardner
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and.,the Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey 08084
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wloch-Salamon DM, Fisher RM, Regenberg B. Division of labour in the yeast:Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2017; 34:399-406. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta M. Fisher
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 13 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birgitte Regenberg
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 13 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Straub SP, Stiller SB, Wiedemann N, Pfanner N. Dynamic organization of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1097-1114. [PMID: 27289000 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain elaborate machineries for the import of precursor proteins from the cytosol. The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) performs the initial import of precursor proteins and transfers the precursors to downstream translocases, including the presequence translocase and the carrier translocase of the inner membrane, the mitochondrial import and assembly machinery of the intermembrane space, and the sorting and assembly machinery of the outer membrane. Although the protein translocases can function as separate entities in vitro, recent studies revealed a close and dynamic cooperation of the protein import machineries to facilitate efficient transfer of precursor proteins in vivo. In addition, protein translocases were found to transiently interact with distinct machineries that function in the respiratory chain or in the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane architecture. Mitochondrial protein import is embedded in a regulatory network that ensures protein biogenesis, membrane dynamics, bioenergetic activity and quality control.
Collapse
|
30
|
Choose Your Own Adventure: The Role of Histone Modifications in Yeast Cell Fate. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1946-1957. [PMID: 27769718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When yeast cells are challenged by a fluctuating environment, signaling networks activate differentiation programs that promote their individual or collective survival. These programs include the initiation of meiotic sporulation, the formation of filamentous growth structures, and the activation of programmed cell death pathways. The establishment and maintenance of these distinct cell fates are driven by massive gene expression programs that promote the necessary changes in morphology and physiology. While these genomic reprogramming events depend on a specialized network of transcription factors, a diverse set of chromatin regulators, including histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodelers, and histone variants, also play essential roles. Here, we review the broad functions of histone modifications in initiating cell fate transitions, with particular focus on their contribution to the control of expression of key genes required for the differentiation programs and chromatin reorganization that accompanies these cell fates.
Collapse
|
31
|
Honigberg SM. Similar environments but diverse fates: Responses of budding yeast to nutrient deprivation. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:302-328. [PMID: 27917388 PMCID: PMC5134742 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.08.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diploid budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can adopt one
of several alternative differentiation fates in response to nutrient limitation,
and each of these fates provides distinct biological functions. When different
strain backgrounds are taken into account, these various fates occur in response
to similar environmental cues, are regulated by the same signal transduction
pathways, and share many of the same master regulators. I propose that the
relationships between fate choice, environmental cues and signaling pathways are
not Boolean, but involve graded levels of signals, pathway activation and
master-regulator activity. In the absence of large differences between
environmental cues, small differences in the concentration of cues may be
reinforced by cell-to-cell signals. These signals are particularly essential for
fate determination within communities, such as colonies and biofilms, where fate
choice varies dramatically from one region of the community to another. The lack
of Boolean relationships between cues, signaling pathways, master regulators and
cell fates may allow yeast communities to respond appropriately to the wide
range of environments they encounter in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saul M Honigberg
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City MO 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Laprade DJ, Brown MS, McCarthy ML, Ritch JJ, Austriaco N. Filamentation protects Candida albicans from amphotericin B-induced programmed cell death via a mechanism involving the yeast metacaspase, MCA1. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:285-292. [PMID: 27683660 PMCID: PMC5036395 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.07.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The budding yeast Candida albicans is one of the most
significant fungal pathogens worldwide. It proliferates in two distinct cell
types: blastopores and filaments. Only cells that are able to transform from one
cell type into the other are virulent in mouse disease models. Programmed cell
death is a controlled form of cell suicide that occurs when C.
albicans cells are exposed to fungicidal drugs like amphotericin B
and caspofungin, and to other stressful conditions. We now provide evidence that
suggests that programmed cell death is cell-type specific in yeast: Filamentous
C. albicans cells are more resistant to amphotericin B- and
caspofungin-induced programmed cell death than their blastospore counterparts.
Finally, our genetic data suggests that this phenomenon is mediated by a
protective mechanism involving the yeast metacaspase, MCA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Laprade
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Melissa S Brown
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Morgan L McCarthy
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - James J Ritch
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| | - Nicanor Austriaco
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 1 Cunningham Square, Providence, Rhode Island 02918, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Verbandt S, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Yeast as a model for the identification of novel survival-promoting compounds applicable to treat degenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:306-316. [PMID: 27287065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an important role in development and normal metabolic functioning of organisms. Excessive cell death is the cause of many degenerative diseases, like neurodegenerative disorders and Wilson's disease, for which current therapies remain insufficient. Current therapies are mainly focused on decreasing the disease symptoms following cell death, rather than blocking the cell death process itself. The latter can be obtained by either decreasing the presence of the toxic trigger (like protein aggregation in case of many commonly known neurodegenerative diseases) or by blocking death-inducing signaling cascade(s). Given the high conservation in PCD processes between yeast and mammalian cells, in this review, we will focus on yeast as a model organism to study PCD-related diseases as well as on its use for drug discovery purposes. More specifically, we will provide a comprehensive overview of new compounds, which were identified in yeast-based drug screens, that either decrease the amount of toxic trigger or inhibit PCD signaling cascades under PCD-inducing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verbandt
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics CMPG, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Eid R, Boucher E, Gharib N, Khoury C, Arab NTT, Murray A, Young PG, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Identification of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) and yeast RGI1 (YER067W) as pro-survival sequences that counteract the effects of Bax and copper in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:52-61. [PMID: 26886577 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a sub-family of iron binding proteins that form multi-subunit nanotype iron storage structures and prevent oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Here we describe the identification and characterization of human ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) as a suppressor of the pro-apoptotic murine Bax sequence in yeast. In addition we demonstrate that FTH1 is a general pro-survival sequence since it also prevents the cell death inducing effects of copper when heterologously expressed in yeast. Although ferritins are phylogenetically widely distributed and are present in most species of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, ferritin is conspicuously absent in most fungal species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An in silico analysis of the yeast proteome lead to the identification of the 161 residue RGI1 (YER067W) encoded protein as a candidate for being a yeast ferritin. In addition to sharing 20% sequence identity with the 183 residue FTH1, RGI1 also has similar pro-survival properties as ferritin when overexpressed in yeast. Analysis of recombinant protein by SDS-PAGE and by electron microscopy revealed the expected formation of higher-order structures for FTH1 that was not observed with Rgi1p. Further analysis revealed that cells overexpressing RGI1 do not show increased resistance to iron toxicity and do not have enhanced capacity to store iron. In contrast, cells lacking RGI1 were found to be hypersensitive to the toxic effects of iron. Overall, our results suggest that Rgi1p is a novel pro-survival protein whose function is not related to ferritin but nevertheless it may have a role in regulating yeast sensitivity to iron stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Eid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nada Gharib
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chamel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nagla T T Arab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alistair Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul G Young
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael T Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|