1
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Fawzy MM, Nazmy MH, El-Sheikh AAK, Fathy M. Evolutionary preservation of CpG dinucleotides in RAG1 may elucidate the relatively high rate of methylation-mediated mutagenesis of RAG1 transposase. Immunol Res 2024; 72:438-449. [PMID: 38240953 PMCID: PMC11217092 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1) is a vital player in V(D)J recombination, a fundamental process in primary B cell and T cell receptor diversification of the adaptive immune system. Current vertebrate RAG evolved from RAG transposon; however, it has been modified to play a crucial role in the adaptive system instead of being irreversibly silenced by CpG methylation. By interrogating a range of publicly available datasets, the current study investigated whether RAG1 has retained a disproportionate level of its original CpG dinucleotides compared to other genes, thereby rendering it more exposed to methylation-mediated mutation. Here, we show that 57.57% of RAG1 pathogenic mutations and 51.6% of RAG1 disease-causing mutations were associated with CpG methylation, a percentage that was significantly higher than that of its RAG2 cofactor alongside the whole genome. The CpG scores and densities for all RAG ancestors suggested that RAG transposon was CpG denser. The percentage of the ancestral CpG of RAG1 and RAG2 were 6% and 4.2%, respectively, with no preference towards CG containing codons. Furthermore, CpG loci of RAG1 in sperms were significantly higher methylated than that of RAG2. In conclusion, RAG1 has been exposed to CpG mediated methylation mutagenesis more than RAG2 and the whole genome, presumably due to its late entry to the genome later with an initially higher CpG content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Maiiada H Nazmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Azza A K El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
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2
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McQuaid ME, Ahmed K, Tran S, Rousseau J, Shaheen R, Kernohan KD, Yuki KE, Grover P, Dreseris ES, Ahmed S, Dupuis L, Stimec J, Shago M, Al-Hassnan ZN, Tremblay R, Maass PG, Wilson MD, Grunebaum E, Boycott KM, Boisvert FM, Maddirevula S, Faqeih EA, Almanjomi F, Khan ZU, Alkuraya FS, Campeau PM, Kannu P, Campos EI, Wurtele H. Hypomorphic GINS3 variants alter DNA replication and cause Meier-Gorlin syndrome. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155648. [PMID: 35603789 PMCID: PMC9215265 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic CDC45/MCM2-7/GINS (CMG) helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication. The GINS subcomplex is required for helicase activity and is, therefore, essential for DNA replication and cell viability. Here, we report the identification of 7 individuals from 5 unrelated families presenting with a Meier-Gorlin syndrome–like (MGS-like) phenotype associated with hypomorphic variants of GINS3, a gene not previously associated with this syndrome. We found that MGS-associated GINS3 variants affecting aspartic acid 24 (D24) compromised cell proliferation and caused accumulation of cells in S phase. These variants shortened the protein half-life, altered key protein interactions at the replisome, and negatively influenced DNA replication fork progression. Yeast expressing MGS-associated variants of PSF3 (the yeast GINS3 ortholog) also displayed impaired growth, S phase progression defects, and decreased Psf3 protein stability. We further showed that mouse embryos homozygous for a D24 variant presented intrauterine growth retardation and did not survive to birth, and that fibroblasts derived from these embryos displayed accelerated cellular senescence. Taken together, our findings implicate GINS3 in the pathogenesis of MGS and support the notion that hypomorphic variants identified in this gene impaired cell and organismal growth by compromising DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. McQuaid
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kashif Ahmed
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tran
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristin D. Kernohan
- CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Newborn Screening Ontario, CHEO, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyoko E. Yuki
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prerna Grover
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ema S. Dreseris
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameen Ahmed
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Stimec
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Shago
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuhair N. Al-Hassnan
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roch Tremblay
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philipp G. Maass
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Sateesh Maddirevula
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa A. Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children’s Specialist Hospital, and
| | - Fahad Almanjomi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ullah Khan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Peter Kannu
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric I. Campos
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Salari F, Zaremehrjardi F, Arshi S, Bemanian MH, Fallahpour M, Shokri S, Seif F, Movahedi M, Nabavi M. A newly found homozygous mutation in recombination activating gene 1 in a patient with leaky severe combined immunodeficiency disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6571-6575. [PMID: 31520268 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recombination activating genes, including RAG1 and RAG2, are essential for V(D)J somatic recombination in lymphocytes. Leaky severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) is characterized by normal or intermediate T cells and normal to absent B cells associated with partial T cell and B cell dysfunction. We present a newly found RAG1 deficiency in a 21-year-old boy with leaky SCID. Immunoglobulin levels, flow cytometry, and whole exome sequencing (WES) were evaluated. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a decreased number of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, and B cells whereas NK cell counts were normal. Immunoglobulin levels were also decreased. The WES revealed a newly found homozygous mutation of RAG1 gene (NM_000448: exon 2: c.C2275T). Atypical features, including leukopenia, candidiasis, and low lymphocyte counts in patients with late-onset combined immunodeficiency disorders (CID) such as leaky SCID due to RAG1 deficiency may result in misdiagnosis and inadequate therapy instead of adopting the curative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Salari
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zaremehrjardi
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Arshi
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Fallahpour
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Shokri
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Seif
- Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Movahedi
- Immunology Asthma, and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Nabavi
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Abstract
While widespread genome sequencing ushers in a new era of preventive medicine, the tools for predictive genomics are still lacking. Time and resource limitations mean that human diseases remain uncharacterized because of an inability to predict clinically relevant genetic variants. A strategy of targeting highly conserved protein regions is used commonly in functional studies. However, this benefit is lost for rare diseases where the attributable genes are mostly conserved. An immunological disorder exemplifying this challenge occurs through damaging mutations in RAG1 and RAG2 which presents at an early age with a distinct phenotype of life-threatening immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. Many tools exist for variant pathogenicity prediction, but these cannot account for the probability of variant occurrence. Here, we present a method that predicts the likelihood of mutation for every amino acid residue in the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. Population genetics data from approximately 146,000 individuals was used for rare variant analysis. Forty-four known pathogenic variants reported in patients and recombination activity measurements from 110 RAG1/2 mutants were used to validate calculated scores. Probabilities were compared with 98 currently known human cases of disease. A genome sequence dataset of 558 patients who have primary immunodeficiency but that are negative for RAG deficiency were also used as validation controls. We compared the difference between mutation likelihood and pathogenicity prediction. Our method builds a map of most probable mutations allowing pre-emptive functional analysis. This method may be applied to other diseases with hopes of improving preparedness for clinical diagnosis.
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5
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Abstract
In the past, viruses were considered nonliving infectious particles, little more than genetic material wrapped in a protein capsid. Today, virologists are beginning to think of viruses as living organisms that can be classified phylogenetically into defined species, much like any other living organism. The primary reasons for this shift in attitude can be partially attributed to the discovery of giant viruses, having large genomes and complex regulatory systems. Aside from that, it has become obvious that viruses lead complex lives; they evolve, speciate, and participate in the evolution of all classes of living organisms. In this chapter, we will discuss the early attempts to classify viruses, and review the biologic properties of the classes of virus that contain human pathogens.
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6
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Cardiovascular abnormalities in primary immunodeficiency diseases. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of patients with primary immune deficiency (PID) are being recognized as also suffering from cardiovascular system (CVS) abnormalities. These CVS defects might be explained by infectious or autoimmune etiologies, as well as by the role of specific genes and the immune system in the development and function of CVS tissues. Here, we provide the first comprehensive review of the clinical, potentially pathogenic mechanisms, and the management of PID, as well as the associated immune and CVS defects. In addition to some well-known associations of PID with CVS abnormalities, such as DiGeorge syndrome and CHARGE anomaly, we describe the cardiac defects associated with Omenn syndrome, calcium channel deficiencies, DNA repair defects, common variable immunodeficiency, Roifman syndrome, various neutrophil/macrophage defects, FADD deficiency, and HOIL1 deficiency. Moreover, we detail the vascular abnormalities recognized in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic granulomatous disease, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, Schimke immuno-osseus dysplasia, hyper-IgE syndrome, MonoMAC syndrome, and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. In conclusion, the expanding spectrum of PID requires increased alertness to the possibility of CVS involvement as an important contributor to the diagnosis and management of these patients.
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7
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Hedayat M, Massaad MJ, Lee YN, Conley ME, Orange JS, Ohsumi TK, Al-Herz W, Notarangelo LD, Geha RS, Chou J. Lessons in gene hunting: a RAG1 mutation presenting with agammaglobulinemia and absence of B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:983-5.e1. [PMID: 24985406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hedayat
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mary Ellen Conley
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Toshiro K Ohsumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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8
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Lee YN, Frugoni F, Dobbs K, Walter JE, Giliani S, Gennery AR, Al-Herz W, Haddad E, LeDeist F, Bleesing JH, Henderson LA, Pai SY, Nelson RP, El-Ghoneimy DH, El-Feky RA, Reda SM, Hossny E, Soler-Palacin P, Fuleihan RL, Patel NC, Massaad MJ, Geha RS, Puck JM, Palma P, Cancrini C, Chen K, Vihinen M, Alt FW, Notarangelo LD. A systematic analysis of recombination activity and genotype-phenotype correlation in human recombination-activating gene 1 deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1099-108. [PMID: 24290284 PMCID: PMC4005599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1/2 proteins play a critical role in the development of T and B cells by initiating the VDJ recombination process that leads to generation of a broad T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor repertoire. Pathogenic mutations in the RAG1/2 genes result in various forms of primary immunodeficiency, ranging from T(-)B(-) severe combined immune deficiency to delayed-onset disease with granuloma formation, autoimmunity, or both. It is not clear what contributes to such heterogeneity of phenotypes. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the molecular basis for phenotypic diversity presented in patients with various RAG1 mutations. METHODS We have developed a flow cytometry-based assay that allows analysis of RAG recombination activity based on green fluorescent protein expression and have assessed the induction of the Ighc locus rearrangements in mouse Rag1(-/-) pro-B cells reconstituted with wild-type or mutant human RAG1 (hRAG1) using deep sequencing technology. RESULTS Here we demonstrate correlation between defective recombination activity of hRAG1 mutant proteins and severity of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and provide insights on the molecular mechanisms accounting for such phenotypic diversity. CONCLUSIONS Using a sensitive assay to measure the RAG1 activity level of 79 mutations in a physiologic setting, we demonstrate correlation between recombination activity of RAG1 mutants and the severity of clinical presentation and show that RAG1 mutants can induce specific abnormalities of the VDJ recombination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nee Lee
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Francesco Frugoni
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Mass
| | - Silvia Giliani
- A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia, and the Section of Genetics, Department of Pathology Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francoise LeDeist
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack H Bleesing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lauren A Henderson
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Robert P Nelson
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Dalia H El-Ghoneimy
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem A El-Feky
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Reda
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elham Hossny
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Niraj C Patel
- Immunology Clinic, Levine Children's Hospital, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Paolo Palma
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and the Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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9
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Roifman CM, Somech R, Kavadas F, Pires L, Nahum A, Dalal I, Grunebaum E. Defining combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Roifman CM, Dadi H, Somech R, Nahum A, Sharfe N. Characterization of ζ-associated protein, 70 kd (ZAP70)–deficient human lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1226-33.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Roifman CM. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for profound T-cell deficiency (combined immunodeficiency). Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:209-19. [PMID: 20493397 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Typical cases of severe combined immunodeficiency present at infancy (most frequently at 6 months of age) with repeated opportunistic infections; failure to thrive; and scarcity of lymphoid tissues, including undetectable lymph nodes and a small dysplastic thymus. Patients with profound T-cell dysfunction (PTD)/combined immunodeficiency (CID) have moderate to large numbers of circulating autologous lymphocytes with variable residual function. These cells may interfere with proper engraftment and may complicate the procedure of HSCT, hence the need for conditioning. There is no immediate explanation for the excellent outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for PTD/CID. Historically, protocols for mismatched related donor HSCT did not include conditioning regimens, which could jeopardize engraftment. Careful studies on the role of conditioning, especially myeloablative conditioning, should be conducted in the future. It is possible that in some genotypes, related identical donor can be accepted by the recipient with little or no conditioning. Until such studies become instructive, the protocols in current use seem to provide excellent, although not perfect, outcome in patients with PTD/CID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology/Allergy, The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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12
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Amariglio N, Lev A, Simon A, Rosenthal E, Spirer Z, Efrati O, Broides A, Rechavi G, Somech R. Molecular assessment of thymus capabilities in the evaluation of T-cell immunodeficiency. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:211-6. [PMID: 19858778 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181c6e554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunodeficiency may pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians, especially when the basic T-cell immune workup is not sufficiently informative. An intensive assessment of thymus capabilities that involves either measuring the recent thymic emigrant cells or analyzing the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is often required to estimate the severity and nature of the immune disorder. A comprehensive T-cell immune workup, including TCR excision circles (TRECs) and TCR repertoire analyses, was performed in three patients with various degrees of severity of T-cell immunodeficiency. All three patients had normal peripheral CD3+ T lymphocytes. TCR repertoire analysis revealed oligoclonal (patient 1), restricted (patient 2), and near-normal (patient 3) patterns. TREC quantification was significantly reduced in patients 1 and 2 but normal in patient 3. Based on clinical features at presentation and at follow-up, and supported by the results of immunologic studies, patients 1 and 2 were diagnosed as having significant T-cell immunodeficiency and patient 3 as having T-cell immunocompetence. Assessment of thymus capabilities by TRECs and TCR repertoire analyses is helpful in diagnosing patients with T-cell immunodeficiency and should be part of the evaluation of every patient suspected of having that condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center, Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
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13
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Villa A, Notarangelo LD, Roifman CM. Omenn syndrome: inflammation in leaky severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:1082-6. [PMID: 18992930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Omenn syndrome (OS) was reported until recently as a distinct form (phenotype and genotype) of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Similar to other patients with SCID, patients with OS present early in infancy with viral or fungal pneumonitis, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive. Unlike typical SCID, patients with OS have enlarged lymphoid tissue, severe erythroderma, increased IgE levels, and eosinophilia. The inflammation observed in these patients is believed to be triggered by clonally expanded T cells, which are predominantly of the T(H)2 type. These abnormal T cells, in the absence of proper regulation by other components of the immune system, secrete a host of cytokines that promote autoimmune as well as allergic inflammation. The emergence of these T-cell clones occurs in patients with hypomorphic mutations in recombination activating gene 1 or 2, but not in patients with deleterious mutations in these enzymes which render them inactive. Recently, OS was also identified in a growing list of other leaky SCIDs with mutations in RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, adenosine deaminase, IL-2 receptor gamma, IL-7 receptor alpha, ARTEMIS, and DNA ligase 4. This new information revealed OS is a distinct inflammatory process that can be associated with genetically diverse leaky SCIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villa
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Milan, Italy
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Adenosine deaminase deficiency can present with features of Omenn syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1056-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Matched unrelated bone marrow transplant for T+ combined immunodeficiency. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41:947-52. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Roifman CM, Grunebaum E, Dalal I, Notarangelo L. Matched unrelated bone marrow transplant for severe combined immunodeficiency. Immunol Res 2007; 38:191-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Fatal lung fibrosis associated with immunodeficiency and gonadal dysgenesis in 46XX sisters—A new syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 146A:8-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grunebaum E, Sharfe N, Roifman CM. Human T cell immunodeficiency: when signal transduction goes wrong. Immunol Res 2006; 35:117-26. [PMID: 17003514 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:1:117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that are invariably fatal in infancy unless treated by hematopoietic stem cell replacement. For many years we have worked to better manage patients affected by SCID through rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by treatment aimed at achieving long-lasting immune reconstitution. By extensive immunological, biochemical, and genetic studies of patient samples, and with the realization of differences between human and murine T cell development, we have successfully been able to identify some of the molecular defects causing SCID. Among these discoveries, we described the first mutated signal transduction protein in T cells (ZAP-70); the first genetic defect leading to SCID and autoimmune phenomena (IL2R alpha); and, recently, the critical importance of CD3delta in the development of T cells. Our efforts have significantly advanced the understanding of the role of some of the signal-transducing proteins in T cell maturation and function. This review summarizes several of these discoveries and some of their impact on our understanding of T cells development, function, and homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology/Allergy and the Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, The Research Institute and The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lu CP, Sandoval H, Brandt VL, Rice PA, Roth DB. Amino acid residues in Rag1 crucial for DNA hairpin formation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006; 13:1010-5. [PMID: 17028591 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Rag proteins carry out V(D)J recombination through a process mechanistically similar to cut-and-paste transposition. Specifically, Rag complexes form DNA hairpins through direct transesterification, using a catalytic Asp-Asp-Glu (DDE) triad in Rag1. How is sufficient DNA distortion introduced to allow hairpin formation? We hypothesized that, like certain transposases, the Rag proteins might use aromatic amino acid residues to stabilize a flipped-out base. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments and structural predictions, we identified residues in Rag1 crucial for hairpin formation. One of these, a conserved tryptophan (Trp893), probably participates in base-stacking interactions near the cleavage site, as do Trp298, Trp265 and Trp319 in the Tn5, Tn10 and Hermes transposases, respectively. Other residues surrounding the catalytic glutamate (YKEFRK) may share functional similarities with the YREK motif in IS4 family transposases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Lu
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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