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Manley BJ, Buckmaster AG, Travadi J, Owen LS, Roberts CT, Wright IMR, Davis PG, Arnolda G. Trends in the use of non-invasive respiratory support for term infants in tertiary neonatal units in Australia and New Zealand. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:572-576. [PMID: 35410897 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-323581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of non-invasive respiratory support, such as continuous positive airway pressure and nasal high flow, to treat term infants in Australian and New Zealand tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) has changed over time, and if so, whether there are parallel changes in short-term respiratory morbidities. DESIGN Retrospective database review of patient-level data from the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network (ANZNN) from 2010 to 2018. Denominator data on the number of term inborn livebirths in each facility was only available as annual totals. PATIENTS AND SETTING Term, inborn infants cared for in NICUs within the ANZNN. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the annual change in hospital-specific rates of non-invasive respiratory support per 1000 inborn livebirths, expressed as a percentage change. Secondary outcomes were the change in rates of mechanical ventilation, pneumothorax requiring drainage, exogenous surfactant treatment and death before hospital discharge. RESULTS A total of 14 656 term infants from 21 NICUs were included from 2010 to 2018, of whom 12 719 received non-invasive respiratory support. Non-invasive respiratory support use increased on average by 8.7% per year (95% CI: 7.9% to 9.4% per year); the number of term infants receiving non-invasive respiratory support almost doubled from 980 in 2010 (10.8/1000 livebirths) to 1913 in 2018 (20.8/1000). There was no change over time in rate of mechanical ventilation or death. The rate of pneumothorax requiring drainage increased over time, as did surfactant treatment. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive respiratory support use to treat term infants cared for in NICUs within the ANZNN is increasing over time. Clinicians should be diligent in selecting infants most likely to benefit from treatment with non-invasive respiratory support in this relatively low-risk population of term newborn infants. Analysis of patient-level data by individual NICUs is recommended to control for potential confounding due to changes in population over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Manley
- Department of Newborn Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam G Buckmaster
- Women, Children and Families, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Javeed Travadi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise S Owen
- Department of Newborn Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Calum T Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian M R Wright
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- Department of Newborn Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaston Arnolda
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Effectiveness of Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BCPAP) for Treatment of Children Aged 1–59 Months with Severe Pneumonia and Hypoxemia in Ethiopia: A Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174934. [PMID: 36078864 PMCID: PMC9456562 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the beneficial effect of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) oxygen therapy for children with severe pneumonia under the supervision of physicians that has been shown in different studies, effectiveness trials in developing country settings where low-flow oxygen therapy is the standard of care are still needed. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of bubble CPAP oxygen therapy compared to the WHO standard low-flow oxygen therapy among children hospitalized with severe pneumonia and hypoxemia in Ethiopia. This is a cluster randomized controlled trial where six district hospitals are randomized to BCPAP and six to standard WHO low-flow oxygen therapy. The total sample size is 620 per arm. Currently, recruitment of the patients is still ongoing where the management and follow-up of the enrolled patients are performed by general physicians and nurses under the supervision of pediatricians. The primary outcome is treatment failure and main secondary outcome is death. We anticipate to complete enrollment by September 2022 and data analysis followed by manuscript writing by December 2022. Findings will also be disseminated in December 2022. Our study will provide data on the effectiveness of BCPAP in treating childhood severe pneumonia and hypoxemia in a real-world setting.
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Choi EK, Park KH, Choi BM. Association of delayed initiation of non-invasive respiratory support with pulmonary air leakage in outborn late-preterm and term neonates. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1651-1660. [PMID: 35006375 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The frequency of non-invasive respiratory support use has increased in neonates of all gestational ages with respiratory distress (RD). However, the impact of delayed initiation of non-invasive respiratory support in outborn neonates remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the impact of the delayed initiation of non-invasive respiratory support in outborn, late-preterm, and term neonates. Medical records of 277 infants (gestational age of ≥ 35 weeks) who received non-invasive respiratory support as primary respiratory therapy < 24 h of age between 2016 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Factors associated with respiratory adverse outcomes were investigated in 190 outborn neonates. Infants with RD were divided into two groups: mild (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] ≤ 0.3) and moderate-to-severe RD (FiO2 > 0.3), depending on their initial oxygen requirements from non-invasive respiratory support. The median time for the initiation of non-invasive respiratory support at a tertiary center was 3.5 (2.2-5.0) h. Male sex, a high oxygen requirement (FiO2 > 0.3), high CO2 level, and respiratory distress syndrome were significant factors associated with adverse outcomes. Subgroup analysis revealed that in the moderate-to-severe RD group, delayed commencement of non-invasive respiratory support (≥ 3 h) was significantly associated with pulmonary air leakage (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION Our study shows that outborn neonates with moderate-to-severe RD, who were treated with delayed non-invasive respiratory support, were associated with an increased likelihood of pulmonary air leakage. Additional prospective studies are required to establish the optimal timing and methods of non-invasive respiratory support for outborn, late-preterm, and term infants. WHAT IS KNOWN • Non-invasive respiratory support is widely used in neonates of all gestational ages. • Little is known on the impact of delayed initiation of non-invasive respiratory support in outborn, late preterm, and term neonates. WHAT IS NEW • Male sex, high oxygen requirement (FiO2 >0.3), high initial CO2 level, and respiratory distress syndrome significantly correlated with adverse outcomes. • Outborn late-preterm and term neonates with high oxygen requirement who were treated with delayed non-invasive respiratory support indicated an increased likelihood of pulmonary air leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Kyung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hee Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Min Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Stocks EF, Jaleel M, Smithhart W, Burchfield PJ, Thomas A, Mangona KLM, Kapadia V, Wyckoff M, Kakkilaya V, Brenan S, Brown LS, Clark C, Nelson DB, Brion LP. Decreasing delivery room CPAP-associated pneumothorax at ≥35-week gestational age. J Perinatol 2022; 42:761-768. [PMID: 35173286 PMCID: PMC8853308 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported an increase in pneumothorax after implementing delivery room (DR) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for labored breathing or persistent cyanosis in ≥35-week gestational age (GA) neonates unexposed to DR-positive pressure ventilation (DR-PPV). We hypothesized that pneumothorax would decrease after de-implementing DR-CPAP in those unexposed to DR-PPV or DR-O2 supplementation (DR-PPV/O2). STUDY DESIGN In a retrospective cohort excluding DR-PPV the primary outcome was DR-CPAP-related pneumothorax (1st chest radiogram, 1st day of life). In a subgroup treated by the resuscitation team and admitted to the NICU, the primary outcome was DR-CPAP-associated pneumothorax (1st radiogram, no prior PPV) without DR-PPV/O2. RESULTS In the full cohort, occurrence of DR-CPAP-related pneumothorax decreased after the intervention (11.0% vs 6.0%, P < 0.001). In the subgroup, occurrence of DR-CPAP-associated pneumothorax decreased after the intervention (1.4% vs. 0.06%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The occurrence of CPAP-associated pneumothorax decreased after avoiding DR-CPAP in ≥35-week GA neonates without DR-PPV/O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Stocks
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,grid.266900.b0000 0004 0447 0018Present Address: Oklahoma University, Norman, OK USA
| | - Mambarambath Jaleel
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - William Smithhart
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,Present Address: Newborn Associates, Jackson, MO USA
| | - Patti J. Burchfield
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Anita Thomas
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Kate Louise M. Mangona
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Vishal Kapadia
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Myra Wyckoff
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Shelby Brenan
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,Present Address: Pediatrix, Colorado Springs, CO USA
| | - L. Steven Brown
- grid.417169.c0000 0000 9359 6077Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Christopher Clark
- grid.417169.c0000 0000 9359 6077Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX USA
| | - David B. Nelson
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,grid.417169.c0000 0000 9359 6077Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Luc P. Brion
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
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Patterson HR, Pollock W. A Comparison of Moderate to Late Preterm Neonates Receiving Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Australian Tertiary and Nontertiary Centers. Neonatal Netw 2021; 39:189-199. [PMID: 32675314 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.39.4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transfer of neonates ≥32 weeks' gestation with acute respiratory distress to tertiary (T) centers can be reduced by treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in nontertiary (NT) centers. This can lead to considerable financial and emotional benefits. The aim of this project was to compare management of nCPAP in T and NT centers. DESIGN Five-year retrospective, observational cohort study (2010-2014). SAMPLE All NT eligible neonates from four sites (n = 484) were compared with a similar randomized cohort of inborn neonates at two T centers (n = 601) in Victoria, Australia. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE Any difference in management or short-term outcome. RESULTS Moderately preterm and term neonates born in NT centers had lower Apgar scores at five minutes of age and received more conservative management delivered by different equipment. Despite a higher incidence of air leaks in NT centers, the short-term outcomes were otherwise similar between centers. T centers were more likely to administer nCPAP to term babies for <24 hours.
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Chiruvolu A, Claunch KM, Garcia AJ, Petrey B, Hammonds K, Mallett LH. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure versus nasal cannula on late preterm and term infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1675-1680. [PMID: 33986469 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with nasal cannula (NC) as primary noninvasive respiratory therapy in hypoxic infants for transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of infants born at ≥34 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. RESULT After adjusting for gestational age and birth weight, the maximum fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) was significantly lower in the CPAP group with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76-0.96). Although nonsignificant, the CPAP group needed 32% fewer hours on oxygen with an IRR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.38-1.22). The duration of respiratory support and the incidence of pneumothorax were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION Comparing CPAP with NC as initial noninvasive respiratory therapy for TTN, significantly lower maximum FiO2 was observed in the infants of CPAP group without increase in the incidence of pneumothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpitha Chiruvolu
- Department of Women and Infants, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, McKinney, TX, USA.
- Pediatrix Medical Group of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Kevin M Claunch
- Department of Pediatrics, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | - Alberto J Garcia
- Department of Cardiopulmonary, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, McKinney, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Petrey
- Department of Women and Infants, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, McKinney, TX, USA
| | - Kendall Hammonds
- Department of Biostatistics, Baylor Scott & White McLane Children's Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lea H Mallett
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor Scott & White McLane Children's Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA
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Hay S, Mowitz M, Dukhovny D, Viner C, Levin J, King B, Zupancic JAF. Unbiasing costs? An appraisal of economic assessment alongside randomized trials in neonatology. Semin Perinatol 2021; 45:151391. [PMID: 33583609 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2021.151391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Economic evaluations performed alongside randomized controlled trials benefit from the protections against bias inherent in randomization. In this systematic review, we assessed the frequency and quality of economic assessments alongside randomized controlled trials of interventions in neonates published between 1990 and 2016. Over that period, 58 economic assessments were published, corresponding to approximately 2% of RCTs. We noted significant methodological limitations of these studies, including limitation of included costs to the health sector or payer rather than broader categories such as family or community expenditures (81%), short time horizon for cost measurement (less than one year in 60%), lack of reporting of uncertainty (26%), and infrequent analysis of costs and effects in a single metric (combined in 45%). Strategies for improving the quality and frequency of economic evaluations in neonatology are discussed, including selection of appropriate trials, funding, and peer review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hay
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Meredith Mowitz
- Division of Neonatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dmitry Dukhovny
- Division of Neonatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine Viner
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan Levin
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian King
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John A F Zupancic
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ho JJ, Subramaniam P, Davis PG. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10:CD002271. [PMID: 33058208 PMCID: PMC8094155 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002271.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory distress, particularly respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. In infants with progressive respiratory insufficiency, intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with surfactant has been the usual treatment, but it is invasive, potentially resulting in airway and lung injury. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been used for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress, as well as for the prevention of apnoea, and in weaning from IPPV. Its use in the treatment of RDS might reduce the need for IPPV and its sequelae. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of continuous distending pressure in the form of CPAP on the need for IPPV and associated morbidity in spontaneously breathing preterm infants with respiratory distress. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search CENTRAL (2020, Issue 6); Ovid MEDLINE and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions; and CINAHL on 30 June 2020. We also searched clinical trials databases and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised trials of preterm infants with respiratory distress were eligible. Interventions were CPAP by mask, nasal prong, nasopharyngeal tube or endotracheal tube, compared with spontaneous breathing with supplemental oxygen as necessary. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methods of Cochrane and its Neonatal Review Group, including independent assessment of risk of bias and extraction of data by two review authors. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence. Subgroup analyses were planned on the basis of birth weight (greater than or less than 1000 g or 1500 g), gestational age (groups divided at about 28 weeks and 32 weeks), timing of application (early versus late in the course of respiratory distress), pressure applied (high versus low) and trial setting (tertiary compared with non-tertiary hospitals; high income compared with low income) MAIN RESULTS: We included five studies involving 322 infants; two studies used face mask CPAP, two studies used nasal CPAP and one study used endotracheal CPAP and continuing negative pressure for a small number of less ill babies. For this update, we included one new trial. CPAP was associated with lower risk of treatment failure (death or use of assisted ventilation) (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 0.82; typical risk difference (RD) -0.19, 95% CI -0.28 to -0.09; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 6, 95% CI 4 to 11; I2 = 50%; 5 studies, 322 infants; very low-certainty evidence), lower use of ventilatory assistance (typical RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.96; typical RD -0.13, 95% CI -0.25 to -0.02; NNTB 8, 95% CI 4 to 50; I2 = 55%; very low-certainty evidence) and lower overall mortality (typical RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.83; typical RD -0.11, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.04; NNTB 9, 95% CI 2 to 13; I2 = 0%; 5 studies, 322 infants; moderate-certainty evidence). CPAP was associated with increased risk of pneumothorax (typical RR 2.48, 95% CI 1.16 to 5.30; typical RD 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.16; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 11, 95% CI 7 to 50; I2 = 0%; 4 studies, 274 infants; low-certainty evidence). There was no evidence of a difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, defined as oxygen dependency at 28 days (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.35 to 3.13; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 209 infants; very low-certainty evidence). The trials did not report use of surfactant, intraventricular haemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising enterocolitis and neurodevelopment outcomes in childhood. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants with respiratory distress, the application of CPAP is associated with reduced respiratory failure, use of mechanical ventilation and mortality and an increased rate of pneumothorax compared to spontaneous breathing with supplemental oxygen as necessary. Three out of five of these trials were conducted in the 1970s. Therefore, the applicability of these results to current practice is unclear. Further studies in resource-poor settings should be considered and research to determine the most appropriate pressure level needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J Ho
- Department of Paediatrics, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus (formerly Penang Medical College), George Town, Malaysia
| | - Prema Subramaniam
- Paediatric Department, Mount Isa Base Hospital, Mount Isa, Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Mwatha AB, Mahande M, Olomi R, John B, Philemon R. Treatment outcomes of Pumani bubble-CPAP versus oxygen therapy among preterm babies presenting with respiratory distress at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania-Randomised trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235031. [PMID: 32603380 PMCID: PMC7326169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most common respiratory disease in premature babies and the major cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm babies. Effective treatment of these babies requires exogenous surfactant and/or mechanical ventilation but these are of limited availability in low and middle income countries. A cheaper, simpler and more accessible treatment for preterms with RDS called bubble-continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) has been reported to be effective in treating RDS in preterm babies with varying levels of effectiveness ranging from 42% to 85%. We aimed to implement and determine the efficacy of bCPAP and its immediate outcomes as compared to oxygen therapy in preterm babies presenting with respiratory distress at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania. METHOD A randomized control trial, conducted from December 2016 to May 2017, included all preterm babies admitted at the neonatal care unit presenting with signs of respiratory distress and meeting the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was survival while the secondary outcomes were treatment duration, duration of hospital stay and treatment complications. RESULTS A total of 824 babies were admitted in the neonatal care unit during the study period. Of these, 187 babies were preterm and 48 babies were recruited and randomized (25 bCPAP vs 23 oxygen). The overall survival to discharge for all eligible participants (n = 48) was 58.2% compared to those who adhered to treatment protocol (n = 45, 62.2%). Babies in the bCPAP group had higher survival (17/22; 77.3%) as compared to their counterparts in the oxygen therapy group (11/23; 47.8%). Babies treated with bCPAP had 52% lower risk of death (crude HR 0.48, 95% CI = 0.16-1.43) compared to babies receiving oxygen therapy. The median duration of treatment for babies in the oxygen therapy group was 2 (Range 0-16) days compared to 2 (Range 0-5) days in the bCPAP group. The median duration of hospital stay for babies receiving bCPAP was 14 (range 7-43) days. Nasal bleeding was commonly observed among babies in the bCPAP group as compared to those in the oxygen therapy group. CONCLUSION This study revealed that treatment with bCPAP had a 30% clinical improvement in survival to discharge. Our findings highlight the role of bCPAP in reducing neonatal mortality in resource limited settings but further adequately powered studies in this or similar settings are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Baine Mwatha
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
- Gertrude`s Children`s Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Mahande
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Raimos Olomi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Beatrice John
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Rune Philemon
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), Moshi, Tanzania
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Marraro GA, Spada C. Consideration of the respiratory support strategy of severe acute respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2020. [PMID: 32204751 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent ongoing outbreak of severe pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), currently of unknown origin, creates a world emergency that has put global public health institutions on high alert. At present there is limited clinical information of the SARS-CoV-2 and there is no specific treatment recommended, although technical guidances and suggestions have been developed and will continue to be updated as additional information becomes available. Preventive treatment has an important role to control and avoid the spread of severe respiratory disease, but often is difficult to obtain and sometimes cannot be effective to reduce the risk of deterioration of the underlining lung pathology. In order to define an effective and safe treatment for SARS-CoV-2-associated disease, we provide considerations on the actual treatments, on how to avoid complications and the undesirable side effects related to them and to select and apply earlier the most appropriate treatment. Approaching to treat severe respiratory disease in infants and children, the risks related to the development of atelectasis starting invasive or non-invasive ventilation support and the risk of oxygen toxicity must be taken into serious consideration. For an appropriate and effective approach to treat severe pediatric respiratory diseases, two main different strategies can be proposed according to the stage and severity of the patient conditions: patient in the initial phase and with non-severe lung pathology and patient with severe initial respiratory impairment and/or with delay in arrival to observation. The final outcome is strictly connected with the ability to apply an appropriate treatment early and to reduce all the complications that can arise during the intensive care admission.
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Roberts CT, Owen LS, Frøisland DH, Doyle LW, Davis PG, Manley BJ. Predictors and Outcomes of Early Intubation in Infants Born at 28-36 Weeks of Gestation Receiving Noninvasive Respiratory Support. J Pediatr 2020; 216:109-116.e1. [PMID: 31610936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictors and outcomes of early intubation in preterm infants with respiratory distress, and predictors of need for brief respiratory support (≤1 day). STUDY DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial comparing nasal high-flow with continuous positive airway pressure as primary respiratory support in preterm infants born at 28-36 weeks of gestation. Intubation was assessed within 72 hours of randomization. RESULTS There were 564 included infants with a mean (SD) gestational age of 32.0 (2.2) weeks and birth weight 1744 (589) g; 76 infants (13.5%) received early intubation. On multivariable analysis, lower gestational age and higher pre-randomization fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) predicted intubation. A test based on gestational age of <30 weeks and an FiO2 of ≥0.30 produced a likelihood ratio of 9.1. Intubation was associated with prolonged duration of respiratory support and supplemental oxygen, with pneumothorax and nasal trauma, and in infants born at <32 weeks of gestational, with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus requiring treatment. Greater gestational age and lower FiO2 predicted the need for ≤1 day of respiratory support. A test based on a gestational age of ≥34 weeks and an FiO2 of 0.21 produced a likelihood ratio of 4.7. CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants 28-36 week of gestation receiving primary noninvasive respiratory support, lower gestational age, and higher FiO2 predicted need for intubation within 72 hours. Intubation was associated with adverse respiratory outcomes. Greater gestational age and lower FiO2 predicted need for ≤1 day of respiratory support. It may be reasonable to defer the use of respiratory support in more mature infants with low FiO2 requirements. TRIAL REGISTRATION AUSTRALIAN NEW ZEALAND CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY: ACTRN12613000303741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum T Roberts
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Louise S Owen
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dag H Frøisland
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett J Manley
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Buckmaster A, Arnolda G, Owen L, Roberts C, Davis P, Manley B. Lost in Transition: Is Early Respiratory Support in Newborn Infants the Best Option? Neonatology 2020; 117:517-521. [PMID: 32674103 DOI: 10.1159/000508554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late preterm and term newborns with respiratory distress are increasingly treated with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) including nasal high-flow or continuous positive airway pressure. For infants with mild distress, NIV may be unnecessary. OBJECTIVES We speculated that treatment with supplemental oxygen (SO) prior to NIV could help clinicians select infants for NIV treatment, and examined this hypothesis using data from a recently completed trial. METHOD Post hoc analysis of data from a subset of infants enrolled in the HUNTER trial. Infants born at ≥36 weeks' gestation were categorized by whether they were receiving SO prior to randomization. The 2 groups were compared for illness severity (indicated by treatment failure at 72 h, mechanical ventilation, need for up-transfer, SO requirement post-randomization, and length of time receiving respiratory support), use of selected medical interventions (antibiotics, intravenous fluids), and breastfeeding at discharge. RESULTS Analysis included 380 infants. Infants not receiving SO had less severe illness; lower rates of treatment failure (7.3 vs. 17.2%), mechanical ventilation (0.6 vs. 5.9%), need for transfer (6.8 vs. 13.8%), and more often did not receive any SO post-randomization (75.1 vs. 3.0%). Most infants in both groups received intravenous fluids (93 and 98%) and antibiotics (81 and 93%); the rate of full breastfeeding was low in both groups (51 and 45%). CONCLUSIONS Late preterm and term newborn infants without SO requirement at the time of commencing NIV for respiratory distress are at lower risk of requiring treatment escalation. Close observation of these infants (watch and wait strategy) may avoid unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buckmaster
- Women, Children and Families, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia, .,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Gaston Arnolda
- Australian Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Owen
- Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Calum Roberts
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Davis
- Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Manley
- Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Szymońska I, Wentrys Ł, Jagła M, Olszewska M, Wasilewska W, Smykla B, Kwinta P. Lung ultrasound reduces the number of chest X-rays in newborns with pneumothorax. DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD MEDICINE 2019; 23. [PMID: 31654995 PMCID: PMC8522409 DOI: 10.34763/devperiodmed.20192303.172177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of the study: To determine the impact of lung ultrasonography as an imaging method used to diagnose and monitor newborns with symptomatic pneumothorax and to assess the risk factors for pneumothorax and the outcomes in newborns with symptomatic pneumothorax. PATIENTS AND METHODS Material and methods: A single-centre retrospective study enrolled patients born after 32 weeks of gestation, with a diagnosis of pneumothorax in the first week of life. The 118 patients who were included in the study were divided into two groups. Group A (51 infants) comprised those children who were treated between 2007 and 2010, while group B (n=67) those from the years 2013 to 2016. The children from group A were monitored with repeated chest X-rays. Those from group B received repeated lung ultrasonography supported by chest X-ray in those cases where there was diagnostic uncertainty. Comparison was made between the groups with respect to pneumothorax risk factors, treatment methods and the use of imaging during the period of treatment. The statistical analysis used χ2, Mann-Whitney and Student's t-tests. RESULTS Results: There were no significant demographic or clinical differences between the two groups. Both the use of nCPAP (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) (p<0.001) and diagnosed perinatal asphyxia (p=0.036) were higher in group B. Congenital pneumonia occurred more often in group A (p=0.041). Earlier detection of pneumothorax (p=0.001) and shorter hospital stay (p=0.03) were observed in group B. However, the total number of imaging (lung ultrasound and chest X-ray combined) was higher (p<0.001) in group B. CONCLUSION Conclusion: This study confirmed the usefulness of lung ultrasound in monitoring newborns with pneumothorax, moreover significantly limiting X-ray radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymońska
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland,Izabela SzymońskaDepartment of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, ul. Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland Mobile phone: +48 692-410-440 fax: (+48 12) 658-44-46
| | - Łukasz Wentrys
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jagła
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Smykla
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemko Kwinta
- Department of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Abstract
With the improvement in neonatal care in last two decades, the survival of very low birth weight (VLBW), extremely low birth weight (ELBW), fetus diagnosed with malformations, and congenital heart disease and severe birth asphyxia has increased significantly. These infants when admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) need numerous interventions depending upon the severity of sickness and postnatal course like need of mechanical ventilation (MV) or noninvasive ventilation, surfactant administration, placement of central lines, total parenteral nutrition, and numerous medications. The duration of NICU and hospital stay of these high-risk infants varies from few days to few weeks to few months. Long stay in the hospital leads to high hospital bills and increase the cost of neonatal care substantially. The cost of NICU stay varies from 90 USD to 1250-2500 USD per day as per various studies, depending upon the level of care and sickness of the admitted infants. In developed countries, the burden of NICU cost is often taken care by the government or insurance companies but in many developing countries the parents bear the substantial cost of NICU admission of their infants. There are many interventions which when implemented in the NICU will lead to reduction of the cost and will make the NICU cost effective. In this review, we cover various interventions mostly from our own published work which have shown to reduce the NICU cost and make it more cost effective with equivalent and better neonatal outcomes, especially in developing countries like ours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sharma
- Department of Neonatology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Srinivas Murki
- Department of Neonatology, Paramitha Children Hospital, Kothapet, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Abstract
Numerous advances in neonatal care have improved outcomes in preterm infants. Antenatal steroids, through their ability to promote lung maturation and function, have led to significant improvements in death, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and respiratory distress syndrome. For years, exogenous surfactant administration has been used in conjunction with antenatal steroids to further improve outcomes for preterm infants. However, as continuous positive airway pressure has been shown to be effective in treating respiratory distress syndrome, it has become less clear how exogenous surfactant should be used. Novel approaches combining these therapies may lead to further improvement in clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Soll
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Whittney Barkhuff
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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16
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Smithhart W, Wyckoff MH, Kapadia V, Jaleel M, Kakkilaya V, Brown LS, Nelson DB, Brion LP. Delivery Room Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Pneumothorax. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0756. [PMID: 31399490 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2011, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) added consideration of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for spontaneously breathing infants with labored breathing or hypoxia in the delivery room (DR). The objective of this study was to determine if DR-CPAP is associated with symptomatic pneumothorax in infants 35 to 42 weeks' gestational age. METHODS We included (1) a retrospective birth cohort study of neonates born between 2001 and 2015 and (2) a nested cohort of those born between 2005 and 2015 who had a resuscitation call leading to admission to the NICU and did not receive positive-pressure ventilation. RESULTS In the birth cohort (n = 200 381), pneumothorax increased after implementation of the 2011 NRP from 0.4% to 0.6% (P < .05). In the nested cohort (n = 6913), DR-CPAP increased linearly over time (r = 0.71; P = .01). Administration of DR-CPAP was associated with pneumothorax (odds ratio [OR]: 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.4-6.8); the OR was higher (P < .001) in infants receiving 21% oxygen (OR: 8.5; 95% CI: 5.9-12.3; P < .001) than in those receiving oxygen supplementation (OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.5-5.0; P < .001). Among those with DR-CPAP, pneumothorax increased with gestational age and decreased with oxygen administration. CONCLUSIONS The use of DR-CPAP is associated with increased odds of pneumothorax in late-preterm and term infants, especially in those who do not receive oxygen in the DR. These findings could be used to clarify NRP guidelines regarding DR-CPAP in late-preterm and term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Smithhart
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Myra H Wyckoff
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Vishal Kapadia
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and
| | | | | | | | - David B Nelson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Luc P Brion
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and
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17
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Manley BJ, Arnolda GRB, Wright IMR, Owen LS, Foster JP, Huang L, Roberts CT, Clark TL, Fan WQ, Fang AYW, Marshall IR, Pszczola RJ, Davis PG, Buckmaster AG. Nasal High-Flow Therapy for Newborn Infants in Special Care Nurseries. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2031-2040. [PMID: 31116919 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1812077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal high-flow therapy is an alternative to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a means of respiratory support for newborn infants. The efficacy of high-flow therapy in nontertiary special care nurseries is unknown. METHODS We performed a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial involving newborn infants (<24 hours of age; gestational age, ≥31 weeks) in special care nurseries in Australia. Newborn infants with respiratory distress and a birth weight of at least 1200 g were assigned to treatment with either high-flow therapy or CPAP. The primary outcome was treatment failure within 72 hours after randomization. Infants in whom high-flow therapy failed could receive CPAP. Noninferiority was determined by calculating the absolute difference in the risk of the primary outcome, with a noninferiority margin of 10 percentage points. RESULTS A total of 754 infants (mean gestational age, 36.9 weeks, and mean birth weight, 2909 g) were included in the primary intention-to-treat analysis. Treatment failure occurred in 78 of 381 infants (20.5%) in the high-flow group and in 38 of 373 infants (10.2%) in the CPAP group (risk difference, 10.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2 to 15.4). In a secondary per-protocol analysis, treatment failure occurred in 49 of 339 infants (14.5%) in the high-flow group and in 27 of 338 infants (8.0%) in the CPAP group (risk difference, 6.5 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.7 to 11.2). The incidences of mechanical ventilation, transfer to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Nasal high-flow therapy was not shown to be noninferior to CPAP and resulted in a significantly higher incidence of treatment failure than CPAP when used in nontertiary special care nurseries as early respiratory support for newborn infants with respiratory distress. (Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Monash University; HUNTER Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12614001203640.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Manley
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Gaston R B Arnolda
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Ian M R Wright
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Louise S Owen
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Jann P Foster
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Li Huang
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Calum T Roberts
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Tracey L Clark
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Wei-Qi Fan
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Alice Y W Fang
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Isaac R Marshall
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Rosalynn J Pszczola
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
| | - Adam G Buckmaster
- From the Newborn Research Centre and Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.) and Paediatrics (W.Q.F.), University of Melbourne, and Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute (B.J.M., L.S.O., P.G.D.), Parkville, VIC, the University of New South Wales (G.R.B.A.) and the Sydney Medical School-Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney (J.P.F.), Sydney, the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney (G.R.B.A.), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW (I.M.R.W.), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW (J.P.F.), Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW (J.P.F.), the Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC (L.H.), Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, and the Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC (C.T.R.), Monash Newborn, Monash Health, Dandenong, VIC (T.L.C.), the Department of Paediatrics, Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC (W.Q.F.), Box Hill Hospital, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC (A.Y.W.F.), Women's and Children's Services, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC (I.R.M.), the Department of Neonatology, Western Health, St. Albans, VIC (R.J.P.), the Department of Paediatrics, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW (A.G.B.), and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW (A.G.B.) - all in Australia
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18
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Backes CH, Notestine JL, Lamp JM, Balough JC, Notestine AM, Alfred CM, Kern JM, Stenger MR, Rivera BK, Moallem M, Miller RR, Naik A, Cooper JN, Howard CR, Welty SE, Hillman NH, Zupancic JAF, Stanberry LI, Hansen TN, Smith CV. Evaluating the efficacy of Seattle-PAP for the respiratory support of premature neonates: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:63. [PMID: 30658678 PMCID: PMC6339409 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At birth, the majority of neonates born at <30 weeks of gestation require respiratory support to facilitate transition and ensure adequate gas exchange. Although the optimal approach to the initial respiratory management is uncertain, the American Academy of Pediatrics endorses noninvasive respiratory support with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for premature neonates with respiratory insufficiency. Despite evidence for its use, nCPAP failure, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, is common. Recently, investigators have described a novel method to deliver bubble nCPAP, termed Seattle-PAP. While preclinical and pilot studies are encouraging regarding the potential value of Seattle-PAP, a large trial is needed to compare Seattle-PAP directly with the current standard of care for bubble nCPAP (Fisher & Paykel CPAP or FP-CPAP). METHODS/DESIGN We designed a multicenter, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial that will enroll 230 premature infants (220/7 to 296/7 weeks of gestation). Infants will be randomized to receive Seattle-PAP or FP-CPAP. The primary outcome is respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes include measures of short- and long-term respiratory morbidity and cost-effectiveness. DISCUSSION This trial will assess whether Seattle-PAP is more efficacious and cost-effective than FP-CPAP in real-world practice among premature neonates. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03085329 . Registered on 21 March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H Backes
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. .,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Notestine
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Jane M Lamp
- OhioHealth Research Institute, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne C Balough
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Allison M Notestine
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Crystal M Alfred
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juli M Kern
- Pediatrix Medical Group of Ohio, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael R Stenger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian K Rivera
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Mohannad Moallem
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Randy R Miller
- Pediatrix Medical Group of Ohio, Columbus, OH, USA.,Mt. Carmel St. Ann's Hospital, Westerville, OH, USA
| | - Apurwa Naik
- OhioHealth, Grant Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer N Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Surgical Outcomes, The Research at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Howard
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen E Welty
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Neonatology Program, CHI Franciscan Health, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Noah H Hillman
- SSM Health, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John A F Zupancic
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Hansen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles V Smith
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Lee BR, Shin SH, Kim MJ, Kim E, Choi YJ, Park JD, Suh DI. Clinical characteristics of pediatric pneumothorax during a noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2019. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2019.7.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ra Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hyun Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - June Dong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong In Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Kuttysankaran R, Athiraman N, Fenton AC, Ramaiah SM. Does the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure increase the risk of a significant pneumothorax in late preterm and term infants? Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58:469-470. [PMID: 28797583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kuttysankaran
- Newcastle Neonatal Services, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Naveen Athiraman
- Newcastle Neonatal Services, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Alan C Fenton
- Newcastle Neonatal Services, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Sridhar M Ramaiah
- Newcastle Neonatal Services, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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21
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Celik M, Bulbul A, Uslu S, Dursun M, Guran O, Kıray Bas E, Arslan S, Zubarioglu U. A comparison of the effects of invasive mechanic ventilation/surfactant therapy and non-invasive nasal-continuous positive airway pressure in preterm newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:3225-3231. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1367380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhittin Celik
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Bulbul
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Uslu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Dursun
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Guran
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evrim Kıray Bas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Arslan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Zubarioglu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Manley BJ, Roberts CT, Arnolda GRB, Wright IMR, Owen LS, Dalziel KM, Foster JP, Davis PG, Buckmaster AG. A multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial, comparing nasal high flow with nasal continuous positive airway pressure as primary support for newborn infants with early respiratory distress born in Australian non-tertiary special care nurseries (the HUNTER trial): study protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016746. [PMID: 28645982 PMCID: PMC5541635 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nasal high-flow (nHF) therapy is a popular mode of respiratory support for newborn infants. Evidence for nHF use is predominantly from neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). There are no randomised trials of nHF use in non-tertiary special care nurseries (SCNs). We hypothesise that nHF is non-inferior to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as primary support for newborn infants with respiratory distress, in the population cared for in non-tertiary SCNs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The HUNTER trial is an unblinded Australian multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Infants are eligible if born at a gestational age ≥31 weeks with birth weight ≥1200 g and admitted to a participating non-tertiary SCN, are <24 hours old at randomisation and require non-invasive respiratory support or supplemental oxygen for >1 hour. Infants are randomised to treatment with either nHF or CPAP. The primary outcome is treatment failure within 72 hours of randomisation, as determined by objective oxygenation, apnoea or blood gas criteria or by a clinical decision that urgent intubation and mechanical ventilation, or transfer to a tertiary NICU, is required. Secondary outcomes include incidence of pneumothorax requiring drainage, duration of respiratory support, supplemental oxygen and hospitalisation, costs associated with hospital care, cost-effectiveness, parental stress and satisfaction and nursing workload. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Multisite ethical approval for the study has been granted by The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (Trial Reference No. 34222), and by each participating site. The trial is currently recruiting in eight centres in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia, with one previous site no longer recruiting. The trial results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12614001203640; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Manley
- Neonatal Services and Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Calum T Roberts
- Neonatal Services and Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaston R B Arnolda
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian M R Wright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Graduate Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise S Owen
- Neonatal Services and Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Sciences Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim M Dalziel
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jann P Foster
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Nursing School/Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- Neonatal Services and Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Sciences Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam G Buckmaster
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Clevenger L, Britton JR. Delivery room continuous positive airway pressure and early pneumothorax in term newborn infants. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2017; 10:157-161. [PMID: 28409760 DOI: 10.3233/npm-171694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between delivery room (DR) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and pneumothorax (PT) in term newborns. METHODS Two studies performed in community hospitals used data extracted from computerized records of term newborns. Infants receiving positive pressure ventilation in the DR were excluded. Tabulated data included receipt of DR CPAP, PT on the day of birth, and gestational age (GA). In a case-control study from 2001-2013, infants with PT were compared to controls without PT but with respiratory distress or hypoxia persisting from birth for receipt of DR CPAP. In a cohort study from 2014-2016, infants receiving and not receiving DR CPAP were compared for the incidence of PT. RESULTS In the case-control study, data were obtained for 169 cases and 850 controls. Compared to controls, PT infants were more likely to have received DR CPAP (16.8% vs. 40.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed DR CPAP (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.31, 4.72, P < 0.001) and GA (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.39, P = 0.009) to be independent predictors of early PT.In the cohort study, PT was observed in 0.1% of 9255 control infants not receiving DR CPAP and 4.8% of 228 infants receiving DR CPAP (P < 0.001). In logistic regression analyses, DR CPAP significantly predicted PT (OR = 59.59, 95% CI = 23.34, 147.12, P < 0.001) and remained a significant predictor of PT after controlling for gestational age. CONCLUSION Respiratory conditions treated with CPAP in delivery rooms are associated with increased risk of PT. A cause-and-effect relationship between CPAP and PT cannot be claimed in this study. Further research is needed to better understand this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Clevenger
- Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
- Good Samaritan Hospital, Lafayette, CO, USA
| | - J R Britton
- Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
- Good Samaritan Hospital, Lafayette, CO, USA
- Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, USA
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Efficacy and safety of CPAP in low- and middle-income countries. J Perinatol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:S21-8. [PMID: 27109089 PMCID: PMC4848740 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the (1) feasibility and efficacy and (2) safety and cost effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases-MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE and WHOLIS-up to December 2014 and included all studies that enrolled neonates requiring CPAP therapy for any indication. We did not find any randomized trials from LMICs that have evaluated the efficacy of CPAP therapy. Pooled analysis of four observational studies showed 66% reduction in in-hospital mortality following CPAP in preterm neonates (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.82). One study reported 50% reduction in the need for mechanical ventilation following the introduction of bubble CPAP (relative risk 0.5, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.66). The proportion of neonates who failed CPAP and required mechanical ventilation varied from 20 to 40% (eight studies). The incidence of air leaks varied from 0 to 7.2% (nine studies). One study reported a significant reduction in the cost of surfactant usage with the introduction of CPAP. Available evidence suggests that CPAP is a safe and effective mode of therapy in preterm neonates with respiratory distress in LMICs. It reduces the in-hospital mortality and the need for ventilation thereby minimizing the need for up-transfer to a referral hospital. But given the overall paucity of studies and the low quality evidence underscores the need for large high-quality studies on the safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness of CPAP therapy in these settings.
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Semi-Prone Position Can Influence Variability in Respiratory Rate of Premature Infants Using Nasal CPAP. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:e167-74. [PMID: 26614613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To determine the effect of positions (supine, lateral, semiprone) on the physiological parameters (HR, RR, SpO2) of premature infants receiving NCPAP who were non-oxygen-dependent and non-BPD, and to identify significant clinical changes associated with these variables. METHODS A crossover study design with three different positions in the assigned sequence (supine-supine, supine-lateral and supine-semiprone) was used, and each position was maintained for 1h. The subjects' vital signs were recorded 30 min after initiation of each position and measured for 30 min. RESULTS Forty-seven infants with a median GA of 28.6 weeks (range 26-35) were studied, and their median BW was 1210g (range 776-2920). Overall, position-related effects showed significant difference in the variability in RR (OR=0.68; CI 0.51-0.89), with the variability in RR being significantly lower in the semiprone position. The lateral position was associated with increased RR (B=2.9; p=0.02). Previous use of ventilator (PUV) was associated with increased HR, whereas BW and GA were negatively associated with higher HR. Cesarean birth, use of surfactant and PUV were associated with lower SpO2, whereas BW and GA were correlated with higher SpO2. GA was identified as a protective factor, while PUV was a risk factor for the variability in both HR and SpO2. CONCLUSIONS Premature infants receiving NCPAP sleeping in the semiprone position may have more stable RR, while the lateral position did not improve RR. Thus, the semiprone and supine positions may be considered preferable when positioning the monitored premature infants with NCPAP.
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Poets CF, Rüdiger M. Mask CPAP during neonatal transition: too much of a good thing for some term infants? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2015; 100:F378-9. [PMID: 25877285 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Rüdiger
- Division of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Ho JJ, Subramaniam P, Davis PG. Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD002271. [PMID: 26141572 PMCID: PMC7133489 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002271.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. In infants with progressive respiratory insufficiency, intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with surfactant is the standard treatment for the condition, but it is invasive, potentially resulting in airway and lung injury. Continuous distending pressure (CDP) has been used for the prevention and treatment of RDS, as well as for the prevention of apnoea, and in weaning from IPPV. Its use in the treatment of RDS might reduce the need for IPPV and its sequelae. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of continuous distending pressure (CDP) on the need for IPPV and associated morbidity in spontaneously breathing preterm infants with respiratory distress.Subgroup analyses were planned on the basis of birth weight (> or < 1000 or 1500 g), gestational age (groups divided at about 28 weeks and 32 weeks), methods of application of CDP (i.e. CPAP and CNP), application early versus late in the course of respiratory distress and high versus low pressure CDP and application of CDP in tertiary compared with non-tertiary hospitals, with the need for sensitivity analysis determined by trial quality.At the 2008 update, the objectives were modified to include preterm infants with respiratory failure. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of the Neonatal Review Group. This included searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2015 Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to 30 April 2015) and EMBASE (1980 to 30 April 2015) with no language restriction, as well as controlled-trials.com, clinicaltrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization (WHO). SELECTION CRITERIA All random or quasi-random trials of preterm infants with respiratory distress were eligible. Interventions were continuous distending pressure including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by mask, nasal prong, nasopharyngeal tube or endotracheal tube, or continuous negative pressure (CNP) via a chamber enclosing the thorax and the lower body, compared with spontaneous breathing with oxygen added as necessary. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methods of The Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group, including independent assessment of trial quality and extraction of data by each review author. MAIN RESULTS We included six studies involving 355 infants - two using face mask CPAP, two CNP, one nasal CPAP and one both CNP (for less ill babies) and endotracheal CPAP (for sicker babies). For this update, we included no new trials.Continuous distending pressure (CDP) is associated with lower risk of treatment failure (death or use of assisted ventilation) (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52 to 0.81; typical risk difference (RD) -0.20, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.10; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 5, 95% CI 4 to 10; six studies; 355 infants), lower overall mortality (typical RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.87; typical RD -0.15, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.04; NNTB 7, 95% CI 4 to 25; six studies; 355 infants) and lower mortality in infants with birth weight above 1500 g (typical RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.84; typical RD -0.28, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.08; NNTB 4, 95% CI 2.00 to 13.00; two studies; 60 infants). Use of CDP is associated with increased risk of pneumothorax (typical RR 2.64, 95% CI 1.39 to 5.04; typical RD 0.10, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.17; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 17, 95% CI 17.00 to 25.00; six studies; 355 infants). We found no difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), defined as oxygen dependency at 28 days (three studies, 260 infants), as well as no difference in outcome at nine to 14 years (one study, 37 infants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants with respiratory distress, the application of CDP as CPAP or CNP is associated with reduced respiratory failure and mortality and an increased rate of pneumothorax. Four out of six of these trials were done in the 1970s. Therefore, the applicability of these results to current practice is difficult to assess. Further research is required to determine the best mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J Ho
- Penang Medical CollegeDepartment of Paediatrics4 Sepoy LinesPenangMalaysia10450
| | - Prema Subramaniam
- Wanganui HospitalPaediatric Department100 Heads RoadWanganuiNew Zealand30990
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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure treatment of premature infants; application of a computerized decision support system. Comput Biol Med 2015; 62:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Roberts CT, Owen LS, Manley BJ, Donath SM, Davis PG. A multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial, comparing high flow therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure as primary support for preterm infants with respiratory distress (the HIPSTER trial): study protocol. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008483. [PMID: 26109120 PMCID: PMC4479999 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High flow (HF) therapy is an increasingly popular mode of non-invasive respiratory support for preterm infants. While there is now evidence to support the use of HF to reduce extubation failure, there have been no appropriately designed and powered studies to assess the use of HF as primary respiratory support soon after birth. Our hypothesis is that HF is non-inferior to the standard treatment--nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP)--as primary respiratory support for preterm infants. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The HIPSTER trial is an unblinded, international, multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Eligible infants are preterm infants of 28-36(+6) weeks' gestational age (GA) who require primary non-invasive respiratory support for respiratory distress in the first 24 h of life. Infants are randomised to treatment with either HF or NCPAP. The primary outcome is treatment failure within 72 h after randomisation, as determined by objective oxygenation, blood gas, and apnoea criteria, or the need for urgent intubation and mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of intubation, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, nasal trauma, costs associated with hospital care and parental stress. With a specified non-inferiority margin of 10%, using a two-sided 95% CI and 90% power, the study requires 375 infants per group (total 750 infants). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been granted by the relevant human research ethics committees at The Royal Women's Hospital (13/12), The Royal Children's Hospital (33144A), The Mercy Hospital for Women (R13/34), and the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2013/1657). The trial is currently recruiting at 9 centres in Australia and Norway. The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed international journals, and presented at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ID: ACTRN12613000303741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum T Roberts
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise S Owen
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brett J Manley
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M Donath
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in a non-tertiary neonatal unit: reduced need for up-transfers. Indian J Pediatr 2015; 82:126-30. [PMID: 24946945 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the need for up-transfer after starting of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n-CPAP) services in a Level II special newborn care unit (SNCU). METHODS Five hundred fifty infants admitted to Level II SNCU, 252 infants during one year prior to introduction of n-CPAP (retrospective data from case records and electronic data base) and 298 infants during one year after introduction of n-CPAP services (prospective data in predefined case reporting form) were evaluated in this before and after intervention trial. The primary outcome was proportion of infants needing up-transfers from Level II SNCU for any indication. RESULTS Baseline demographic data like birth weight, gestation and other perinatal factors were similar between the two epochs. Among the infants admitted to Level II SNCU, up-transfer for any reason was significantly higher in the pre-CPAP epoch compared with CPAP epoch (n = 93, 36 % vs. n = 74, 24.8 %, p = 0.002, OR 0.56, 95 % CI 0.38 to 0.83). However parent desired up-transfers were similar between the two epochs (n = 9, 3 % vs. n = 16, 5 %, p = 0.40). Introduction of n-CPAP treatment modality reduced up-transfers in subgroups of very low birth weight infants (VLBW) (n = 20, 74 % vs. n = 15, 37 %, p = 0.003) and also in preterm infants (n = 50, 54 % vs. n = 34, 32 %, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Introduction of n-CPAP services in a non-tertiary care neonatal unit, significantly reduced the need for up-transfers, especially in VLBW and preterm infants.
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Chawla D. Continuous positive airway pressure in neonates. Indian J Pediatr 2015; 82:107-8. [PMID: 25502960 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chawla
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, 160030, India,
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Murki S, Das RK, Sharma D, Kumar P. A Fixed Flow is More Effective than Titrated Flow during Bubble Nasal CPAP for Respiratory Distress in Preterm Neonates. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:81. [PMID: 26528456 PMCID: PMC4601400 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical effects of a pre-fixed flow of air-oxygen versus a flow titrated according to visible bubbling are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of a fixed flow (5 L/min) and titrated flow (flow just enough to ensure bubbling) at different set pressures on delivered intra-prong pressure, gas exchange and clinical parameters in preterm infants on bubble CPAP for respiratory distress. METHODS Preterm infants <35 weeks gestational age on bubble CPAP and <96 h of age were enrolled in this crossover study. They were subjected to 30-min periods of titrated flow and fixed flow. At the end of both epochs, gas flow rate, set pressure, FiO2, SpO2, Silverman retraction score, respiratory rate, abdominal girth, and blood gases were recorded. The delivered intra-prong pressure was measured by an electronic manometer. RESULTS 69 recordings were made in 54 infants. For each of the set CPAP pressures (4, 5, and 6 cm H2O), the mean delivered pressure with a fixed flow of 5 L/min was higher than that delivered by the titrated flow. During the fixed flow epoch, the delivered pressure was closer to and higher than the set pressure resulting in higher PaO2 and lower PaCO2 as compared to titrated flow epoch. In the titrated flow period, the delivered pressure was consistently lower than the set pressure. CONCLUSION In preterm infants on bubble CPAP with set pressures of 4-6 cm H2O, a fixed flow of 5 L/min is more effective than a flow titrated to ensure adequate visible bubbling. It achieves higher delivered pressures, better oxygenation and ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Murki
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Fernandez Hospital , Hyderabad , India
| | - Ratan Kumar Das
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Fernandez Hospital , Hyderabad , India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Fernandez Hospital , Hyderabad , India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
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Use of CPAP and surfactant therapy in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81:481-8. [PMID: 24722861 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major disease burden in the developing countries. Current evidence supports early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use and early selective surfactant administration as the most efficacious interventions in the management of RDS, both in developed and developing countries. In developing countries, it is recommended to increase institutional deliveries and increase the coverage of antenatal steroids in women in preterm labor as preventive measures. Establishing intervention of CPAP and surfactant therapies in the Level II special care newborn units (SCNUs) and Level III units requires focus on training nursing staff and pediatricians across the board. These approaches would pave the way in optimizing the care of the preterm infants with RDS and decrease their mortality and morbidity significantly.
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Kawaza K, Machen HE, Brown J, Mwanza Z, Iniguez S, Gest A, Smith EO, Oden M, Richards-Kortum RR, Molyneux E. Efficacy of a low-cost bubble CPAP system in treatment of respiratory distress in a neonatal ward in Malawi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86327. [PMID: 24489715 PMCID: PMC3906032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory failure is a leading cause of neonatal mortality in the developing world. Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is a safe, effective intervention for infants with respiratory distress and is widely used in developed countries. Because of its high cost, bCPAP is not widely utilized in low-resource settings. We evaluated the performance of a new bCPAP system to treat severe respiratory distress in a low resource setting, comparing it to nasal oxygen therapy, the current standard of care. Methods We conducted a non-randomized convenience sample study to test the efficacy of a low-cost bCPAP system treating newborns with severe respiratory distress in the neonatal ward of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, in Blantyre, Malawi. Neonates weighing >1,000 g and presenting with severe respiratory distress who fulfilled inclusion criteria received nasal bCPAP if a device was available; if not, they received standard care. Clinical assessments were made during treatment and outcomes compared for the two groups. Findings 87 neonates (62 bCPAP, 25 controls) were recruited. Survival rate for neonates receiving bCPAP was 71.0% (44/62) compared with 44.0% (11/25) for controls. 65.5% (19/29) of very low birth weight neonates receiving bCPAP survived to discharge compared to 15.4% (1/13) of controls. 64.6% (31/48) of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) receiving bCPAP survived to discharge, compared to 23.5% (4/17) of controls. 61.5% (16/26) of neonates with sepsis receiving bCPAP survived to discharge, while none of the seven neonates with sepsis in the control group survived. Interpretation Use of a low-cost bCPAP system to treat neonatal respiratory distress resulted in 27% absolute improvement in survival. The beneficial effect was greater for neonates with very low birth weight, RDS, or sepsis. Implementing appropriate bCPAP devices could reduce neonatal mortality in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondwani Kawaza
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Heather E. Machen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zondiwe Mwanza
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Suzanne Iniguez
- Department of Respiratory Care, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Al Gest
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. O'Brian Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Oden
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
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Aly H, Massaro A, Acun C, Ozen M. Pneumothorax in the newborn: clinical presentation, risk factors and outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:402-6. [PMID: 23790085 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.818114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare clinical presentation and risk factors associated with the development of pneumothorax among newborns of different birth weight (BW) categories. METHODS We collected clinical and respiratory data on all newborns diagnosed with pneumothorax over a 10-year period. Infants were classified into two groups with BW ≥ 2500 g and <2500 g. RESULTS From 13,811 infants, we identified 77 with pneumothorax (BW ≥ 2500 g in 33 and BW <2500 g in 44 infants). The prevalence of pneumothorax in the two BW categories was 0.27% and 2.5%, respectively. Infants with BW ≥ 2500 g were diagnosed with neumothorax at a median age of 5.5 h, and mostly (70%) did not require intubation. Infants with BW <2500 g were diagnosed with pneumothorax at a median age of 34 h, presenting with hypercarbia and increased requirement for supplemental oxygen. The majority of these infants (89%) received mechanical ventilation after pneumothorax. When compared to matched controls, there was a lower proportion of African-American infants in the pneumothorax group (48% versus 73%, p = 0.029) and a higher rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (30% versus 7%, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Onset, presentation and management of pneumothorax varied according to BW. Preterm infants with pneumothorax are at increased risk for developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, The George Washington University and the Children's National Medical Center , Washington, DC , USA
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Tagare A, Kadam S, Vaidya U, Pandit A, Patole S. Bubble CPAP versus ventilator CPAP in preterm neonates with early onset respiratory distress--a randomized controlled trial. J Trop Pediatr 2013; 59:113-9. [PMID: 23306407 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fms061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) is a low cost nasal CPAP delivery system with potential benefits to developing nations. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of BCPAP with ventilator-derived CPAP (VCPAP) in preterm neonates with respiratory distress. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, preterm neonates with Silverman-Anderson score ≥ 4 and oxygen requirement >30% within first 6 h of life were randomly allocated to BCPAP or VCPAP. Proportion of neonates with success or failure was compared. RESULTS In all, 47 of 57 (82.5%) neonates from BCPAP group and 36 of 57 (63.2%) neonates from the VCPAP group completed CPAP successfully (p = 0.03). Neonates who failed CPAP had higher Silverman-Anderson score (p < 0.01), lower arterial to alveolar oxygenation ratio (p < 0.05) and needed surfactant more frequently (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION BCPAP has higher success rate than VCPAP for managing preterm neonates with early onset respiratory distress, with comparable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tagare
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital, Pune 411011, India
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Lutz T, Buckmaster A, Bowen J, Kluckow M, Wright I. Need for intensive care for neonates born between 29 and 34 weeks inclusive gestation. J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49:125-30. [PMID: 23360108 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify the proportion of preterm infants needing neonatal intensive care (NIC) between 29 and 34 weeks gestation. To identify any associated risk factors. METHODS This population-based study identified all babies, born without congenital abnormalities, between 29 and 34 weeks gestation inclusive. A 21-month period ending September 2009 was used. The need for NIC was defined using specific cardiorespiratory and nutritional criteria. The use of continuous positive airway pressure alone was not included as a need for NIC. Data were extracted from a neonatal clinical database and individual medical records. RESULTS Complete data were available from 707 out of 709 eligible infants born in the study period. The percentage of infants requiring cardiorespiratory support varied from 39 to 2.7% at 29 and 34 weeks, respectively. If nutritional criteria were included, this increased to 77% at 29 weeks and 7.2% at 34 weeks. Multivariate analysis determined that gestational age and delivery by Caesarean section increased the need for intensive care (P-value <0.01). Antenatal steroids, gender, underlying maternal medical conditions, being small for gestational age or twin pregnancy had no statistically significant impact. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines of in-utero transfer at <33 weeks gestation. Gestational age and delivery by Caesarean section remain major indicators for the need for NIC. In special care nurseries that have the capability and expertise to use nasal continuous positive airway pressure, the main indication for NIC is for nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Lutz
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Buckmaster A. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress in non-tertiary care centres: what is needed and where to from here? J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:747-52. [PMID: 22970668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2012.02537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory distress is one of the commonest reasons for admission to a special care nursery (SCN) affecting between 2.5 and 5.0% of all babies born per year. While most recover with supplemental oxygen, some require transfer to a neonatal intensive care leading to significant family disruption, and financial cost. Does nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) improve outcomes in babies with respiratory distress? What are the risks of its use? Should it be used in SCNs, and, if so, what is required in order to undertake nCPAP safely? There is strong evidence to support the use of nCPAP in the treatment of babies with respiratory distress. The risk benefit ratio of providing nCPAP in SCNs depends upon many factors including the ability to maintain the skills required and the distance/time to the nearest tertiary centre. Appropriate nurseries should be identified with the aim of supporting them in the provision of nCPAP in a safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buckmaster
- Department of Paediatrics, Gosford District Hospital, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia.
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Falster MO, Roberts CL, Ford J, Morris J, Kinnear A, Nicholl M. Development of a maternity hospital classification for use in perinatal research. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2012; 23:12-6. [PMID: 22487327 DOI: 10.1071/nb11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop a maternity hospital classification, using stable and easily available criteria, that would have wide application in maternity services research and allow comparison across state, national and international jurisdictions. A classification with 13 obstetric groupings (12 hospital groups and home births) was based on neonatal care capability, urban and rural location, annual average number of births and public/private hospital status. In a case study of early elective birth we demonstrate that neonatal morbidity differs according to the maternity hospital classification, and also that the 13 groups can be collapsed in ways that are pragmatic from a clinical and policy decision-making perspective, and are manageable for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Falster
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital
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Buckmaster A, Arnolda G, Wright I, Foster J. Targeted oxygen therapy in special care nurseries: is uniformity a good thing? J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:476-82. [PMID: 22300612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is wide variation in the commencement of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and the oxygen saturation (SpO(2) ) targets set in special care nurseries (SCNs). Evidence supports minimising unnecessary oxygen exposure. Does the introduction of a protocol advocating the uniform approach of commencing FiO2 at 30% and targeting SpO2 of 94-96% for infants ≥ 33 weeks gestation with respiratory distress reduce oxygen exposure? METHODS A 'Before After' study was undertaken in three SCNs. Data were recorded for all infants admitted to the SCNs who required oxygen over a 3-year period. Infants were analysed in gestational age groups: 33-36 weeks (late preterm) and +37 weeks (term/post-term). RESULTS Of the 19,830 infants born, 868 (4%) were treated with oxygen. The introduction of an oxygen-targeting protocol resulted in a statistically and clinically significant reduction in the proportion of infants who were treated with any oxygen for 1 h or more, 4 h or more and in the proportion who received >30% FiO2 for 1 h or more (all P ≤ 0.01). This reduction was significant for infants of both gestational age groups. The median duration of oxygen for term/post-term infants was reduced from 12 h pre-protocol to 10 h post-protocol (P= 0.01); however, no significant difference was found for the preterm group (reduced from 11 to 8 h, P= 0.07). CONCLUSION Introduction of a uniform oxygen protocol in SCNs for infants ≥ 33 weeks gestation with respiratory distress reduces the number of infants receiving oxygen and, in term infants, the duration of oxygen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Buckmaster
- Department of Paediatrics, Gosford District Hospital, Northern Sydney Central Coast Area Health Service, Gosford, Australia.
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Manley BJ, Owen L, Doyle LW, Davis PG. High-flow nasal cannulae and nasal continuous positive airway pressure use in non-tertiary special care nurseries in Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:16-21. [PMID: 21988616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Non-tertiary centres (NTCs) in Australia and New Zealand are increasingly providing non-invasive respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP), to newborn infants. We aimed to determine the proportion of NTCs in these countries treating newborn infants with HFNC and nCPAP, and how these therapies are used. METHODS We surveyed public and private NTCs in Australia and public NTCs in New Zealand. The survey, directed at senior medical and nursing staff, consisted of questions regarding unit demographics, HFNC and nCPAP use. RESULTS One hundred seventeen responses were received regarding HFNC use, from 88% (80/91) of public hospitals and 64% (37/58) of private hospitals surveyed. Ten (8.5%) responders (nine public and one private) used HFNC; all used the Fisher & Paykel system. HFNC was used for respiratory distress syndrome from birth (9/10 units), as a weaning mode from nCPAP (5/10 units) and as treatment for apnoea (3/10 units). Flow rates used ranged from 1 to 8 L/min, with typical minimum flow of 1 L/min and maximum of 4-6 L/min. The main perceived advantage of HFNC was 'ease of use'. In the units treating newborn infants with nCPAP, it was used either in an ongoing fashion (43 units), short term or episodically (four units), or only for stabilisation prior to transfer (11 units). Excluding those units using nCPAP only for stabilisation and non-responders, 47/108 (44%) units were using nCPAP. CONCLUSIONS HFNC is being used in NTCs in Australia and New Zealand, and the use of nCPAP has increased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Manley
- Department of Newborn Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Roberts CL, Badgery-Parker T, Algert CS, Bowen JR, Nassar N. Trends in use of neonatal CPAP: a population-based study. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:89. [PMID: 21999325 PMCID: PMC3206424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is used widely to provide respiratory support for neonates, and is often the first treatment choice in tertiary centres. Recent trials have demonstrated that CPAP reduces need for intubation and ventilation for infants born at 25-28 weeks gestation, and at > 32 weeks, in non-tertiary hospitals, CPAP reduces need for transfer to NICU. The aim of this study was to examine recent population trends in the use of neonatal continuous positive airway pressure. METHODS We undertook a population-based cohort study of all 696,816 liveborn neonates ≥24 weeks gestation in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, 2001-2008. Data were obtained from linked birth and hospitalizations records, including neonatal transfers. The primary outcome was CPAP without mechanical ventilation (via endotracheal intubation) between birth and discharge from the hospital system. Analyses were stratified by age ≤32 and > 32 weeks gestation. RESULTS Neonates receiving any ventilatory support increased from 1,480 (17.9/1000) in 2001 to 2,486 (26.9/1000) in 2008, including 461 (5.6/1000) to 1,465 (15.8/1000) neonates who received CPAP alone. There was a concurrent decrease in mechanical ventilation use from 12.3 to 11.0/1000. The increase in CPAP use was greater among neonates > 32 weeks (from 3.2 to 11.8/1000) compared with neonates ≤32 weeks (from 18.1 to 32.7/1000). The proportion of CPAP > 32 weeks initiated in non-tertiary hospitals increased from 6% to 30%. CONCLUSIONS The use of neonatal CPAP is increasing, especially > 32 weeks gestation and among non-tertiary hospitals. Recommendations are required regarding which infants should be considered for CPAP, resources necessary for a unit to offer CPAP and monitoring of longer term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Roberts
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Level 2, Building 52, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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Tagare A, Kadam S, Vaidya U, Pandit A, Patole S. A pilot study of comparison of BCPAP vs. VCPAP in preterm infants with early onset respiratory distress. J Trop Pediatr 2010; 56:191-4. [PMID: 19843596 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) is a low-cost nasal CPAP delivery system with potential benefits for developing nations. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of BCPAP with ventilator CPAP (VCPAP) in preterm neonates with moderate respiratory distress. METHODS In a pilot randomized controlled trial, 30 preterm neonates (gestation <37 weeks) with Silverman-Anderson score between 5 to 7 and oxygen requirement >30% within first 6 h of life were randomly allocated to BCPAP or VCPAP after informed parental consent. Proportion of neonates with success or failure, while using the allocated mode of CPAP delivery (primary outcome) was compared. RESULTS The success rate was comparable [VCPAP: 80% (12/15) vs. BCPAP: 87% (13/15)] between the two groups. Dislodgement was commonest problem with equal frequency [10/15, (67%)] in each group. CONCLUSION BCPAP appears to be a promising method of CPAP delivery in preterm neonates with moderate respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tagare
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011, India
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Fernandes RM, van der Lee JH, Offringa M. A systematic review of the reporting of Data Monitoring Committees' roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric clinical trials. BMC Pediatr 2009; 9:77. [PMID: 20003383 PMCID: PMC2801486 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decisions about interim analysis and early stopping of clinical trials, as based on recommendations of Data Monitoring Committees (DMCs), have far reaching consequences for the scientific validity and clinical impact of a trial. Our aim was to evaluate the frequency and quality of the reporting on DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination in pediatric trials. Methods We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials published from 2005 to 2007 in a sample of four general and four pediatric journals. We used full-text databases to identify trials which reported on DMCs, interim analysis or early termination, and included children or adolescents. Information was extracted on general trial characteristics, risk of bias, and a set of parameters regarding DMC composition and roles, interim analysis and early termination. Results 110 of the 648 pediatric trials in this sample (17%) reported on DMC or interim analysis or early stopping, and were included; 68 from general and 42 from pediatric journals. The presence of DMCs was reported in 89 of the 110 included trials (81%); 62 papers, including 46 of the 89 that reported on DMCs (52%), also presented information about interim analysis. No paper adequately reported all DMC parameters, and nine (15%) reported all interim analysis details. Of 32 trials which terminated early, 22 (69%) did not report predefined stopping guidelines and 15 (47%) did not provide information on statistical monitoring methods. Conclusions Reporting on DMC composition and roles, on interim analysis results and on early termination of pediatric trials is incomplete and heterogeneous. We propose a minimal set of reporting parameters that will allow the reader to assess the validity of trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Fernandes
- Departamento da Criança e da Família, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-EPE, Laboratório de Farmacologia Clínica e Terapêutica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Donoghue DA, Henderson-Smart DJ. The establishment of the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network. J Paediatr Child Health 2009; 45:400-4. [PMID: 19712174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network was established in 1994 to monitor high-risk newborns admitted for care. Uniquely, all units in both countries have participated since inception, making it integral to the care of babies. The network's objectives include auditing care, publishing aggregated results annually, providing feedback to units, monitoring technologies and developing clinical indicators. Networking provides a forum for clinicians and a consortium of knowledge and advice. It facilitates collaborative research and clinical groups, producing projects from observational studies to randomised controlled trials. Members take a major role in reviewing the evidence for care and ensuring its effective use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Donoghue
- Northern Rivers University Department of Rural Health, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
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Darlow BA, Mogridge N, Horwood LJ, Wynn-Williams MB, Austin NC. Admission of all gestations to a regional neonatal unit versus controls: neonatal morbidity. J Paediatr Child Health 2009; 45:181-6. [PMID: 19426376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the neonatal course and morbidity of all infants admitted to the regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Christchurch Women's Hospital (CWH) and to compare these with term control infants who were not admitted, in one calendar year. Infants in both NICU and control cohorts were enrolled in a 2-year follow-up study. METHODS All infants born over a 12-month period from February 2001 and admitted to the NICU, whose parents were domiciled in a defined geographical region, were eligible for study, together with every eighth healthy infant born at term and not admitted (to a total of 300). Comprehensive perinatal and neonatal data were collected for all enrolled infants. RESULTS A total of 387 NICU infants (86% eligible) were enrolled in the study together with 306 controls. Forty-one percent of NICU admissions were term and 40% were 33-36 weeks gestation. Term NICU infants were more likely to be born following induction of labour or by Caesarean section (34%, of which 50% were pre-labour) than control infants (18%, of which 32% were pre-labour). Infants of <28, 28-32, 33-36 and > or =37 weeks accounted for 74, 16, 7 and 3% of assisted ventilation days and 18, 31, 31 and 20% of total baby days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The need for assisted ventilation and length of NICU stay was inversely proportional to gestation. However, preterm infants of 28 weeks gestation and greater, as well as term infants, account for a high proportion of the NICU workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Darlow
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Physiologic events in the last few weeks of pregnancy coupled with the onset of spontaneous labor are accompanied by changes in the hormonal milieu of the fetus and its mother, resulting in preparation of the fetus for neonatal transition. Rapid clearance of fetal lung fluid is a key part of these changes, and is mediated in large part by transepithelial sodium reabsorption through amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the alveolar epithelial cells, with only a limited contribution from mechanical factors and Starling forces. This article discusses the respiratory morbidity associated with elective cesarean section, the physiologic mechanisms underlying fetal lung fluid absorption, and potential strategies for facilitating neonatal transition when infants are delivered by elective cesarean section before the onset of spontaneous labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandrappa
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Sankar MJ, Sankar J, Agarwal R, Paul VK, Deorari AK. Protocol for administering continuous positive airway pressure in neonates. Indian J Pediatr 2008; 75:471-8. [PMID: 18537009 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-008-0074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a simple, inexpensive and gentle mode of respiratory support in preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. It helps by preventing the alveolar collapse and increasing the functional residual capacity of the lungs. Since it results in less ventilator induced lung injury than mechanical ventilation, it should theoretically reduce the incidence of chronic lung disease in VLBW infants. Various devices have been used for CPAP generation and delivery. The relative merits and demerits of these devices and the guidelines for CPAP therapy in neonates are discussed in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeeva Sankar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Foster J, Bidewell J, Buckmaster A, Lees S, Henderson-Smart D. Parental stress and satisfaction in the non-tertiary special care nursery. J Adv Nurs 2008; 61:522-30. [PMID: 18261061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This paper is a report of a study examining the effects of using headbox oxygen and continuous oxygen positive airway pressure treatments for respiratory distress on stress and satisfaction of parents with infants in a special care nursery, and the relationship between parental stress and satisfaction. BACKGROUND Continuous positive airway pressure respiratory support is increasingly used in special care nurseries worldwide. Almost nothing is known about effects of different types of respiratory support on the stress and satisfaction of parents with babies in the special care nursery. METHOD Questionnaires were used from August 2004 to June 2006 in five special care nurseries to measure parental stress using an adaptation of the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and 5-point scales to measure overall stress and satisfaction. FINDINGS Questionnaires were returned from 42 parents of babies receiving headbox oxygen and 51 parents of babies receiving continuous positive airway pressure (62% response rate). High stress was commonly reported. Stress did not differ statistically significantly between the two treatments. Parents with babies receiving continuous positive airway pressure were more satisfied compared to the headbox group. Stress and satisfaction were not statistically significantly correlated. CONCLUSION Clinicians need not favour either method of respiratory support when attempting to minimize parental experience of environmental stress. Further research is needed to test parental stress reduction strategies in the special care nursery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jann Foster
- New South Wales Pregnancy and Newborn Services Network, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Ho JJ, Subramaniam P, Henderson-Smart DJ, Davis PG. Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD002271. [PMID: 12076445 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (Greenough 1998, Bancalari 1992). Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with surfactant is the standard treatment for the condition. The major difficulty with IPPV is that it is invasive, resulting in airway and lung injury and contributing to the development of chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVES In spontaneously breathing preterm infants with RDS, to determine if continuous distending pressure (CDP) reduces the need for IPPV and associated morbidity without adverse effects. SEARCH STRATEGY The standard search strategy of the Neonatal Review group was used. This included searches of the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002), MEDLINE (1966-January 2002), and EMBASE (1980-January 2002), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts, conference and symposia proceedings, expert informants, journal hand searching mainly in the English language. SELECTION CRITERIA All trials using random or quasi-random allocation of preterm infants with RDS were eligible. Interventions were continuous distending pressure including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by mask, nasal prong, nasopharyngeal tube, or endotracheal tube, or continuous negative pressure (CNP) via a chamber enclosing the thorax and lower body, compared with standard care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used, including independent assessment of trial quality and extraction of data by each author. MAIN RESULTS CDP is associated with a lower rate of failed treatment (death or use of assisted ventilation) [summary RR 0.70 (0.55, 0.88), RD -0.22 (-0.35, -0.09), NNT 5 (3, 11)], overall mortality [summary RR 0.52 (0.32, 0.87), RD -0.15 (-0.26, -0.04), NNT 7 (4, 25)], and mortality in infants with birthweights above 1500 g [summary RR 0.24 (0.07, 0.84), RD -0.281 (-0.483, -0.078), NNT 4 (2, 13)]. The use of CDP is associated with an increased rate of pneumothorax [summary RR 2.36 (1.25, 5.54), RD 0.14 (0.04, 0.23), NNH 7 (4, 24)]. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants with RDS the application of CDP either as CPAP or CNP is associated with benefits in terms of reduced respiratory failure and reduced mortality. CDP is associated with an increased rate of pneumothorax. The applicability of these results to current practice is difficult to assess, given the intensive care setting of the 1970s when four out of five of these trials were done. Where resources are limited, such as in developing countries, CPAP for RDS may have a clinical role. Further research is required to determine the best mode of administration and its role in modern intensive care settings
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ho
- Dept Paediatrics, Perak College of Medicine, Greentown, Ipoh, Malaysia, 30450.
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