[Hypertension in diabetes mellitus]

[Hypertension-related eye disorders]

Hypertension affects a significant proportion of the population, however, it is often diagnosed with a delay. The aim of this article is to review the well known and less known eye abnormalities related to hypertension, and place them in the context of population based studies. Hypertension affects various parts of the eye. The originally classified hypertensive retinopathy (retinal microvascular changes) is still relevant, but new features are visible in cases of controlled hypertension. Signs of mild hypertensive retinopathy are more common than expected occurring in nearly 10-15% of the adult non-diabetic population. Hypertensive retinopathy can be an indicator of other hypertensive complications such as neurologic and cardiac complications. Microvascular changes are reversible in well controlled hypertension. Proper treatment of hypertension can reduce the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and, thus, visual loss due to severe retinal diseases such as retinal vascular occlusion (artery and vein), retinal arteriolar emboli, macroaneurysm, ischemic optic neuropathy and age-related macular degeneration.