1
|
Mohanty S, Tsai JH, Ning N, Martinez A, Verma RP, Heisen M, Weaver J, Feemster KA, Chun B, Weiss TW, Schmier JK. Understanding healthcare providers' preferred attributes of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2325745. [PMID: 38566496 PMCID: PMC10993915 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2325745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) become available for pediatric populations in the US, it is important to understand healthcare provider (HCP) preferences for and acceptability of PCVs. US HCPs (pediatricians, family medicine physicians and advanced practitioners) completed an online, cross-sectional survey between March and April 2023. HCPs were eligible if they recommended or prescribed vaccines to children age <24 months, spent ≥25% of their time in direct patient care, and had ≥2 y of experience in their profession. The survey included a discrete choice experiment (DCE) in which HCPs selected preferred options from different hypothetical vaccine profiles with systematic variation in the levels of five attributes. Relative attribute importance was quantified. Among 548 HCP respondents, the median age was 43.2 y, and the majority were male (57.9%) and practiced in urban areas (69.7%). DCE results showed that attributes with the greatest impact on HCP decision-making were 1) immune response for the shared serotypes covered by PCV13 (31.4%), 2) percent of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) covered by vaccine serotypes (21.3%), 3) acute otitis media (AOM) label indication (20.3%), 4) effectiveness against serotype 3 (17.6%), and 5) number of serotypes in the vaccine (9.5%). Among US HCPs, the most important attribute of PCVs was comparability of immune response for PCV13 shared serotypes, while the number of serotypes was least important. Findings suggest new PCVs eliciting high immune responses for serotypes that contribute substantially to IPD burden and maintaining immunogenicity against serotypes in existing PCVs are preferred by HCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salini Mohanty
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Tsai
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning Ning
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Newton, MA, USA
| | - Ana Martinez
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Marieke Heisen
- Evidence & Access, OPEN Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Weaver
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bianca Chun
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas W. Weiss
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wassil J, Sisti M, Fairman J, Rankin B, Clark J, Bennett S, Johnson D, Migone TS, Nguyen K, Paschenko A, Sauer P, Iki S, Hanson ME, Simon JK. A phase 2, randomized, blinded, dose-finding, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 24-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (VAX-24) in healthy adults 65 years and older. Vaccine 2024; 42:126124. [PMID: 39025698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite current polysaccharide and conjugate vaccine use, pneumococcal diseases remain prevalent in older adults. VAX-24 is a 24-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) containing eCRM, a proprietary carrier protein with non-native amino acids (para-azidomethyl-L-phenylalanine) that undergo site-specific conjugation to pneumococcal polysaccharides that have been activated with a small-molecule linker (dibenzocyclooctyne). Site-specific conjugation utilizing click chemistry enables consistent exposure of T-cell epitopes, reduction in carrier protein to pneumococcal polysaccharide ratio, and enhances manufacturing process consistency to improve PCVs by increasing serotype coverage while minimizing carrier suppression. Healthy adults aged 65 or older were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive a single injection of VAX-24 at 1 of 3 dose levels (1.1, 2.2, or a mixed dose of 2.2 or 4.4 mcg) or Prevnar 20® (PCV20) in a phase 2, blinded study. Primary outcome measures were solicited local and systemic events within 7 days post-vaccination, unsolicited adverse events (AEs) within 1 month, and serious AEs, medically attended AEs, or new onset of chronic disease within 6 months of vaccination. Serotype-specific opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured pre-vaccination and at 1 month post-vaccination. Of 207 participants enrolled, 200 completed the trial. Safety profiles were comparable across the three VAX-24 doses and PCV20. Robust OPA and IgG immune responses were seen for all 24 serotypes. On average, immune responses to VAX-24 2.2 mcg dose were similar or higher compared to PCV20. In adults ≥ 65 years, VAX-24 had a safety profile similar to PCV20 through six months post-vaccination and induced robust OPA and IgG responses to all 24 serotypes, supporting prior data showing that site-specific conjugation allows for increased serotype coverage with similar or higher immune response vs other PCVs. The outcome of this phase 2 study further supports use of VAX-24 2.2 mcg dose in phase 3 trials. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05297578.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wassil
- Vaxcyte, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA.
| | - M Sisti
- Vaxcyte, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | | | | | - J Clark
- Charlottesville Medical Research, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - K Nguyen
- Vaxcyte, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | | | - P Sauer
- Vaxcyte, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - S Iki
- Vaxcyte, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur R, Schulz S, Sherman A, Andrejko K, Kobayashi M, Pichichero M. Anticipated Effects of Higher-valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Colonization and Acute Otitis Media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:1004-1010. [PMID: 38838209 PMCID: PMC11408086 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial etiologies of acute otitis media (AOM) have shifted from the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), antibiotic selection and competition among species. We characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae ( Spn ), Haemophilus influenzae ( Hflu ) and Moraxella catarrhalis ( Mcat ) in the nasopharynx during well-child healthy visits and at the onset of AOM, and in middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with AOM to assess anticipated effects of higher-valency PCVs (PCV15 and PCV20). METHODS From September 2021 to September 2023, we conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study of PCV13 immunized children 6-36 months old. MEF was collected via tympanocentesis. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on Spn , Hflu and Mcat isolates. RESULTS We obtained 825 nasopharyngeal and 216 MEF samples from 301 children. The order of frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization was Mcat , Spn and Hflu ; Hflu was the predominant otopathogen in MEF. Among Spn isolates, non-PCV15, non-PCV20 serotypes predominated in the nasopharynx and in MEF; the most frequent serotype was 35B. Among MEF samples, 30% of Spn isolates were amoxicillin nonsusceptible; 23% of Hflu isolates and 100% of Mcat isolates were β-lactamase-producing. CONCLUSION The majority of Spn isolates among young children were non-PCV15, non-PCV20 serotypes, especially serotype 35B; therefore, the impact of higher-valency PCVs in reducing pneumococcal colonization or AOM is expected to be limited. Hflu continues to be the most frequent AOM pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility data suggest a high dose of amoxicillin/clavulanate or alternative drugs that are effective against contemporary mix of otopathogens could be considered for optimal empiric selection to provide the best efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kaur
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
| | - Steven Schulz
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew Sherman
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
| | - Kristin Andrejko
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miwako Kobayashi
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Pichichero
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
von Gottberg A, Kleynhans J, de Gouveia L, Tempia S, Meiring S, Quan V, du Plessis M, von Mollendorf C, Crowther-Gibson P, Avenant T, du Plessis N, Kularatne R, Chibabhai V, Madhi SA, Klugman KP, Whitney CG, Cohen C. Long-term effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease incidence among people of all ages from national, active, laboratory-based surveillance in South Africa, 2005-19: a cohort observational study. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1470-e1484. [PMID: 39151982 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South Africa, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in 2009 and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) was introduced in 2011, both in a two plus one schedule. We evaluated the ongoing effects of PCV on the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) over 15 years of sustained surveillance in South Africa before the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We conducted national, active, laboratory-based surveillance for IPD among all ages in South Africa, including isolate serotyping and susceptibility testing. We fitted linear regression models with vaccine covariates to imputed IPD case counts each year by serotype and age to compare expected and actual IPD cases in 2019, which was the main outcome. Vaccine effects were set to zero to identify expected incidence after the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13. FINDINGS From Jan 1, 2005, to Dec 31, 2019, surveillance identified 52 957 IPD cases. Among the 50 705 individuals with age data available, 9398 (18·5%) were infants aged younger than 2 years. Compared with expected case numbers (no vaccination) predicted using all available data, overall IPD rates among children younger than 2 years declined by 76·0% (percentage risk difference; 95% CI -79·0 to -72·8%) in 2019; notably, PCV7 and additional PCV13 serotype IPD rates declined by 95·5% (-97·0 to -93·4%) and 93·8% (-96·2 to-90·5%), respectively, whereas non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) did not change significantly. Among adults aged 25-44 years, overall IPD declined by 50·4% (-54·2 to -46·3%), and PCV7 and additional PCV13 serotype IPD rates declined by 86·1% (-88·7 to -83·1%) and 77·2% (-80·9 to -73·0%), respectively, whereas NVTs increased by 78·5% (56·8 to 103·4%). Individuals aged older than 64 years also benefited from declines in IPD (-30·2%; -41·9 to -16·2%), but NVTs increased (234·9%; 138·1 to 379·4%). INTERPRETATION We documented sustained direct and indirect benefits of PCV across age groups, and NVT increases in adults older than 24 years. Higher valency PCVs would have the added benefit of preventing this residual disease. FUNDING National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (South Africa) and US Agency for International Development Antimicrobial Resistance Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Jackie Kleynhans
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda de Gouveia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Influenza Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan Meiring
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vanessa Quan
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claire von Mollendorf
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny Crowther-Gibson
- Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Theunis Avenant
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicolette du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ranmini Kularatne
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Vindana Chibabhai
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Pneumonia and Pandemic Prevention, Surveillance and Epidemic Control, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia G Whitney
- Global Health Institute and Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahon S, Reifferscheid L, Kenzie L, MacDonald SE. Regional differences in pediatric pneumococcal vaccine schedules for Indigenous children in Canada: an environmental scan. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:990. [PMID: 39187809 PMCID: PMC11348588 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age. Prevention of these outcomes by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) is an important public health initiative, supported by publicly funded vaccination programs in Canada. While the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) provides national recommendations for vaccination schedules, decisions on vaccination program delivery are made regionally, creating potential for variability across the country. In addition, defining the groups that are most at risk has become a complex endeavor for provinces and territories in Canada, specifically considering Indigenous children. METHODS In this environmental scan, we reviewed policy documents, provincial/territorial and international PCV schedules, and scientific literature, and consulted with vaccination program stakeholders and experts from across the country, in order to understand the evolution of PCV vaccination guidelines and policies in Canada and identify whether and how the needs of Indigenous children are addressed. RESULTS As of March 2023, most regions do not specify particular vaccination requirements for Indigenous children; however, three provinces identify Indigenous children as "high risk" and use varying language to recommend a four dose, rather than the routine three dose, schedule. Our results also draw attention to evidence gaps supporting a differing practice for Indigenous populations. CONCLUSIONS Future PCV program innovation requires inclusive and clear policies as well as definitive evidence-based policies and practices in order to improve equitable population health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mahon
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Kenzie
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shannon E MacDonald
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pérez-García C, Sempere J, de Miguel S, Hita S, Úbeda A, Vidal EJ, Llorente J, Limia A, de Miguel AG, Sanz JC, Martinón-Torres F, Ardanuy C, Domenech M, Yuste J. Surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Spain exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2023). J Infect 2024; 89:106204. [PMID: 38906265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dynamic trends of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) including the evolution of prevalent serotypes are very useful to evaluate the impact of current and future pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) and the rise of non-vaccine serotypes. In this study, we include epidemiological patterns of S. pneumoniae before and after COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We characterized all national IPD isolates from children and adults received at the Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory during 2019-2023. RESULTS In the first pandemic year 2020, we found a general reduction in IPD cases across all age groups, followed by a partial resurgence in children in 2021 but not in adults. By 2022, IPD cases in children had returned to pre-pandemic levels, and partially in adults. In 2023, IPD rates surpassed those of the last pre-pandemic year. Notably, the emergence of serotype 3 is of significant concern, becoming the leading cause of IPD in both pediatric and adult populations over the last two years (2022-2023). Increase of serotype 4 in young adults occurred in the last epidemiological years. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic led to a temporary decline in all IPD cases during 2020 attributable to non-pharmaceutical interventions followed by a subsequent rise. Employing PCVs with broader coverage and/or enhanced immunogenicity may be critical to mitigate the marked increase of IPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Pérez-García
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Sempere
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara de Miguel
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Preventive Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha Hita
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aída Úbeda
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick Joan Vidal
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Llorente
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Parasitology, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Aurora Limia
- General Directorate of Public Health, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil de Miguel
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Preventive Medicine Department, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Sanz
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; GENVIP research group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela and University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ardanuy
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitary de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mirian Domenech
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, University Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Yuste
- Spanish Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fletcher MA, Daigle D, Siapka M, Baay M, Hanquet G, del Carmen Morales G. Serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease from countries of the WHO Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific regions: a systematic literature review from 2010 to 2021. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1402795. [PMID: 39050608 PMCID: PMC11266301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1402795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Most publications on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) serotype distribution are from about 20 countries (Australia, Canada, China, European Union members, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, and USA). Here, we reviewed the literature among underrepresented countries in the Americas (AMRO), Africa (AFRO), Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO), South-East Asia (SEARO), and Western Pacific (WPRO) WHO regions. Methods We performed a systematic review of the most recent IPD serotype surveillance publications (from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2021, Medline/Embase) in those WHO regions. Selection criteria were delineated by contemporality, within-country geographical scope, and number of samples. Reported serotype distributions for each country were stratified by age group, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotype category (considering undifferentiated serotypes), and PCV program period (pre-PCV, intermediate, or PCVhv [higher valency PCV formulation]). Pre-PCV period pooled data estimated PCV serotype category distribution by age group across WHO regions, while for the PCVhv period, country-level dataset tables were prepared. Results Of 2,793 publications screened, 107 were included (58 pediatric, 11 adult, 37 all ages, and one comprising every age group). One-third of eligible countries (51/135) published serotype distribution, ranging from 30 to 43% by WHO region. Considering number of samples per WHO region, a few countries prevailed: AMRO (Brazil), AFRO (South Africa, Malawi, and Burkina Faso), and WPRO (Taiwan). In the pre-PCV period, PCV13 formulation serotypes predominated: ranging from 74 to 85% in children and 58-86% in adults in the different WHO regions. The PCVhv period represented half of the most recent IPD surveillance by countries (26/51). Undifferentiated serotypes represented >20% of IPD from most countries (34/51). Conclusion Ubiquity of undifferentiated serotypes among the publications could constrain estimates of PCV program impact and of serotype coverage for newer PCVhv formulations; consequently, we recommend that countries favor techniques that identify serotypes specifically and, rather than reporting PCV formulation serotype distributions, provide serotype results individually. Systematic review registration The protocol has been prospectively registered at PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021278501. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=278501.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Fletcher
- Pfizer Vaccines Emerging Markets, Medical Affairs, Paris, France
| | - Derek Daigle
- Pfizer Vaccines Emerging Markets, Medical Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Marc Baay
- P95 Epidemiology & Pharmacovigilance, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pacheco CS, Baxter JA, Steigelman D. Pneumococcal Perplexity: Improving Awareness of Updated Pneumococcal Vaccination Recommendations in Two Large Military Treatment Facilities. Mil Med 2024; 189:e1289-e1293. [PMID: 38554258 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccinations are an essential aspect of preventive medicine. In October 2021, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-20 (PCV-20) and PCV-15 were authorized for use in adults by the U.S. FDA. In 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) subsequently published updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendations that incorporate both PCV-20 and PCV-15. Pneumococcal vaccination is effective in reducing pneumococcal disease, particularly in high-risk patient groups such as those with chronic lung disease; however, the updated dosing schedule for pneumococcal vaccinations can be quite confusing, especially if patients have previously received "older" vaccinations, such as pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine-23 or PCV-13. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to increase providers' knowledge of current ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations, including indications and dosing schedule, and to improve pneumococcal vaccination rates among eligible adults and children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Focused education sessions were presented to primary care and subspecialty residents, fellows, and staff at Brooke Army Medical Center and Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center regarding current ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations. Sessions included information about PCV-15 and PCV-20 vaccines, indications for vaccination, and dosing schedules. Subjective knowledge of updated ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations was assessed among primary care and subspecialty residents, fellows, and staff via an anonymous survey both pre- and post-intervention. Number of PCV-20 vaccinations given and estimated vaccination rates of patients aged 19 to 64 years with asthma were assessed pre- and post-intervention over a 6 month time span. RESULTS Of surveyed providers, only 9% discussed vaccinations at every visit and 11% did not discuss vaccinations at all. There was a statistically significant increase in providers' knowledge of pneumococcal vaccination guidelines for children post-intervention (P = .01) but no statistically significant increase in knowledge for guidelines for adults, for patients that have received prior pneumococcal vaccines, or in overall confidence in recommending pneumococcal vaccines. There was a 17% increase in the number of PCV-20 vaccinations given post-intervention (198 pre-intervention, 232 post-intervention). The estimated PCV-20 vaccination rate for adults aged 19 to 64 years with asthma increased from 14.9% pre-intervention to 19.5% post-intervention (P = .33). CONCLUSIONS There is a significant knowledge gap regarding ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations among military providers and a low pneumococcal vaccination rate for adults aged 19 to 64 years with asthma at Joint Base-San Antonio MTFs. Focused education sessions were effective in increasing providers' knowledge of updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendations, confidence in recommending vaccines, total number of pneumococcal vaccinations given, and estimated pneumococcal vaccination rate for adults with asthma. The validity of conclusions drawn from our data were limited because of discordant numbers of survey respondents as well as potentially inaccurate estimates of pneumococcal vaccination rates pre- and post-intervention. Despite this, the results warrant continued education of pneumococcal vaccines, indications, and dosing schedules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis S Pacheco
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Joseph A Baxter
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA
| | - Daniel Steigelman
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, TX 78236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lyon E, Olarte L. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in children: an update on antibiotic duration and immunization strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024; 36:144-149. [PMID: 38169463 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is structured to update clinicians on the epidemiology, antibiotic treatment, and prevention of pediatric bacterial pneumonia. The review provides information regarding the current research on antibiotic management for bacterial pneumonia and the newest immunization recommendations to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and other respiratory infections. RECENT FINDINGS The recommended length of antibiotic therapy for bacterial pneumonia has been discrepant between low-income and high-income countries. Recently, randomized controlled trials conducted in high-income countries provided evidence to support a short antibiotic course (3-5 days) for uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia in otherwise healthy children. The negative impact of inaccurate penicillin allergy labels in children with pneumonia has emphasized the importance of prompt allergy de-labeling. Newer pneumococcal vaccines are recommended for children and are expected to have a significant impact on bacterial pneumonia rates. SUMMARY Pediatric bacterial pneumonia is an important contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. A short antibiotic course seems to be sufficient for the outpatient management of uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia; however, more studies are required in the inpatient setting. Future studies will inform the impact of recently introduced pneumococcal and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines on the epidemiology of bacterial pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lyon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy Kansas City
| | - Liset Olarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rozenbaum MH, Chilson E, Farkouh R, Huang L, Cane A, Arguedas A, Tort MJ, Snow V, Averin A, Weycker D, Hariharan D, Atwood M. Cost-Effectiveness of 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Among US Children with Underlying Medical Conditions. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:745-760. [PMID: 38491269 PMCID: PMC11058137 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) was recently recommended for use among US children. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PCV20 among children aged 6 years with chronic medical conditions (CMC+) and children aged 6 years with immunocompromising conditions (IC) versus one and two doses of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), respectively. METHODS A probabilistic model was employed to depict 10-year risk of clinical outcomes and economic costs of pneumococcal disease, reduction in life years from premature death, and expected impact of vaccination among one cohort of children with CMC+ and IC aged 6 years. Vaccine uptake was assumed to be 20% for both PCV20 and PPSV23. Cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained was evaluated from the US societal and healthcare system perspectives; deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (DSA/PSA) were also conducted. RESULTS Among the 226,817 children with CMC+ aged 6 years in the US, use of PCV20 (in lieu of PPSV23) was projected to reduce the number cases of pneumococcal disease by 5203 cases, medical costs by US$8.7 million, and nonmedical costs by US$6.2 million. PCV20 was the dominant strategy versus PPSV23 from both the healthcare and societal perspectives. In the PSA, 99.9% of the 1000 simulations yielded a finding of dominance for PCV20. Findings in analyses of children with IC aged 6 years in the USA were comparable (i.e., PCV20 was the dominant vaccination strategy). Scenario analyses showed that increasing PCV20 uptake to 100% could potentially prevent > 22,000 additional cases of pneumococcal disease and further reduce medical and nonmedical costs by US$70.0 million among children with CMC+ and IC. CONCLUSIONS Use of PCV20 among young children with CMC+ and IC in the USA would reduce the clinical burden of pneumococcal disease and yield overall cost savings from both the US healthcare system and societal perspectives. Higher PCV20 uptake could further reduce the number of pneumococcal disease cases in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rozenbaum
- Value and Evidence Team, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Pfizer Inc., Capelle a/d Ijssel, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alotaibi M, Trollinger B, Kant S. Management of kidney transplant recipients for primary care practitioners. BMC Nephrol 2024; 25:102. [PMID: 38500081 PMCID: PMC10946132 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-024-03504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with kidney transplants have a significant co-morbidity index, due to a high number of pre-existing conditions and use of immunosuppression medications. These patients are at higher risk of developing conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, post-transplant diabetes, cardiovascular events, and anemia. Moreover, they are particularly susceptible to infections such as urinary tract infections or pyelonephritis, cancers, and gastrointestinal complications such as diarrhea, which in turn may be attributed to medication adverse effects or infectious causes. Along with these concerns, meticulous management of electrolytes and allograft function is essential. Prior to prescribing any new medications, it is imperative to exercise caution in identifying potential interactions with immunosuppression drugs. This review aims to equip primary care practitioners to address these complex issues and appropriate methods of delivering care to this rapidly growing highly susceptible group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alotaibi
- Comprehensive Transplant Center & Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Sam Kant
- Comprehensive Transplant Center & Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ishihara Y, Kuroki H, Hidaka H, Iwai K, Wan K, Shirakawa M, Sawata M. Safety and immunogenicity of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japanese healthy infants: A Phase I study (V114-028). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2180973. [PMID: 36882898 PMCID: PMC10026902 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2180973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This Phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), via subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) administration, in healthy Japanese infants 3 months of age. A total of 133 participants were randomized to receive four doses (3 + 1 regimen) of V114-SC (n = 44), V114-IM (n = 45), or 13-valent PCV (PCV13)-SC (n = 44) at 3, 4, 5, and 12-15 months of age. Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis-inactivated poliovirus (DTaP-IPV) vaccine was administered concomitantly at all vaccination visits. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of V114-SC and V114-IM. Secondary objectives were to assess the immunogenicity of PCV and DTaP-IPV at 1-month post-dose 3 (PD3). On days 1-14 following each vaccination, the proportions of participants with systemic adverse events (AEs) were comparable across interventions, whereas injection-site AEs were higher with V114-SC (100.0%) and PCV13-SC (100.0%) than with V114-IM (88.9%). Most AEs were mild or moderate in severity and no vaccine-related serious AEs or deaths were reported. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response rates at 1-month PD3 were comparable across groups for most shared serotypes between V114 and PCV13. For additional V114 serotypes 22F and 33F, IgG response rates were higher with V114-SC and V114-IM than with PCV13-SC. DTaP-IPV antibody response rates at 1-month PD3 for V114-SC and V114-IM were comparable with PCV13-SC. Findings suggest that vaccination with V114-SC or V114-IM in healthy Japanese infants is generally well tolerated and immunogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruo Kuroki
- Pediatrics, Sotobo Children's Clinic, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Iwai
- Pediatrics, Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Keiko Wan
- Japan Development, MSD K.K, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kao CM, Michaels MG. Approach to vaccinating the pediatric solid organ transplant candidate and recipient. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1271065. [PMID: 38027303 PMCID: PMC10663229 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1271065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation (SOT) candidates and recipients are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable infections. Children are at particular risk given that they may not have completed their primary immunization series at time of transplant or have acquired natural immunity to pathogens from community exposures. Multiple society guidelines exist for vaccination of SOT candidate and recipients, although challenges remain given limited safety and efficacy data available for pediatric SOT recipients, particularly for live-vaccines. After transplant, individual patient nuances regarding exposure risks and net state of immunosuppression will impact timing of immunizations. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a concise, practical, expert-opinion on the approach to vaccinating the SOT candidate and recipient and to supplement existing guidelines. In addition, pediatric-specific knowledge gaps in the field and future research priorities will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol M. Kao
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marian G. Michaels
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seazzu M, Mueller K, Day K, Koury J, Anderson J, Marshik PL, Hellinga RC, Shenk E, Salas NM, Sarangarm P, Jakeman B. Pneumococcal Pure Polysaccharide Vaccination in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Heart Disease. J Pediatr Health Care 2023; 37:710-717. [PMID: 37914508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine-23 (PPSV23) vaccination use in high-risk pediatric patients with chronic heart disease (CHD). METHOD This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients were included if they were aged 2-18 years and were diagnosed with CHD. The primary outcome was PPSV23 vaccination. Secondary outcomes included missed opportunities and the incidence of infections. RESULTS Three hundred ninety-two patients were included; the mean age was 8.8 years. Only 40 patients (10.2%) had documentation of PPSV23 vaccination. Patients had a median number of three clinic visits in 2019. There were 114 cases of pneumonia documented in patients before receiving PPSV23 and one case reported after PPSV23 vaccination. DISCUSSION PPSV23 vaccination in high-risk pediatric patients with CHD was low, with many documented missed opportunities for vaccination. This may be attributed to the PPSV23 not being a routine vaccination on the pediatric schedule.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chapman TJ, Patel SM, Flores SA, Xu S, Lupinacci R, Shi Y, Shekar T, Feemster K, Yi J, Tamms G, Kaminski J, Bickham K, Musey L, Buchwald UK, Banniettis N. Safety and Immunogenicity of V114 in Preterm Infants: A Pooled Analysis of Four Phase Three Studies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:1021-1028. [PMID: 37566897 PMCID: PMC10569678 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of invasive pneumococcal disease is 3-fold higher in preterm versus full-term infants. V114 is a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) containing the 13 serotypes in PCV13 plus 2 unique serotypes, 22F and 33F. A pooled subgroup analysis was performed in preterm infants (<37 weeks gestational age) enrolled in 4 pediatric phase 3 studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of different 4-dose regimens of V114 or PCV13. METHODS Healthy preterm infants were randomized 1:1 to receive V114/PCV13 in the 4 studies. Safety was evaluated as the proportion of participants with adverse events (AEs) following receipt of PCV. Serotype-specific antipneumococcal immunoglobulin G (IgG) geometric mean concentrations, IgG response rates and opsonophagocytic activity geometric mean titers were measured at 30 days postdose 3, pretoddler dose and 30 days postdose 4. RESULTS V114 and PCV13 were administered to 174 and 180 participants, respectively. Mean gestational age was 35.4 weeks (range: 27 - <37 weeks). Proportions of participants with AEs were comparable between vaccination groups; most AEs experienced were of short duration (≤3 days) and mild-to-moderate intensity. V114-elicited IgG geometric mean concentrations, IgG response rates and opsonophagocytic activity geometric mean titers were generally comparable to PCV13 for the 13 shared serotypes and higher for serotypes 22F and 33F at 30 days postdose 3 and postdose 4. CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants, V114 was well tolerated and induced comparable immune responses to PCV13 for the 13 shared serotypes and higher immune responses to serotypes 22F and 33F. Results support the use of V114 in preterm infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shengjie Xu
- From the Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | - Yaru Shi
- From the Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Jumi Yi
- From the Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - Luwy Musey
- From the Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kobayashi M, Pilishvili T, Farrar JL, Leidner AJ, Gierke R, Prasad N, Moro P, Campos-Outcalt D, Morgan RL, Long SS, Poehling KA, Cohen AL. Pneumococcal Vaccine for Adults Aged ≥19 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72:1-39. [PMID: 37669242 PMCID: PMC10495181 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7203a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This report compiles and summarizes all published recommendations from CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of pneumococcal vaccines in adults aged ≥19 years in the United States. This report also includes updated and new clinical guidance for implementation from CDC Before 2021, ACIP recommended 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) alone (up to 2 doses), or both a single dose of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in combination with 1–3 doses of PPSV23 in series (PCV13 followed by PPSV23), for use in U.S. adults depending on age and underlying risk for pneumococcal disease. In 2021, two new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), a 15-valent and a 20-valent PCV (PCV15 and PCV20), were licensed for use in U.S. adults aged ≥18 years by the Food and Drug Administration ACIP recommendations specify the use of either PCV20 alone or PCV15 in series with PPSV23 for all adults aged ≥65 years and for adults aged 19–64 years with certain underlying medical conditions or other risk factors who have not received a PCV or whose vaccination history is unknown. In addition, ACIP recommends use of either a single dose of PCV20 or ≥1 dose of PPSV23 for adults who have started their pneumococcal vaccine series with PCV13 but have not received all recommended PPSV23 doses. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding use of a supplemental PCV20 dose for adults aged ≥65 years who have completed their recommended vaccine series with both PCV13 and PPSV23 Updated and new clinical guidance for implementation from CDC includes the recommendation for use of PCV15 or PCV20 for adults who have received PPSV23 but have not received any PCV dose. The report also includes clinical guidance for adults who have received 7-valent PCV (PCV7) only and adults who are hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Collapse
|
17
|
Newell K, Fischer M, Massey S, Orell L, Steinberg J, Tompkins M, Castrodale L, McLaughlin J. Temporally Associated Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Alaska, USA, 2020-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1765-1771. [PMID: 37506683 PMCID: PMC10461657 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae can co-infect persons who have viral respiratory tract infections. However, research on S. pneumoniae infections that are temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections is limited. We described the epidemiology and clinical course of patients who had invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and temporally associated SARS-CoV-2 infections in Alaska, USA, during January 1, 2020-December 23, 2021. Of 271 patients who had laboratory-confirmed IPD, 55 (20%) had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. We observed no major differences in age, race, sex, or underlying medical conditions among IPD patients with and without SARS-CoV-2. However, a larger proportion of IPD patients with SARS-CoV-2 died (16%, n = 9) than for those with IPD alone (4%, n = 9) (p<0.01). IPD patients with SARS-CoV-2 were also more likely to be experiencing homelessness (adjusted OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.7-7.5). Our study highlights the risk for dual infection and ongoing benefits of pneumococcal and COVID-19 vaccination, especially among vulnerable populations.
Collapse
|
18
|
Huber JM, Wieland ML, Bornstein SL, Mauck KF, Szostek JH, Post JA, Wingo MT. Update in Outpatient General Internal Medicine: Practice-Changing Evidence Published in 2022. Am J Med 2023; 136:869-873. [PMID: 37245787 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It can be difficult for clinicians to stay updated on practice-changing articles. Synthesis of relevant articles and guideline updates can facilitate staying informed on important new data impacting clinical practice. The titles and abstracts from the 7 general internal medicine outpatient journals with highest impact factors and relevance were reviewed by 8 internal medicine physicians. Coronavirus disease 2019 research was excluded. The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), The Lancet, the Journal of the American Medical Association, The British Medical Journal (BMJ), the Annals of Internal Medicine, JAMA Internal Medicine, and Public Library of Science Medicine were reviewed. Additionally, article synopsis collections and databases were reviewed: American College of Physicians Journal Club, NEJM Journal Watch, BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, McMaster/DynaMed Evidence Alerts, and Cochrane Reviews. A modified Delphi method was used to gain consensus based on clinical relevance to outpatient internal medicine, potential impact on practice, and strength of evidence. Article qualities and importance were debated until consensus was reached. Clusters of articles pertinent to the same topic were considered together. In total, 5 practice-changing articles were included, along with a highlight of key guideline updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Huber
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
| | - Mark L Wieland
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Shari L Bornstein
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Karen F Mauck
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jason H Szostek
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jason A Post
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Majken T Wingo
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yıldırım R, Oliveira T, Isenberg DA. Approach to vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus on biological treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1123-1129. [PMID: 37336639 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, treat-to-target strategy and early intervention strategies with immunosuppressive agents have attempted to improve the prognosis and outcome in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. However, infectious complications due to side effects of medication remain a major concern in routine practice. In this regard, vaccine immunity and vaccination programmes are of the utmost importance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in terms of morbidity and mortality. Encouragingly, research investigations have increased exponentially, both in monitoring the vaccines efficacy, and in determining the immune response while patients are on immunosuppression., However, in this biological era in rheumatology, relatively little data have been published investigating these parameters in those receiving biological agents, therefore, no definitive consensus about a vaccination policy for patients with SLE is currently available. In this review, we aim to address what is established about vaccinating patients with SLE on biological agents and discuss potential problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reşit Yıldırım
- Rheumatology, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tatiana Oliveira
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
King LM, Andrejko KL, Kabbani S, Tartof SY, Hicks LA, Cohen AL, Kobayashi M, Lewnard JA. Pediatric outpatient visits and antibiotic use attributable to higher valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.24.23294570. [PMID: 37662372 PMCID: PMC10473805 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.23294570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Importance Streptococcus pneumoniae is a known etiology of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), which account for large proportions of outpatient visits and antibiotic use in children. In 2023, 15- and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15, PCV20) were recommended for routine use in infants. However, the burden of outpatient healthcare utilization among U.S. children attributable to the additional, non-PCV13 serotypes in PCV15/20 is unknown. Objective To estimate the incidence of outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions in U.S. children for acute otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis associated with PCV15- and PCV20-additional serotypes (non-PCV13 serotypes) to quantify potential impacts of PCV15/20 on outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions for these conditions. Design Multi-component study including descriptive analyses of cross-sectional and cohort data on outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions from 2016-2019 and meta-analyses of pneumococcal serotype distribution in non-invasive respiratory infections. Setting Outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions among U.S. children. Participants Pediatric visits and antibiotic prescriptions among children captured in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), the National Hospital Ambulatory Medicare Care Survey (NHAMCS), and Merative MarketScan, collectively representing healthcare delivery across all outpatient settings. Incidence denominators estimated using census (NAMCS/NHAMCS) and enrollment (MarketScan) data. Main outcomes and measures Pediatric outpatient visit and antibiotic prescription incidence for acute otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis associated with PCV15/20-additional serotypes. Results We estimated that per 1000 children annually, PCV15-additional serotypes accounted for 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.8-3.9) visits and 2.4 (1.6-3.4) antibiotic prescriptions. PCV20-additional serotypes resulted in 15.0 (11.2-20.4) visits and 13.2 (9.9-18.0) antibiotic prescriptions annually per 1,000 children. Projected to national counts, PCV15/20-additional serotypes account for 173,000 (118,000-252,000) and 968,000 (722,000-1,318,000) antibiotic prescriptions among U.S. children each year, translating to 0.4% (0.2-0.6%) and 2.1% (1.5-3.0%) of all outpatient antibiotic use among children. Conclusions and relevance PCV15/20-additional serotypes account for a large burden of pediatric outpatient healthcare utilization. Compared with PCV15-additional serotypes, PCV20-additional serotypes account for >5 times the burden of visits and antibiotic prescriptions. These higher-valency PCVs, especially PCV20, may contribute to preventing ARIs and antibiotic use in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M King
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kristin L Andrejko
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah Kabbani
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Kaiser Permanente Department of Research & Evaluation Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - Lauri A Hicks
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Adam L Cohen
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Miwako Kobayashi
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Joseph A Lewnard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Warren S, Barmpouni M, Kossyvaki V, Gourzoulidis G, Perdrizet J. Estimating the Clinical and Economic Impact of Switching from the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) to Higher-Valent Options in Greek Infants. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1369. [PMID: 37631937 PMCID: PMC10459953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In June 2010, Greece introduced the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for pediatric vaccination and has since observed a large decrease in pneumococcal disease caused by these vaccine serotypes, yet the disease prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes has increased. Two higher-valent conjugate vaccines, a 15-valent (PCV15) and a 20-valent (PCV20), were developed to improve serotype coverage and combat serotype replacement. A decision-analytic model was adapted to the Greek setting using historical pneumococcal disease trends from PCV13 to forecast future clinical and economic outcomes of higher-valent PCVs over a 10-year period (2023-2033). The model estimated outcomes related to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), hospitalized and non-hospitalized pneumonia, and otitis media (OM) resulting from a switch in vaccination programs to PCV15 in 2023 or switching to PCV20 in 2024. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from the third-party payer's perspective in the Greek healthcare system. Compared to implementing PCV15 one year earlier, switching from PCV13 to PCV20 in 2024 was estimated to be a cost-saving strategy by saving the Greek health system over EUR 50 million in direct medical costs and averting over 250 IPD cases, 54,800 OM cases, 8450 pneumonia cases, and 255 deaths across all ages over a 10-year period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Warren
- Global Health Economic and Outcomes Research, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA
| | | | | | | | - Johnna Perdrizet
- Global Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Pfizer Canada, Kirkland, QC H9J 2M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wateska AR, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Harrison LH, Schaffner W, Zimmerman RK, Smith KJ. Cost-effectiveness of an in-development adult-formulated pneumococcal vaccine in older US adults. Vaccine 2023; 41:4431-4437. [PMID: 37316409 PMCID: PMC10330932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CDC pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for older adults now include either 15- or 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15/PCV20). However, an in-development 21-valent vaccine (PCV21), formulated based on adult pneumococcal disease epidemiology, could substantially increase coverage of disease-causing pneumococcal serotypes, particularly in Black older adults, who are at greater risk. The potential public health impact and cost-effectiveness of PCV21 compared to currently recommended vaccines in older adults is unclear. METHODS A Markov decision model compared current pneumococcal vaccination recommendations to PCV21 use in Black and non-Black 65-year-old cohorts. CDC Active Bacterial Core surveillance data informed population and serotype-specific pneumococcal disease risk. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using Delphi panel estimates and clinical trial data, with variation in sensitivity analyses. Potential indirect effects on adult disease from PCV15 childhood vaccination were examined. All model parameters were varied individually and collectively in sensitivity analyses. Scenarios with decreased PCV21 effectiveness and potential COVID-19 pandemic effects were also examined. RESULTS In the Black cohort, the PCV21 strategy cost $88,478 per quality adjusted life-year (QALY) gained without and $97,952/QALY with childhood PCV15 indirect effects. PCV21 in the non-Black cohort cost $127,436/QALY gained without and $141,358/QALY with childhood PCV15 effects. Current recommendation strategies were economically unfavorable, regardless of population or indirect childhood vaccination effects. Results favoring PCV21 use were robust in sensitivity analyses and alternative scenarios. CONCLUSION An in-development PCV21 vaccine would likely be economically and clinically favorable compared to currently recommended pneumococcal vaccines in older adults. While PCV21 was more favorable in Black cohort analyses, results for both Black and non-Black populations were economically reasonable, highlighting the potential importance of adult-specific pneumococcal vaccine formulations and, pending further investigation, potentially justifying a future general population recommendation for PCV21 use in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Wateska
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | | | - Chyongchiou J Lin
- The Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Lee H Harrison
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - William Schaffner
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | | | - Kenneth J Smith
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Carneiro GB, Castro JT, Davi M, Miyaji EN, Ladant D, Oliveira MLS. Immune responses and protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae elicited by recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (CyaA) carrying fragments of pneumococcal surface protein A, PspA. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00570-4. [PMID: 37236818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common agent of important human diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Current available vaccines that target capsular polysaccharides induce protection against invasive disease and nasopharyngeal colonization in children, yet their efficacy is limited to the serotypes included in the formulations. The virulence factor Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA) interacts with host immune system and helps the bacteria to evade phagocytosis. Due to its essential role in virulence, PspA is an important vaccine candidate. Here we have tested a delivery system based on the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis (CyaA) to induce immune responses against PspA in mice. CyaA was engineered to express fragments of the N-terminal region of PspAs from clades 2 and 4 (A2 and A4) and the resulting proteins were used in immunization experiments in mice. The recombinant CyaA-A2 and CyaA-A4 proteins were able to induce high levels of anti-PspA antibodies that reacted with pneumococcal strains expressing either PspA2 or PspA4. Moreover, reactivity of the antibodies against pneumococcal strains that express PspAs from clades 3 and 5 (PspA3 and PspA5) was also observed. A formulation containing CyaA-A2 and CyaA-A4 was able to protect mice against invasive pneumococcal challenges with isolates that express PspA2, PspA4 or PspA5. Moreover, a CyaA-A2-A4 fusion protein induced antibodies at similar levels and with similar reactivity as the formulation containing both proteins, and protected mice against the invasive challenge. Our results indicate that CyaA-PspA proteins are good candidates to induce broad protection against pneumococcal isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
See KC. Pneumococcal Vaccination in Adults: A Narrative Review of Considerations for Individualized Decision-Making. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050908. [PMID: 37243012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease remains one of the major causes of severe disease in both children and adults. Severe disease may be prevented by pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, which currently cover more than 20 serotypes. However, unlike routine pneumococcal vaccination in children, guidelines promote only limited pneumococcal vaccination in adults, and do not cater for decision-making for individual patients. In this narrative review, considerations for individualized decision-making are identified and discussed. This review identifies and discusses considerations for individualized decision-making, including the risk of severe disease, immunogenicity, clinical efficacy, mucosal immunity, herd immunity, concomitant administration with other vaccines, waning immunity, and replacement strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Choong See
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
CALABRÒ GIOVANNAELISA, VITALE FRANCESCO, RIZZO CATERINA, PUGLIESE ANDREA, BOCCALINI SARA, BECHINI ANGELA, PANATTO DONATELLA, AMICIZIA DANIELA, DOMNICH ALEXANDER, AMODIO EMANUELE, COSTANTINO CLAUDIO, DI PIETRO MARIALUISA, SALVATI CRISTINA, D’AMBROSIO FLORIANA, ORSINI FRANCESCA, MAIDA ADA, DOMINICI ANNA, CLEMENTE DANIA, CECCI MARINA, PELLACCHIA ANDREA, DI SERAFINO FRANCESCA, BAKKER KEVIN, MALIK TUFAILMOHAMMAD, SHAROMI OLUWASEUN, BELLUZZO MIRIAM, LEONFORTE FRANCESCO, ZAGRA LUIGI, LA GATTA EMANUELE, PETRELLA LUIGI, BONANNI PAOLO, DE WAURE CHIARA. [The new 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections in pediatric age: a Health Technology Assessment]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2023; 64:E1-E160. [PMID: 37655211 PMCID: PMC10468156 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2023.64.1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- GIOVANNA ELISA CALABRÒ
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
- VIHTALI (Value In Health Technology and Academy for Leadership & Innovation), Spin-off dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FRANCESCO VITALE
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - CATERINA RIZZO
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italia
| | - ANDREA PUGLIESE
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italia
| | - SARA BOCCALINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - ANGELA BECHINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - DONATELLA PANATTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili (CIRI-IT), Genova, Italia
| | - DANIELA AMICIZIA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italia
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sull’Influenza e le altre Infezioni Trasmissibili (CIRI-IT), Genova, Italia
| | | | - EMANUELE AMODIO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - CLAUDIO COSTANTINO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - MARIA LUISA DI PIETRO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - CRISTINA SALVATI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - FLORIANA D’AMBROSIO
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - FRANCESCA ORSINI
- Alta Scuola di Economia e Management dei Sistemi Sanitari (ALTEMS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ADA MAIDA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - ANNA DOMINICI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - DANIA CLEMENTE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - MARINA CECCI
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - ANDREA PELLACCHIA
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| | - FRANCESCA DI SERAFINO
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italia
| | - KEVIN BAKKER
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - TUFAIL MOHAMMAD MALIK
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - OLUWASEUN SHAROMI
- Health Economic and Decision Sciences (HEDS), Biostatistics & Research Decision Sciences (BARDS), Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - MIRIAM BELLUZZO
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - FRANCESCO LEONFORTE
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - LUIGI ZAGRA
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro”, Università degli Studi di Palermo
| | - EMANUELE LA GATTA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - LUIGI PETRELLA
- Sezione di Igiene, Dipartimento Universitario di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - PAOLO BONANNI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli di Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italia
| | - CHIARA DE WAURE
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli di Studi di Perugia, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Accardi KT, Bocchini JA. Control and Prevention of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Current and Historical Perspective. Pediatr Ann 2023; 52:e96-e101. [PMID: 36881796 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20230118-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in reducing the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children, IPD remains a continued threat. Since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), rates of IPD and non-IPD have substantially decreased. However, serotype replacement reversed some of the benefits of PCV7 and, more recently, PCV13. Several replacement serotypes are antibiotic resistant, which is a cause of concern for providers. The introduction of the higher-valency conjugate vaccines PCV15 and PCV20 is expected to provide greater serotype coverage; unfortunately, these vaccines do not include some of the recently emerged serotypes. Recommendations for the use of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in high-risk populations may be modified because of the effectiveness of the newer PCVs. Pediatricians must be aware of the new vaccine strategies for the prevention of IPD and the manifestations of IPD so that prompt empirical therapy can be initiated when treatment is required. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(3):e96-e101.].
Collapse
|
27
|
Thacker SA. Complicated Invasive Pneumococcal Meningitis: Highlighting the Value of Implementing New Pneumococcal Vaccines. Cureus 2023; 15:e35482. [PMID: 36999112 PMCID: PMC10044317 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae disease (IPD) remains a serious cause of morbidity and loss of life in children and adults worldwide. While pneumococcal vaccines have reduced the frequency of invasive pneumococcal disease, the emergence of invasive non-vaccine serotypes has mandated the development of novel pneumococcal vaccines to further protect against these emerging serotypes. We present a case of a non-vaccine serotype invasive pneumococcal disease-causing septic shock, meningitis, and stroke in a previously healthy and appropriately vaccinated 23-month-old male.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wodi AP, Murthy N, McNally V, Cineas S, Ault K. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger - United States, 2023. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2023; 72:137-140. [PMID: 36757872 PMCID: PMC9925138 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7206a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
At its October 2022 meeting, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices* (ACIP) approved the Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for Ages 18 Years or Younger, United States, 2023. The 2023 child and adolescent immunization schedule, available on the CDC immunization schedule website (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules), summarizes ACIP recommendations, including several changes from the 2022 immunization schedule† on the cover page, tables, notes, and appendix. Health care providers are advised to use the tables, notes, and appendix together to determine recommended vaccinations for patient populations. This immunization schedule is recommended by ACIP (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip) and approved by CDC (https://www.cdc.gov), the American Academy of Pediatrics (https://www.aap.org), the American Academy of Family Physicians (https://www.aafp.org), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (http://www.acog.org), the American College of Nurse-Midwives (https://www.midwife.org), the American Academy of Physician Associates (https://www.aapa.org), and the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (https://www.napnap.org).
Collapse
|
29
|
Kfouri RA, Brandileone MCC, Sáfadi MAP, Richtmann R, Gilio AE, Rossi F, Guimarães T, Bierrenbach AL, Moraes JC. Chronic medical conditions associated with invasive pneumococcal diseases in inpatients in teaching hospitals in São Paulo city: Estimating antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype-coverage of pneumococcal vaccines. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102746. [PMID: 36758625 PMCID: PMC9943857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years. PCV13 is available in private clinics and recommended in the PNI for individuals with certain underlying conditions. METHODS A retrospective study was performed using clinical data from all inpatients from five hospitals with IPD from 2016 to 2018 and the corresponding data on serotype and antimicrobial-non-susceptibility of pneumococcus. Vaccine-serotype-coverage was estimated. Patients were classified according to presence of comorbidities: healthy, without comorbidities; at-risk, included immunocompetent persons with specific medical conditions; high-risk, with immunocompromising conditions and others RESULTS: 406 IPD cases were evaluated. Among 324 cases with information on medical conditions, children < 5 years were mostly healthy (55.9%), while presence of comorbidity prevailed in adults ≥ 18 years old (> 82.0%). Presence of ≥1 risk condition was reported in ≥ 34.8% of adults. High-risk conditions were more frequent than at-risk in all age groups. Among high-risk comorbidity (n = 211), cancer (28%), HIV/AIDS (25.7%) and hematological diseases (24.5%) were the most frequent. Among at-risk conditions (n = 89), asthma (16.5%) and diabetes (8.1%) were the most frequent. Among 404 isolates, 42.9% belonged to five serotypes: 19A (14.1%), 3 (8.7%), 6C (7.7%), 4 and 8 (6.2% each); 19A and 6C expressed antimicrobial-non-susceptibility. The vaccine-serotype-coverage was: PCV10, 19.1%, PCV13, 43.8%; PCV15, 47.8%; PCV20, 62.9%; PCV21, 65.8%, and PPV23, 67.3%. Information on hospital outcome was available for 283 patients, of which 28.6% died. Mortality was 54.2% for those with meningitis. CONCLUSION Vaccine with expanded valence of serotypes is necessary to offer broad prevention to IPD. The present data contribute to pneumococcal vaccination public health policies for vulnerable patients, mainly those with comorbidity and the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato A. Kfouri
- Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações (SBim), São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Corresponding author.
| | - Maria-Cristina C. Brandileone
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Laboratório Nacional de Meningite e Infecção Pneumocócica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Richtmann
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alfredo E. Gilio
- Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Rossi
- Laboratório de Medicina Laboratorial (LIM/03), Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HCUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Guimarães
- Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José C. Moraes
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiese AD, Grijalva CG. Burden of all-cause and organism-specific parapneumonic empyema hospitalization rates prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United States. Respir Med 2023; 207:107111. [PMID: 36592639 PMCID: PMC9803378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parapneumonic empyema, a severe pneumonia complication, decreased shortly after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in US children, though the long-term impact remains poorly described. It is also unclear whether PCV13 introduction in 2010 or the 2014 US recommendation for PCV13 use in older adults was associated with declines in empyema among adults. We examined overall and organism-specific parapneumonic empyema rates among US children and adults from 2006 to 2019, prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the updated recommendations for PCV15 and PCV20 in the US. METHODS We used the National Inpatient Sample and US Census Data to calculate national annual all-cause and pneumococcal empyema hospitalization rates by age group (2006-2019). We examined rates during the late-PCV13 era (October 2015-2019) after transition to ICD10 codes compared to rates in the late-PCV7 (2006-2009) and early-PCV13 era (2011-September 2015). We also examined the rate of empyema with thoracentesis-related procedures and according to the causative organism type. RESULTS Compared to the late-PCV7 era, all-cause empyema hospitalization rates were lower among child age groups (<1, 1, 2-4 and 5-17 years) in the late-PCV13 era. In contrast, among most adult age groups (18-34, 50-64, 65+ years), all-cause empyema rates were higher in the late-PCV13 era compared to the late-PCV7 era. CONCLUSION Early declines in all-cause empyema-related hospitalizations observed right after PCV13 introduction among children in 2010 were sustained through 2019, though rates did not decline among adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wiese
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA; VA TN Valley Health Care System, Nashville, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Huang M, Hu T, Weaver J, Owusu-Edusei K, Elbasha E. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Routine Use of 15-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the US Pediatric Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:135. [PMID: 36679980 PMCID: PMC9861214 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the clinical and economic impact of routine pediatric vaccination with the 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15, V114) compared with the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) from a societal perspective in the United States (US). A Markov decision-analytic model was constructed to estimate the outcomes for the entire US population over a 100-year time horizon. The model estimated the impact of V114 versus PCV13 on pneumococcal disease (PD) incidence, post meningitis sequalae, and deaths, taking herd immunity effects into account. V114 effectiveness was extrapolated from the observed PCV13 data and PCV7 clinical trials. Costs (2021$) included vaccine acquisition and administration costs, direct medical costs for PD treatment, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, and were discounted at 3% per year. In the base case, V114 prevented 185,711 additional invasive pneumococcal disease, 987,727 all-cause pneumonia, and 11.2 million pneumococcal acute otitis media cases, compared with PCV13. This led to expected gains of 90,026 life years and 96,056 quality-adjusted life years with a total saving of $10.8 billion. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results over plausible values of key model inputs and assumptions. The findings suggest that V114 is a cost-saving option compared to PCV13 in the routine pediatric vaccination program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakao R, Kobayashi H, Iwabuchi Y, Kawahara K, Hirayama S, Ramstedt M, Sasaki Y, Kataoka M, Akeda Y, Ohnishi M. A highly immunogenic vaccine platform against encapsulated pathogens using chimeric probiotic Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:153. [PMID: 36435869 PMCID: PMC9701205 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against infectious diseases should elicit potent and long-lasting immunity, ideally even in those with age-related decline in immune response. Here we report a rational polysaccharide vaccine platform using probiotic Escherichia coli-derived membrane vesicles (MVs). First, we constructed a probiotic E. coli clone harboring the genetic locus responsible for biogenesis of serotype 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (CPS14) as a model antigen. CPS14 was found to be polymerized and mainly localized on the outer membrane of the E. coli cells. The glycine-induced MVs displayed the exogenous CPS14 at high density on the outermost surface, on which the CPS14 moiety was covalently tethered to a lipid A-core oligosaccharide anchor. In in vivo immunization experiments, CPS14+MVs, but not a mixture of free CPS14 and empty MVs, strongly elicited IgG class-switch recombination with a Th1/Th2-balanced IgG subclass distribution without any adjuvant. In addition, CPS14+MVs were structurally stable with heat treatment and immunization with the heat-treated MVs-elicited CPS14-specific antibody responses in mouse serum to levels comparable to those of non-treated CPS14+MVs. Notably, the immunogenicity of CPS14+MVs was significantly stronger than those of two currently licensed vaccines against pneumococci. The CPS14+MV-elicited humoral immune responses persisted for 1 year in both blood and lung. Furthermore, the CPS14+MV vaccine was widely efficacious in mice of different ages. Even in aged mice, vaccination resulted in robust production of CPS14-specific IgG that bound to the pneumococcal cell surface. Taken together, the present probiotic E. coli MVs-based vaccine platform offers a promising, generalizable solution against encapsulated pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Nakao
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwabuchi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry/Special Needs Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawahara
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, 1-50-1, Mutsuura-higashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Madeleine Ramstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yuki Sasaki
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Esden JL. Pneumococcal vaccination for adults: History and updates. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:40-47. [PMID: 36287736 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000897220.84850.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although pneumococcal vaccination programs have significantly reduced the incidence of pneumococcal infections in the US, pneumococcal pneumonia continues to be a burdensome cause of morbidity and mortality. Pneumococcal vaccination recommendation updates were recently published and introduce two new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for use in adults ages 19 and older.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Esden
- Jana L. Esden is an associate professor at Frontier Nursing University in Versailles, Ky and a member of The Nurse Practitioner Editorial Advisory Board
| |
Collapse
|