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Barker D, Lee S, Varnava KG, Sparrow K, van Rensburg M, Deed RC, Cadelis MM, Li SA, Copp BR, Sarojini V, Pilkington LI. Synthesis and Antibacterial Analysis of Analogues of the Marine Alkaloid Pseudoceratidine. Molecules 2020; 25:E2713. [PMID: 32545320 PMCID: PMC7321382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to gain more understanding on the structure activity relationship of pseudoceratidine 1, a di-bromo pyrrole spermidine alkaloid derived from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea that has been shown to exhibit potent biofouling, anti-fungal, antibacterial, and anti-malarial activities, a large series of 65 compounds that incorporated several aspects of structural variation has been synthesised through an efficient, divergent method that allowed for a number of analogues to be generated from common precursors. Subsequently, all analogues were assessed for their antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Overall, several compounds exhibited comparable or better activity than that of pseudoceratidine 1, and it was found that this class of compounds is generally more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, altering several structural features allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive structure activity relationship (SAR), where it was concluded that several structural features are critical for potent anti-bacterial activity, including di-halogenation (preferable bromine, but chlorine is also effective) on the pyrrole ring, two pyrrolic units in the structure and with one or more secondary amines in the chain adjoining these units, with longer chains giving rise to better activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Lee
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Kyriakos G. Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Kevin Sparrow
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Michelle van Rensburg
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Rebecca C. Deed
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Melissa M. Cadelis
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Steven A. Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Brent R. Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
| | - Vijayalekshmi Sarojini
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I. Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (S.L.); (K.G.V.); (K.S.); (M.v.R.); (R.C.D.); (M.M.C.); (S.A.L.); (B.R.C.); (V.S.); (L.I.P.)
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Sphingolipid accumulation causes mitochondrial dysregulation and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:2044-2053. [PMID: 28800132 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structural components of cell membranes that have signaling roles to regulate many activities, including mitochondrial function and cell death. Sphingolipid metabolism is integrated with numerous metabolic networks, and dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism is associated with disease. Here, we describe a monogenic yeast model for sphingolipid accumulation. A csg2Δ mutant cannot readily metabolize and accumulates the complex sphingolipid inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC). In these cells, aberrant activation of Ras GTPase is IPC-dependent, and accompanied by increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial mass. Survival or death of csg2Δ cells depends on nutritional status. Abnormal Ras activation in csg2Δ cells is associated with impaired Snf1/AMPK protein kinase, a key regulator of energy homeostasis. csg2Δ cells are rescued from ROS production and death by overexpression of mitochondrial catalase Cta1, abrogation of Ras hyperactivity or genetic activation of Snf1/AMPK. These results suggest that sphingolipid dysregulation compromises metabolic integrity via Ras and Snf1/AMPK pathways.
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