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Fu Z, Akula S, Thorpe M, Hellman L. Highly Selective Cleavage of TH2-Promoting Cytokines by the Human and the Mouse Mast Cell Tryptases, Indicating a Potent Negative Feedback Loop on TH2 Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205147. [PMID: 31627390 PMCID: PMC6834136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are resident tissue cells found primarily at the interphase between tissues and the environment. These evolutionary old cells store large amounts of proteases within cytoplasmic granules, and one of the most abundant of these proteases is tryptase. To look deeper into the question of their in vivo targets, we have analyzed the activity of the human MC tryptase on 69 different human cytokines and chemokines, and the activity of the mouse tryptase (mMCP-6) on 56 mouse cytokines and chemokines. These enzymes were found to be remarkably restrictive in their cleavage of these potential targets. Only five were efficiently cleaved by the human tryptase: TSLP, IL-21, MCP3, MIP-3b, and eotaxin. This strict specificity indicates a regulatory function of these proteases and not primarily as unspecific degrading enzymes. We recently showed that the human MC chymase also had a relatively strict specificity, indicating that both of these proteases have regulatory functions. One of the most interesting regulatory functions may involve controlling excessive TH2-mediated inflammation by cleaving several of the most important TH2-promoting inflammatory cytokines, including IL-18, IL-33, TSLP, IL-15, and IL-21, indicating a potent negative feedback loop on TH2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hellman LT, Akula S, Thorpe M, Fu Z. Tracing the Origins of IgE, Mast Cells, and Allergies by Studies of Wild Animals. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1749. [PMID: 29312297 PMCID: PMC5742104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In most industrialized countries, allergies have increased in frequency quite dramatically during the past 50 years. Estimates show that 20–30% of the populations are affected. Allergies have thereby become one of the major medical challenges of the twenty-first century. Despite several theories including the hygiene hypothesis, there are still very few solid clues concerning the causes of this increase. To trace the origins of allergies, we have studied cells and molecules of importance for the development of IgE-mediated allergies, including the repertoire of immunoglobulin genes. These studies have shown that IgE and IgG most likely appeared by a gene duplication of IgY in an early mammal, possibly 220–300 million years ago. Receptors specific for IgE and IgG subsequently appeared in parallel with the increase in Ig isotypes from a subfamily of the recently identified Fc receptor-like molecules. Circulating IgE levels are generally very low in humans and laboratory rodents. However, when dogs and Scandinavian wolfs were analyzed, IgE levels were found to be 100–200 times higher compared to humans, indicating a generally much more active IgE synthesis in free-living animals, most likely connected to intestinal parasite infections. One of the major effector molecules released upon IgE-mediated activation by mast cells are serine proteases. These proteases, which belong to the large family of hematopoietic serine proteases, are extremely abundant and can account for up to 35% of the total cellular protein. Recent studies show that several of these enzymes, including the chymases and tryptases, are old. Ancestors for these enzymes were most likely present in an early mammal more than 200 million years ago before the separation of the three extant mammalian lineages; monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. The aim is now to continue these studies of mast cell biology and IgE to obtain additional clues to their evolutionary conserved functions. A focus concerns why the humoral immune response involving IgE and mast cells have become so dysregulated in humans as well as several of our domestic companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Torkel Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Thorpe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhirong Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Saupe F, Reichel M, Huijbers EJM, Femel J, Markgren PO, Andersson CE, Deindl S, Danielson UH, Hellman LT, Olsson AK. Development of a novel therapeutic vaccine carrier that sustains high antibody titers against several targets simultaneously. FASEB J 2016; 31:1204-1214. [PMID: 27993994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600820r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines that target self-antigens, we have developed a novel fusion protein vaccine on the basis of the C-terminal multimerizing end of the variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB), the Ig equivalent in jawless fishes. Recombinant vaccines were produced in Escherichia coli by fusing the VLRB sequence to 4 different cancer-associated target molecules. The anti-self-immune response generated in mice that were vaccinated with VLRB vaccines was compared with the response in mice that received vaccines that contained bacterial thioredoxin (TRX), previously identified as an efficient carrier. The anti-self-Abs were analyzed with respect to titers, binding properties, and duration of response. VLRB-vaccinated mice displayed a 2- to 10-fold increase in anti-self-Ab titers and a substantial decrease in Abs against the foreign part of the fusion protein compared with the response in TRX-vaccinated mice (P < 0.01). VLRB-generated Ab response had duration similar to the corresponding TRX-generated Abs, but displayed a higher diversity in binding characteristics. Of importance, VLRB vaccines could sustain an immune response against several targets simultaneously. VLRB vaccines fulfill several key criteria for an efficient therapeutic vaccine that targets self-antigens as a result of its small size, its multimerizing capacity, and nonexposed foreign sequences in the fusion protein.-Saupe, F., Reichel, M., Huijbers, E. J. M., Femel, J., Markgren, P.-O., Andersson, C. E., Deindl, S., Danielson, U. H., Hellman, L. T., Olsson, A.-K. Development of a novel therapeutic vaccine carrier that sustains high antibody titers against several targets simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Saupe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Reichel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Femel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Markgren
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Evalena Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Deindl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars T Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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4
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Weeratna RD, Chikh G, Zhang L, Fraser JD, Thorn JM, Merson JR, McCluskie MJ, Champion BR, Davis HL. Immunogenicity of a peptide-based anti-IgE conjugate vaccine in non-human primates. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:135-147. [PMID: 27957325 PMCID: PMC4879460 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody, omalizumab (Xolair®, Genentech, South San Fransisco, CA), is effective in the treatment of poorly controlled moderate to severe allergic asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It acts by specifically binding to the constant domain (Cϵ3) of free human IgE in the blood and interstitial fluid. Although efficacious, use of omalizumab is limited due to restrictions on patient weight and pre-existing IgE levels, and frequent dosing (q2-4 weeks). A vaccine inducing anti-IgE antibodies has the potential for similar clinical benefits with less frequent dosing and relatively lower cost of goods. We developed a vaccine containing two IgE peptide-conjugates targeting the Cϵ3 domain of human IgE. As part of preclinical evaluation of the vaccine to optimize formulation and dose prior to initiating clinical studies, we evaluated the vaccine in non-human primates, and demonstrate the induction of anti-peptide antibodies that can bind to conformationally intact human IgE and are capable, at least in some animals, of substantial lowering circulating IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - James R. Merson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Heather L. Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
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5
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Femel J, Huijbers EJM, Saupe F, Cedervall J, Zhang L, Roswall P, Larsson E, Olofsson H, Pietras K, Dimberg A, Hellman L, Olsson AK. Therapeutic vaccination against fibronectin ED-A attenuates progression of metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12418-27. [PMID: 25360764 PMCID: PMC4322999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination targeting self-molecules is an attractive alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapies for cancer and various inflammatory diseases. However, development of cancer vaccines targeting self-molecules has proven difficult. One complicating factor is that tumor cells have developed strategies to escape recognition by the immune system. Antigens specifically expressed by the tumor vasculature can therefore provide alternative targets. The alternatively spliced extra domain-A and B (ED-A and ED-B) of fibronectin are expressed during vasculogenesis in the embryo, but essentially undetectable under normal conditions in the adult. However, these domains are re-expressed during tumor angiogenesis and matrix remodeling, which renders them highly interesting for targeted cancer therapies. Using the MMTV-PyMT transgenic model of metastatic mammary carcinoma, we show that tumor burden can be significantly decreased by immunization against ED-A in a therapeutic setting. Furthermore, we found that in mice carrying anti-ED-A antibodies the number of metastases was reduced. ED-A immunization increased infiltration of macrophages and compromised tumor blood vessel function. These findings implicate an attack of the tumor vasculature by the immune system, through a polyclonal antibody response. We conclude that tumor vascular antigens are promising candidates for development of therapeutic vaccines targeting growth of primary tumors as well as disseminated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Femel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Falk Saupe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Jessica Cedervall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Pernilla Roswall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Helena Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Kristian Pietras
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village AB, Lund
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala
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Lei Y, Boinapally V, Zoltowska A, Adner M, Hellman L, Nilsson G. Vaccination against IL-33 Inhibits Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation in a House Dust Mite Model of Asthma. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214807 PMCID: PMC4516261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In several clinical and experimental studies IL-33 and its receptor have been found to play important roles in the development of asthma and allergic airway inflammation. We evaluated the effects of vaccination against IL-33 in a mouse model of airway inflammation induced by house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Balb/c mice received the IL-33 vaccine subcutaneously, followed by intranasal administration of HDM for up to six weeks. Vaccination against IL-33 induced high titers of specific anti-IL-33 IgG antibodies that inhibited HDM-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the conducting airways and tissue damping. The vaccination also attenuated the HDM-induced elevation in the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and suppressed the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways. Furthermore, the levels of IL-17A, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in lung tissue homogenates were reduced by vaccination against IL-33. These observations demonstrate that vaccination against IL-33 inhibits HDM-induced development of AHR, airway inflammation and production of inflammatory cytokines. The results also indicate an important role of IL-33 in the regulation of AHR of the distal lung compartments. Thus, administration of such a vaccine is potentially an effective therapeutic tool for treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Vamsi Boinapally
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Zoltowska
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (GN); (LH)
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (GN); (LH)
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7
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Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination targeting self-molecules could provide a cost-efficient alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapies for cancer and various inflammatory diseases. However, development of cancer vaccines targeting self-molecules has proven difficult. One complicating factor is that tumour cells have developed strategies to escape recognition by the immune system. Antigens specifically expressed by the tumour vasculature can therefore provide alternative targets. The present mini-review highlights potential target molecules associated with tumour angiogenesis and the approaches made to direct an immune response against them. Furthermore, the requirements on a vaccine targeting self-molecules, in contrast with those directed against virus or bacteria, are discussed.
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8
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Saupe F, Huijbers EJM, Hein T, Femel J, Cedervall J, Olsson AK, Hellman L. Vaccines targeting self-antigens: mechanisms and efficacy-determining parameters. FASEB J 2015; 29:3253-62. [PMID: 25868727 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that it is possible to compromise tumor vessel function and, as a consequence, suppress growth of aggressive preclinical tumors by immunizing against the tumor vascular markers extra domain-A (ED-A) or -B (ED-B) of fibronectin, using a fusion protein consisting of the ED-A or ED-B peptide fused to bacterial thioredoxin. To address the mechanism behind fusion protein-induced immunization and the specific contribution of the different vaccine constituents to elicit an anti-self-antibody response, we immunized mice with modified or unmodified self-antigens, combined with different adjuvant components, and analyzed antibody responses by ELISA in sera. Several essential requirements to circumvent tolerance were identified: (1) a potent pattern recognition receptor agonist like an oligonucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine and guanine dinucleotides (CpG); (2) a depot adjuvant to keep the CpG at the site of injection; and (3) the presence of foreign sequences in the vaccine protein. Lack of either of these factors abolished the anti-self-response (P = 0.008). In mice genetically deficient for type I IFN signaling, there was a 60% reduction in the anti-self-response compared with wild-type (P = 0.011), demonstrating a key role of this pathway in CpG-induced circumvention of self-tolerance. Identification of these mechanistic requirements to generate a potent anti-self-immune response should significantly aid the design of efficient, specific, and safe therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Saupe
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Hein
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Femel
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Cedervall
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Meester I, Solis-Soto JM. Cytokines: monitors of disease severity for the clinic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:143-55. [PMID: 23485161 DOI: 10.1517/17530050802708999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines communicate between the cells of the immune system and its targets to maintain homeostasis after injury or pathogenic events. They are involved in almost any pathological situation imaginable. OBJECTIVE To verify the importance of cytokines as biomarkers in current preclinical (aetiopathogenic, development of new therapies) and clinical studies (diagnosis, disease severity, prognosis and response to therapy). METHOD/RESULTS A Medline search with the query 'cytokine' AND 'biomarker' AND a variable for a variety of biomedical fields, followed by deeper-level searches, demonstrated the immense popularity of cytokines as biomarkers in almost any biomedical field. CONCLUSION As cytokines are not disease-specific they do not serve as single diagnostic biomarkers. The strength of the cytokines resides in monitoring disease severity, prognosis and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Meester
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Immunology, UANL, Gonzalitos 235, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, NL, Mexico, CP64460
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10
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Huijbers EJM, Femel J, Andersson K, Björkelund H, Hellman L, Olsson AK. The non-toxic and biodegradable adjuvant Montanide ISA 720/CpG can replace Freund's in a cancer vaccine targeting ED-B--a prerequisite for clinical development. Vaccine 2011; 30:225-30. [PMID: 22079080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that immunization against the extra domain-B (ED-B) of fibronectin, using Freund's adjuvant, reduces tumor growth in mice by 70%. In the present study we compare the immune response generated against ED-B using the non-toxic and biodegradable adjuvant Montanide ISA 720/CpG with the response elicited by Freund's adjuvant. Montanide ISA 720/CpG induced anti-ED-B antibodies with higher avidity and less variable levels between individuals than Freund's. Moreover, the duration of the immune response was longer and the generation of anti-ED-B antibodies in naïve mice was faster, when Montanide ISA 720/CpG was used. We conclude that it is possible to replace the mineral oil based adjuvant Freund's with an adjuvant acceptable for human use, which is a prerequisite for transfer of the ED-B vaccine to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Link A, Bachmann MF. Immunodrugs: breaking B- but not T-cell tolerance with therapeutic anticytokine vaccines. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:561-74. [PMID: 20636009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathology in most chronic inflammatory diseases is characterized by an imbalance in cytokine expression. Targeting cytokines with monoclonal antibodies has proven to be a highly effective treatment. However, monoclonal antibody therapy has disadvantages such as high production costs, generation of antimonoclonal antibodies and the inconvenience of frequent injections. Therapeutic vaccines have the potential to overcome these limitations. The aim of active vaccination is to induce B-cell responses and obtain autoantibodies capable of neutralizing the interaction of the targeted cytokine with its receptor. In order to achieve this, therapeutic vaccines need to circumvent the potent tolerance mechanisms that exist to prevent immune responses against self-molecules. This article focuses on the tolerance mechanisms of the B- and T-cell compartments and how these may be manipulated to obtain high-affinity autoantibodies without inducing potentially dangerous autoreactive T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, CH-8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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12
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Huijbers EJM, Ringvall M, Femel J, Kalamajski S, Lukinius A, Abrink M, Hellman L, Olsson AK. Vaccination against the extra domain-B of fibronectin as a novel tumor therapy. FASEB J 2010; 24:4535-44. [PMID: 20634349 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapies have made an important contribution to current treatment strategies for cancer and autoimmune disease. However, the cost for these new drugs puts a significant strain on the health-care economy, resulting in limited availability for patients. Therapeutic vaccination, defined as induction of immunity against a disease-related self-molecule, is therefore an attractive alternative. To analyze the potential of such an approach, we have developed a vaccine against the extra domain-B (ED-B) of fibronectin. This 91-aa domain, inserted by alternative splicing, is expressed during vasculogenesis in the embryo, but essentially undetectable under normal conditions in the adult. However, ED-B is highly expressed around angiogenic vasculature, such as in tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to break self-tolerance and induce a strong antibody response against ED-B by vaccination. Nineteen of 20 vaccinated mice responded with production of anti-ED-B antibodies and displayed a 70% reduction in tumor size compared to those lacking anti-ED-B antibodies. Analysis of the tumor tissue revealed that immunization against ED-B induced several changes, consistent with an attack by the immune system. These data show that tumor vascular antigens are highly interesting candidates for development of therapeutic vaccines targeting solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Ringvall M, Huijbers EJM, Ahooghalandari P, Alekseeva L, Andronova T, Olsson AK, Hellman L. Identification of potent biodegradable adjuvants that efficiently break self-tolerance--a key issue in the development of therapeutic vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 28:48-52. [PMID: 19835827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are used successfully in the treatment of many human disorders. However, these antibodies are expensive and have in many countries put a major strain on the health care economy. Therapeutic vaccines, directed against the same target molecules, may offer a solution to this problem. Vaccines usually involve lower amount of recombinant protein, approximately 10,000-20,000 times less, which is significantly more cost effective. Attempts to develop such therapeutic vaccines have also been made. However, their efficacy has been limited by the lack of potent immunostimulatory compounds, adjuvants, for human use. To address this problem we have conducted a broad screening for adjuvants that can enhance the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines, whilst at the same time being non-toxic and biodegradable. We have now identified adjuvants that show these desired characteristics. A combination of Montanide ISA720 and phosphorothioate stabilized CpG stimulatory DNA, induced similar or even higher anti-self-antibody titers compared to Freund's adjuvant, currently the most potent, but also toxic, adjuvant available. This finding removes one of the major limiting factors in the field and facilitates the development of a broad range of novel therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ringvall
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, BMC, Box 589, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Abstract
Canine IgE discovery and characterization historically closely paralleled that of human IgE. The reason for this would seem to be the early recognition of the spontaneous manifestation of allergic diseases in dogs that are nearly identical to human allergic diseases. The discovery and characterization of human IgE being dependent upon its biological activity in sensitizing mast cells and basophils was matched early on by analogous approaches readily applied to dogs. Following the early work on IgE, cloning and sequencing of the IgE heavy chain, epsilon, lagged well behind the human and rodent for want of IgE producing canine myelomas. As with human allergic diseases, measurement of allergen-specific and total IgE in canine tissues and body fluids revealed the same associations with various disease manifestations that some times defied discovery of straight-forward cause and effect relationships because of the complexity of pathogenesis in spontaneous allergic disease. However it is clear that research on IgE in spontaneously allergic dogs offers many opportunities to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the control of allergic disease that will benefit both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Hammerberg
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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