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Pinto MF, Sirina J, Holliday ND, McWhirter CL. High-throughput kinetics in drug discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:100170. [PMID: 38964171 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2024.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The importance of a drug's kinetic profile and interplay of structure-kinetic activity with PK/PD has long been appreciated in drug discovery. However, technical challenges have often limited detailed kinetic characterization of compounds to the latter stages of projects. This review highlights the advances that have been made in recent years in techniques, instrumentation, and data analysis to increase the throughput of detailed kinetic and mechanistic characterization, enabling its application earlier in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filipa Pinto
- Artios Pharma Ltd, B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, United Kingdom
| | - Julija Sirina
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, 21 The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, NG2 1AE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, 21 The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, NG2 1AE, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L McWhirter
- Artios Pharma Ltd, B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, United Kingdom.
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Assessment of Fibrinogen Macromolecules Interaction with Red Blood Cells Membrane by Means of Laser Aggregometry, Flow Cytometry, and Optical Tweezers Combined with Microfluidics. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101448. [PMID: 33076409 PMCID: PMC7602533 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An elevated concentration of fibrinogen in blood is a significant risk factor during many pathological diseases, as it leads to an increase in red blood cells (RBC) aggregation, resulting in hemorheological disorders. Despite the biomedical importance, the mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced RBC aggregation are still debatable. One of the discussed models is the non-specific adsorption of fibrinogen macromolecules onto the RBC membrane, leading to the cells bridging in aggregates. However, recent works point to the specific character of the interaction between fibrinogen and the RBC membrane. Fibrinogen is the major physiological ligand of glycoproteins receptors IIbIIIa (GPIIbIIIa or αIIββ3 or CD41/CD61). Inhibitors of GPIIbIIIa are widely used in clinics for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases as antiplatelets agents preventing the platelets’ aggregation. However, the effects of GPIIbIIIa inhibition on RBC aggregation are not sufficiently well studied. The objective of the present work was the complex multimodal in vitro study of the interaction between fibrinogen and the RBC membrane, revealing the role of GPIIbIIIa in the specificity of binding of fibrinogen by the RBC membrane and its involvement in the cells’ aggregation process. We demonstrate that GPIIbIIIa inhibition leads to a significant decrease in the adsorption of fibrinogen macromolecules onto the membrane, resulting in the reduction of RBC aggregation. We show that the mechanisms underlying these effects are governed by a decrease in the bridging components of RBC aggregation forces.
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Davidson JC, Rahim S, Hanks SE, Patel IJ, Tam AL, Walker TG, Weinberg I, Wilkins LR, Sarode R. Society of Interventional Radiology Consensus Guidelines for the Periprocedural Management of Thrombotic and Bleeding Risk in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Image-Guided Interventions-Part I: Review of Anticoagulation Agents and Clinical Considerations: Endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1155-1167. [PMID: 31229332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Davidson
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shiraz Rahim
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sue E Hanks
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Alda L Tam
- Department of Interventional Radiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - T Gregory Walker
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ido Weinberg
- Cardiology Division, Vascular Medicine Section, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luke R Wilkins
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ravi Sarode
- Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Rathod KS, Antoniou S, Avari P, Ding N, Wright P, Knight C, Jain AK, Mathur A, Smith EJ, Weerackody R, Wragg A, Jones DA. Eptifibatide is associated with significant cost savings and similar clinical outcomes to abciximab when used during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: An observational cohort study of 3863 patients. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 6:2048004017734431. [PMID: 29051816 PMCID: PMC5637964 DOI: 10.1177/2048004017734431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are recommended by guidelines in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. There are few studies directly comparing these agents. The aim of this study was to assess whether eptifibatide is a safe and cost-effective alternative to abciximab in the treatment of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. METHODS This was an observational cohort study of 3863 patients who received a GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor whilst undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention from 2007 to 2014. Patients who did not receive a GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor were excluded. Time to first major adverse cardiac event defined as death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke or target vessel revascularization, and total hospital costs were compared between the groups. RESULTS In all, 1741 patients received abciximab with 2122 receiving eptifibatide. Patients who received eptifibatide had higher rates of previous MI/percutaneous coronary intervention and were more likely to undergo a procedure from the radial route. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in the 1-year event rates between patients given eptifibatide versus abciximab (p = 0.201). Age-adjusted Cox analysis demonstrated no difference in 1-year outcome between abciximab and eptifibatide (hazard ratio: 0.83; 95% confidence interval: 0.73-1.39), which persisted after multivariate adjustment (hazard ratio: 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.79-1.56) including the incorporation of a propensity score (hazard ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.71-1.44). Eptifbatide was associated with significant cost savings being 87% cheaper overall compared to abciximab (on average £650 cheaper per patient and saving approximately £950,000). CONCLUSION This observational data suggest that eptifibatide is associated with similar outcomes and significant cost savings compared to abciximab when used in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rathod
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Antoniou
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - P Avari
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - N Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - P Wright
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Knight
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A K Jain
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Mathur
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - E J Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Weerackody
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Wragg
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D A Jones
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Streamlining the design of promising clinical trials: in-vitro testing of antithrombotic regimens and multiple agonists of platelet activation. Coron Artery Dis 2009; 20:175-8. [PMID: 19194284 DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e32831edcd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are activated in vivo by multiple agonists; however, platelet function testing in vitro has been performed predominantly with only one or two agonists of platelet activation. Greater insight into anticipated effects of antithrombotic regimens should enhance the design of successful clinical trials. To test this concept, we assessed platelet activation induced by multiple agonists and two antithrombotic regimens, unfractionated heparin (UFH) and eptifibatide compared with bivalirudin and cangrelor. Blood samples from 10 patients with coronary artery disease were spiked with pharmacologic concentrations achieved in vivo of either UFH (1.2 U/ml) and eptifibatide (1.7 microg/ml), or with bivalirudin (8 microg/ml) and cangrelor (500 nmol/l). Platelet function was assessed with the use of flow cytometry. Agonists included thrombin (50 nmol/l), adenosine diphosphate (1 micromol/l), the collagen-mimetic convulxin (5 ng/ml), and platelet-activating factor (10 nmol/l). When platelet activation was identified by the surface expression of P-selectin in response to multiple agonists, the combination of bivalirudin and cangrelor suppressed activation more than UFH and eptifibatide. When platelet activation was identified by the activation of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (PAC-1 binding), the combination of bivalirudin and cangrelor was more effective in suppressing activation in response to thrombin and adenosine diphosphate, whereas UFH and eptifibatide more effectively prevented binding of PAC-1 when platelets were activated with the collagen-mimetic convulxin. In conclusion, bivalirudin and cangrelor suppressed platelet activation in response to diverse agonists in vitro more than UFH and eptifibatide. These results and this approach to selection of promising interventions should be helpful in streamlining the design of clinical trials.
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