1
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Kraina P, Česnek M, Tloušťová E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Fulton CJ, Davidson EK, Smith BP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Discovery of a potent and selective human AC2 inhibitor based on 7-deazapurine analogues of adefovir. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 95:117508. [PMID: 37931521 PMCID: PMC10842932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Adefovir based acyclic nucleoside phosphonates were previously shown to modulate bacterial and, to a certain extent, human adenylate cyclases (mACs). In this work, a series of 24 novel 7-substituted 7-deazaadefovir analogues were synthesized in the form of prodrugs. Twelve analogues were single-digit micromolar inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin with no cytotoxicity to J774A.1 macrophages. In HEK293 cell-based assays, compound 14 was identified as a potent (IC50 = 4.45 μM), non-toxic, and selective mAC2 inhibitor (vs. mAC1 and mAC5). Such a compound represents a valuable addition to a limited number of small-molecule probes to study the biological functions of individual endogenous mAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kraina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Camryn J Fulton
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Emily K Davidson
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brenton P Smith
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human lymphotropic herpesvirus with a well-established causal role in several cancers. Recent studies have provided compelling epidemiological and mechanistic evidence for a causal role of EBV in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system and is thought to be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by an infectious agent, with EBV as the lead candidate. How a ubiquitous virus that typically leads to benign latent infections can promote cancer and autoimmune disease in at-risk populations is not fully understood. Here we review the evidence that EBV is a causal agent for MS and how various risk factors may affect EBV infection and immune control. We focus on EBV contributing to MS through reprogramming of latently infected B lymphocytes and the chronic presentation of viral antigens as a potential source of autoreactivity through molecular mimicry. We consider how knowledge of EBV-associated cancers may be instructive for understanding the role of EBV in MS and discuss the potential for therapies that target EBV to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Soldan
- grid.251075.40000 0001 1956 6678The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- grid.251075.40000 0001 1956 6678The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
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3
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Soldan SS, Messick TE, Lieberman PM. Therapeutic approaches to Epstein-Barr virus cancers. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101260. [PMID: 36174496 PMCID: PMC11058316 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong latent infection that can be a causal agent for a diverse spectrum of cancers and autoimmune disease. A complex and dynamic viral lifecycle evades eradication by the host immune system and confounds antiviral therapeutic strategies. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or therapies that selectively target EBV as the underlying cause of EBV-associated disease. Here, we review the challenges and recent advances in the development of EBV-specific therapeutics for treatment of EBV-associated cancers.
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4
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Dejmek M, Šála M, Brazdova A, Vanekova L, Smola M, Klíma M, Břehová P, Buděšínský M, Dračínský M, Procházková E, Zavřel M, Šimák O, Páv O, Boura E, Birkuš G, Nencka R. Discovery of isonucleotidic CDNs as potent STING agonists with immunomodulatory potential. Structure 2022; 30:1146-1156.e11. [PMID: 35690061 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway involved in the sensing of cytosolic DNA. It functions as a receptor for cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and, upon their binding, mediates cytokine expression and host immunity. Besides naturally occurring CDNs, various synthetic CDNs, such as ADU-S100, have been reported to effectively activate STING and are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Here, we describe the preparation of a unique new class of STING agonists: isonucleotidic cyclic dinucleotides and the synthesis of their prodrugs. The presented CDNs stimulate STING with comparable efficiency to ADU-S100, whereas their prodrugs demonstrate activity up to four orders of magnitude better due to the improved cellular uptake. The compounds are very potent inducers of inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also report the X-ray crystal structure of the lead inhibitor bound to the wild-type (WT) STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brazdova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vanekova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zavřel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šimák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Pimková Polidarová M, Břehová P, Kaiser MM, Smola M, Dračínský M, Smith J, Marek A, Dejmek M, Šála M, Gutten O, Rulíšek L, Novotná B, Brázdová A, Janeba Z, Nencka R, Boura E, Páv O, Birkuš G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phosphoester and Phosphorothioate Prodrugs of STING Agonist 3',3'-c-Di(2'F,2'dAMP). J Med Chem 2021; 64:7596-7616. [PMID: 34019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluate the activity of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) and its phosphorothioate analogues against five STING allelic forms in reporter-cell-based assays and rationalize our findings with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. We show that the presence of fluorine in the 2' position of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) improves its activity not only against the wild type (WT) but also against REF and Q STING. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of the acyloxymethyl and isopropyloxycarbonyl phosphoester prodrugs of CDNs. Masking the negative charges of the CDNs results in an up to a 1000-fold improvement of the activities of the prodrugs relative to those of their parent CDNs. Finally, the uptake and intracellular cleavage of pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs to the parent CDN is rapid, reaching a peak intracellular concentration within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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6
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Harsági N, Keglevich G. The Hydrolysis of Phosphinates and Phosphonates: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102840. [PMID: 34064764 PMCID: PMC8150351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphinic and phosphonic acids are useful intermediates and biologically active compounds which may be prepared from their esters, phosphinates and phosphonates, respectively, by hydrolysis or dealkylation. The hydrolysis may take place both under acidic and basic conditions, but the C-O bond may also be cleaved by trimethylsilyl halides. The hydrolysis of P-esters is a challenging task because, in most cases, the optimized reaction conditions have not yet been explored. Despite the importance of the hydrolysis of P-esters, this field has not yet been fully surveyed. In order to fill this gap, examples of acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, as well as the dealkylation of phosphinates and phosphonates, are summarized in this review.
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7
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Shen GH, Hong JH. Chemical Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Linked with Cyclic Systems between the Phosphonate and the Base Moieties. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5918-5948. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogs linked with cyclic systems
are described in the present review. The purpose of the review is to report the methodology of
ANP analogs and to give an idea on the synthesis of a therapeutic structural feature of such analogs.
The cyclopropane systems were mainly prepared by diazomethane cyclopropanation catalyzed by
Pd(OAc)2, intramolecular alkylation, Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, and use of difluorocyclopropane,
and so forth. The preparation of methylenecyclopropane system was made by diazoacetate
cyclopropanation catalyzed by Rhodium followed by addition-elimination reactions. For the preparation
of a variety of tethered 1,2,3-triazole systems, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azidealkylphosphonates
and propargylated nucleobases was mainly applied. The formation of various
phosphonate moieties was achieved via phosphonylation of alkoxide, cross-coupling between
BrZnCF2P (O)(OEt)2 with iodoalkens catalyzed by CuBr, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with phosphite,
and Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Treatment for Senile Diseases, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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8
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Kaiser MM, Novák P, Rosenbergová Š, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Rosenberg I, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Bearing (R
)- or (S
)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonoethoxy)propyl] (HPEP) Moiety as Monomers for the Synthesis of Modified Oligonucleotides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Rosenbergová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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9
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Banerjee NS, Wang HK, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY, Chow LT. Evaluation of ODE-Bn-PMEG, an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrug, as an antiviral against productive HPV infection in 3D organotypic epithelial cultures. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:164-173. [PMID: 29287913 PMCID: PMC5800947 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
| | - Hsu-Kun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
| | - James R Beadle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Karl Y Hostetler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0676, USA
| | - Louise T Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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10
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Frydrych J, Skácel J, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Gnanasekaran R, Lepšík M, Soto-Velasquez M, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Synthesis of α-Branched Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:199-206. [PMID: 29235265 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF), key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase activity, represents a potential method for treating or preventing toxemia related to whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. Novel α-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) having a hemiaminal ether moiety were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases. ANPs prepared as bisamidates were not cytotoxic, but did not exhibit any profound activity (IC50 >10 μm) toward ACT in J774A.1 macrophages. The apparent lack of activity of the bisamidates is speculated to be due to the inefficient formation of the biologically active species (ANPpp) in the cells. Conversely, two 5-haloanthraniloyl-substituted ANPs in the form of diphosphates were shown to be potent ACT and EF inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 55 to 362 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Kaiser MM, Baszczyňski O, Hocková D, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Dračínský M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Containing 9-Deazahypoxanthine and a Five-Membered Heterocycle as Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodial 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. ChemMedChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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12
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Wang J, Rainier JD. Reactivity of vinyl phosphonate containing diazoesters: formation, reactivity, and utility. Org Lett 2014; 17:266-9. [PMID: 25534147 DOI: 10.1021/ol5033514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of diazo vinyl phosphonate with alcohols, amines, and thiols in the presence of Rh(II) results in the chemo- and stereoselective generation of enol ethers, enamines and vinyl sulfides via an X-H insertion process. The utility of the products from these reactions was demonstrated through their conversion into quaternary substituted heterocycles including furans and oxetanes as highlighted by the generation of a bicyclic phosphonate analogue of neodysiherbaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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13
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Šolínová V, Kaiser MM, Lukáč M, Janeba Z, Kašička V. Enantiopurity analysis of new types of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:295-303. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilián Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Lukáč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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14
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Uttaro JP, Broussous S, Mathé C, Périgaud C. Synthesis of novel 3′-methyl-5′-norcarbocyclic nucleoside phosphonates as potential anti-HIV agents. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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De Clercq E. The Holý Trinity: the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:293-316. [PMID: 23886004 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Holý Trinity was named after Dr Antonín Holý (the Holý Trinity being an Unesco recognized monument in Olomouc, Czech Republic), who together with Dr John C. Martin (Gilead Sciences) and myself pioneered a new class of antiviral agents, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. These compounds have revolutionized the antiviral drug field with several drugs that have been approved for the treatment of various DNA virus infections (cidofovir), hepatitis B (adefovir), and AIDS (HIV infection; tenofovir). The latter is also available as its oral prodrug, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, for the treatment of hepatitis B and in combination with emtricitabine ((-)FTC) for the treatment and prophylaxis of HIV infections and in combination with (-)FTC and other HIV inhibitors, that is, efavirenz, rilpivirine, or elvitegravir (and a pharmacoenhancer thereof, cobicistat), for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Belletti D, Tosi G, Forni F, Gamberini MC, Baraldi C, Vandelli MA, Ruozi B. Chemico-physical investigation of tenofovir loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:753-63. [PMID: 22884838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tenofovir (PMPA), an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog, is one of the most important drugs used for the HIV treatment. Unfortunately, several adverse reactions are related to its i.v. administration owing to the saturation of an anionic renal transporter. In order to improve the drug administration, the PMPA was embedded into a new type of nanocarriers based on poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and/or chitosan (CH). The strategies for the preparation of nanoparticles (Nps) with a more efficient drug loading respect to the one reported in the literature for PMPA nanoencapsulation were investigated. CH was added in the first inner emulsion or in the external phase during the second emulsion of water/oil/water (W/O/W) Nps. The addition of CH in the first inner emulsion was the most promising technique. The Nps have a Z-average of 230 nm, a Z-potential of -3 mV and an EE% of 15 that was 2.5-3 times higher than that obtained with PLGA Nps or CH Nps. In vitro release studies showed a limited control on drug release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) while an initial burst effect followed by a slow drug release was observed in acidic receiving phase (pH 4.6). These results suggest the PLGA/CH Nps should be an effective and attractive anti-HIV drug carrier to study the cellular uptake and drug delivery on target cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Belletti
- TE.FAR.T.I. Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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17
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Buti M, Homs M. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:413-21. [PMID: 22928893 DOI: 10.1586/egh.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The specific drugs available for chronic hepatitis B infection include standard and pegylated IFN-α, and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs that directly inhibit the reverse transcriptase. The main goal of current hepatitis B virus therapy is to achieve sustained suppression of viral replication to prevent the development of chronic liver disease, but favorable long-term tolerability and resistance profiles are also desirable. This article reviews the chemistry and the mechanisms of action of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, but it also focuses on the related clinical trails designed to date, in which clinical efficacy has been analyzed attending to HBe antigen status. In addition, studies including patients that have been previously treated with lamivudine or adefovir are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buti
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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De Clercq E. Ten paths to the discovery of antivirally active nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 31:339-52. [PMID: 22444195 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2012.657383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have proven to be an effective approach toward the development of antiviral compounds. This approach has so far yielded a number of clinically useful antiviral drugs, such as BVDU (brivudin), (val)aciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir dipivoxil, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and current perspectives justify the further development of other nucleoside analogues, such as FV-100, and that of the DAPy-based nucleotide analogues, the 5-aza analogue of cidofovir, and prodrug derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Kaiser MM, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Janeba Z. A novel type of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates derived from 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:4003-4012. [PMID: 32287422 PMCID: PMC7111817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of a novel class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates derived from 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid has been developed. The key step of the synthesis is the optimized oxidation of the 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) analogues to the corresponding 2'-carboxy-PME (CPME) derivatives using the TEMPO/NaClO2/NaClO oxidizing system. Although (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid ((S)-CPMEA) has been designed as a compound with potential anti-HIV activity, none of the newly prepared CPME analogues exhibited any antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Demmer CS, Krogsgaard-Larsen N, Bunch L. Review on modern advances of chemical methods for the introduction of a phosphonic acid group. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7981-8006. [PMID: 22010799 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Demmer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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De Clercq E. The clinical potential of the acyclic (and cyclic) nucleoside phosphonates. The magic of the phosphonate bond. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Andrade CH, Freitas LMD, Oliveira VD. Twenty-six years of HIV science: an overview of anti-HIV drugs metabolism. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From the identification of HIV as the agent causing AIDS, to the development of effective antiretroviral drugs, the scientific achievements in HIV research over the past twenty-six years have been formidable. Currently, there are twenty-five anti-HIV compounds which have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of AIDS. These compounds fall into six categories: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), cell entry inhibitors or fusion inhibitors (FIs), co-receptor inhibitors (CRIs), and integrase inhibitors (INIs). Metabolism by the host organism is one of the most important determinants of the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug. Formation of active or toxic metabolites will also have an impact on the pharmacological and toxicological outcomes. Therefore, it is widely recognized that metabolism studies of a new chemical entity need to be addressed early in the drug discovery process. This paper describes an overview of the metabolism of currently available anti-HIV drugs.
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Baszczyňski O, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Klepetářová B, Holý A, Votruba I, de Clercq E, Balzarini J, Janeba Z. Synthesis and antiviral activity of N9-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] analogues derived from N6-substituted adenines and 2,6-diaminopurines. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2114-24. [PMID: 21429755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of N(9)-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (FPMP) derivatives of purine bases has been developed. Both (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the N(6)-substituted FPMP derivatives of adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine were prepared and their anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) activity was evaluated. Whereas none of the 6-substituted FPMPA derivatives showed any antiviral activity, several FPMPDAP derivatives had a moderate antiretroviral activity. Moreover, the data obtained from the study of the substrate activity of the active derivatives towards N(6)-methyl-AMP aminohydrolase support the notion that the studied N(6)-substituted FPMPDAP derivatives act as prodrugs of the antiretroviral FPMPG analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Oh CH, Liu LJ, Hong JH. Design and synthesis of dually branched 5'-norcarbocyclic adenosine phosphonodiester analogue as a new anti-HIV prodrug. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2011; 29:721-33. [PMID: 20924954 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2010.509645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel 3',4'-dimethyl-5'-norcarbocyclic adenosine phosphonic acid was prepared using acyclic stereoselective route from 4-hydroxybutan-2-one (4). To improve the cellular permeability and enhance the anti-HIV activity of this phosphonic acid, a (bis)SATE phosphonodiester nucleoside prodrug (20) was prepared and its chemical stability was evaluated. The newly synthesized bis(SATE) analogue (20) and its parent nucleoside phosphonic acid (18) were assayed for anti-HIV activity using an in vitro assay system in a CEM cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wang J, Boyarskikh V, Rainier JD. Vinyl Diazophosphonates as Precursors to Quaternary Substituted Indolines and Cyclopentenes. Org Lett 2011; 13:700-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102931n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Vyacheslav Boyarskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jon D. Rainier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Li H, Hong JH. Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of new acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogues and their bis(SATE) derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:581-90. [PMID: 20661812 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2010.495958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a very simple route for synthesizing novel lipophilic phosphonate bis(t-bu-SATE) prodrugs of acyclic cyclopentenylated nucleosides such as adenine 17 and cytosine 18. The key intermediate 6 was constructed via a ring-closing metathesis of compound 5, which could be readily prepared from diethylmalonate 4. The chemical stability of the bis(SATE) derivatives was tested at neutral (pH = 7.2) and slightly acid (milli-Q water, pH = 5.5) pH. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as potential antiviral agents against HIV-1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Liu LJ, Hong JH. Design and synthesis of novel SATE derivatives of acyclic isocytosine and 9-deazaadenine C-nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:257-66. [PMID: 20408056 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003745704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a very simple route for synthesizing novel lipophilic phosphate bis(t-bu-SATE) prodrugs of acyclic cyclobutylated C-nucleosides such as isocytosine 12 and 9-deazaadenine 19, which were prepared from 1,1-gem cyclobutyl dicarboxylate. Synthesized compounds were evaluated as potential antiviral agents against HIV virus. Some phosphate SATE prodrugs were more active against HIV than parent nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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28
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Piperno A, Giofrè SV, Iannazzo D, Romeo R, Romeo G, Chiacchio U, Rescifina A, Piotrowska DG. Synthesis of C-4′Truncated Phosphonated Carbocyclic 2′-Oxa-3′-azanucleosides as Antiviral Agents. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2798-805. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902485m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piperno
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, University of Messina, Via SS. Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Ugo Chiacchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Dorota G. Piotrowska
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, Poland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review describes the class of nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors and summarises recent findings related to tenofovir and its oral prodrug tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, currently the only nucleotide approved for the treatment of HIV infection. In addition, novel strategies in the design of anti-HIV nucleotides and their prodrugs are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS A number of studies have demonstrated a potent and durable clinical efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combination with other antiretrovirals, particularly lamivudine or emtricitabine and efavirenz. The prophylactic antiretroviral effect of tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has been characterized in various animal models and is currently being evaluated in controlled clinical studies. In addition, efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate against hepatitis B virus has been established and is currently being explored in phase III trials. The identification of GS-7340, an alternative prodrug of tenofovir has raised the possibility of using phosphonoamidates as novel prodrugs allowing for an effective intracellular delivery of nucleotides. SUMMARY The concept of nucleotides as a novel class of antiretroviral therapeutics has been successfully validated through tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a nucleotide prodrug that exhibits potent and durable clinical efficacy and favourable safety profile both in treatment-naïve and experienced HIV-infected patients. Several novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as GS-9148, PMDTA, and PMEO have recently emerged from continuing preclinical drug discovery efforts.
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30
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De Clercq E. Highlights in the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs: A Personal Retrospective. J Med Chem 2009; 53:1438-50. [PMID: 19860424 DOI: 10.1021/jm900932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Mehellou Y, De Clercq E. Twenty-Six Years of Anti-HIV Drug Discovery: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go? J Med Chem 2009; 53:521-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Palombo M, Singh Y, Sinko P. Prodrug and conjugate drug delivery strategies for improving HIV/AIDS therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2009; 19:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(09)50001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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De Clercq E. Anti-HIV drugs: 25 compounds approved within 25 years after the discovery of HIV. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:307-20. [PMID: 19108994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, 25 years after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered as the then tentative aetiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), exactly 25 anti-HIV compounds have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of AIDS. These compounds fall into six categories: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs: zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir and emtricitabine); nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs: tenofovir); non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs: nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz and etravirine); protease inhibitors (PIs: saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, lopinavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and darunavir); cell entry inhibitors [fusion inhibitors (FIs: enfuvirtide) and co-receptor inhibitors (CRIs: maraviroc)]; and integrase inhibitors (INIs: raltegravir). These compounds should be used in drug combination regimens to achieve the highest possible benefit, tolerability and compliance and to diminish the risk of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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35
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De Clercq E. The discovery of antiviral agents: Ten different compounds, ten different stories. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:929-53. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleoside analogues revolutionized the treatment of chronic HBV infection and have become the most important therapeutic option within the last decade. Currently, the nucleoside analogues lamivudine, telbivudine and entecavir, and the nucleotide analogue adefovir dipivoxil, are licensed. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is another acyclic nucleotide analogue that has been successfully used in the treatment of HIV-infected patients, but has demonstrated significant antiviral activity in wild-type and lamivudine-resistant HBV infections. The use of TDF 300 mg/day leads to marked suppression of HBV replication below the detection limit in different patients groups with HBV mono- or HIV/HBV co-infection in most instances, and a remarkably high rate of hepatitis B e antigen loss and even hepatitis B surface antigen loss was found in small, uncontrolled studies. Belonging to the substance class of acyclic nucleotide analogues, TDF is not cross-resistant to nucleoside analogue resistance-associated mutations. In equal dosages, TDF has comparable antiviral potency as compared with its congender adefovir dipivoxil, but in clinical studies exhibits higher antiviral efficacy and generates a higher genetic barrier against the development of genotypic HBV resistance due to its approximately 24-fold higher dosage. Owing to the numerous newly developed compounds and as a consequence of the emerging problem of drug resistance, treatment concepts for chronic hepatitis B will certainly be modified in the future. Because of its quite favorable antiviral and safety properties, TDF will likely be highly regarded in the management of HBV infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian van Bömmel
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Hanes JW, Zhu Y, Parris DS, Johnson KA. Enzymatic therapeutic index of acyclovir. Viral versus human polymerase gamma specificity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25159-67. [PMID: 17573351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703972200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the kinetics of incorporation of acyclovir triphosphate by the herpes simplex virus-1 DNA polymerase holoenzyme (Pol-UL42) and the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase using transient kinetic methods. For each enzyme, we compared the kinetic parameters for acyclovir to those governing incorporation of dGTP. The favorable ground state dissociation constant (6 microM) and rate of polymerization (10 s(-1)) afford efficient incorporation of acyclovir triphosphate by the Pol-UL42 enzyme. A discrimination factor of approximately 50 favors dGTP over acyclovir triphosphate, mostly due to a faster maximum rate of dGTP incorporation. Once incorporated, acyclovir is removed with a half-life of approximately 1 h in the presence of a normal concentration of deoxynucleoside triphosphates, leading to a high toxicity index (16,000) toward viral replication. To assess the potential for toxicity toward the host we examined the incorporation and removal of acyclovir triphosphate by the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. These results suggest moderate inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication defining a toxicity index of 380. This value is much higher than the value of 1.5 determined for tenofovir, another acyclic nucleoside analog. The enzymatic therapeutic index is only 42 in favoring inhibition of the viral polymerase over polymerase gamma, whereas that for tenofovir is greater than 1,200. Mitochondrial toxicity is relatively low because acyclovir is activated only in infected cells by the promiscuous viral thymidine kinase and otherwise, mitochondrial toxicity would accumulate during long term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W Hanes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Mora AL, Torres-González E, Rojas M, Xu J, Ritzenthaler J, Speck SH, Roman J, Brigham K, Stecenko A. Control of virus reactivation arrests pulmonary herpesvirus-induced fibrosis in IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:1139-50. [PMID: 17363768 PMCID: PMC1899276 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200610-1426oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic lung disorder of unknown cause. Several studies suggest an association between Epstein-Barr virus pulmonary infection and the development of IPF. OBJECTIVES To determine whether reduction of gamma-herpesvirus reactivation from latency would alter progressive lung fibrogenesis in an animal model of virus-induced pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS IFN-gamma receptor-deficient (IFN-gammaR(-/-)) mice infected intranasally with murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68) develop lung fibrosis that progresses for up to at least 180 days after initial infection. Viral replication during the chronic phase of infection was controlled by two methods: the administration of cidofovir, an antiviral drug effective at clearing lytic but not latent virus, and by using a mutant gamma-herpesvirus defective in virus reactivation from latency. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ten percent of the asymptomatic MHV68-infected animals that received antiviral treatment beginning on Day 45 postinfection had severe pulmonary fibrosis compared with 40% of the control saline-treated animals. Absence of severe fibrosis was also observed in IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice infected with the defective reactivation mutant MHV68 v-cyclin stop. Decreased fibrosis was associated with lower levels of transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and markers of macrophage alternative activation. When antiviral treatment was administered on Day 60 in symptomatic animals, survival improved from 20 to 80% compared with untreated symptomatic animals, but lung fibrosis persisted in 60% of the mice. CONCLUSIONS MHV68-induced fibrosis is a result of viral lytic replication during chronic lung herpesvirus infection in mice. We speculate that antiviral therapy might help to control lung fibrosis in humans with IPF and associated herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Mora
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Suite 205K, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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39
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De Clercq E. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: Past, present and future. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:911-22. [PMID: 17045247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years following the description of the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of S-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA] [De Clercq E, Holý A, Rosenberg I, Sakuma T, Balzarini J, Maudgal PC. A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. Nature 1986;323:464-7], the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates have acquired a prominent therapeutic position: (i) cidofovir in the treatment of papilloma-, herpes-, adeno- and poxvirus infections, (ii) adefovir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, and (iii) tenofovir in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (AIDS). Although formally approved only for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis in AIDS patients, cidofovir has been used successfully in the treatment of various other DNA virus infections, particularly human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated lesions. Adefovir dipivoxil has become a standard therapy for HBV infections, especially when resistant to lamivudine. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the corner stone of the triple-drug (TDF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz) combination therapy for AIDS, and TDF, alone or combined with emtricitabine may in the future evolve to the standard therapy of hepatitis B. Guided by the results obtained with tenofovir in the prevention of parenteral, intravaginal and perinatal infections with simian immunodeficiency virus in monkeys, and the safety profile gathered with TDF in humans with AIDS over the past 5 years since TDF was licensed for clinical use, it should be further pursued for the pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infections in humans. Meanwhile, new classes of both acyclic (i.e. PMPO-DAPy, PMEO-DAPy, HPMPO-DAPy) and cyclic nucleoside phosphonates (i.e. PMDTA, PMDTT, GS9148) have been accredited with an antiviral potency and selectivity similar to those of cidofovir, adefovir and/or tenofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Herpes viruses are widely involved in human infectious diseases, and some are life threatening, such as CNS infections. These manifestations vary according to the type of virus involved and the immune status of the patient. This article will review the clinical manifestations (encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis and postinfectious encephalomyelitis), the diagnostic strategies and the presently used drugs (acyclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, valgancyclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir). The review will also discuss drugs that are currently in the pipeline and that could be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Denes
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Dupuytren, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87000, Limoges, France.
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De Clercq E. Status Presens of Antiviral Drugs And Strategies: Part I: DNA Viruses and Retroviruses. ADVANCES IN ANTIVIRAL DRUG DESIGN 2007; 5:1-58. [PMID: 32288472 PMCID: PMC7146823 DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, and half of these are used for the treatment of HIV infections. The others have been approved for the therapy of herpesvirus (HSV, VZV, CMV), hepadnavirus (HBV), hepacivirus (HCV) and myxovirus (influenza, RSV) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and, again, half of these are targeting HIV infections. Yet, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e. HPV, HCV, hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
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De Clercq E. Viruses and Viral Diseases. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY II 2007. [PMCID: PMC7151824 DOI: 10.1016/b0-08-045044-x/00211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, and half of these are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The others have been approved for the therapy of herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV)), hepadnavirus (hepatitis B virus (HBV)), hepacivirus (hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and myxovirus (influenza, respiratory synctural virus (RSV)) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and, again, half of these target HIV infections. Yet, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e., human papilloma virus (HPV), HCV, hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
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Welin M, Wang L, Eriksson S, Eklund H. Structure-function analysis of a bacterial deoxyadenosine kinase reveals the basis for substrate specificity. J Mol Biol 2006; 366:1615-23. [PMID: 17229440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs) catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to a deoxyribonucleoside (dN), a key step in DNA precursor synthesis. Recently structural information concerning dNKs has been obtained, but no structure of a bacterial dCK/dGK enzyme is known. Here we report the structure of such an enzyme, represented by deoxyadenosine kinase from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (Mm-dAK). Superposition of Mm-dAK with its human counterpart's deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) reveals that the overall structures are very similar with a few amino acid alterations in the proximity of the active site. To investigate the substrate specificity, Mm-dAK has been crystallized in complex with dATP and dCTP, as well as the products dCMP and dCDP. Both dATP and dCTP bind to the enzyme in a feedback-inhibitory manner with the dN part in the deoxyribonucleoside binding site and the triphosphates in the P-loop. Substrate specificity studies with clinically important nucleoside analogs as well as several phosphate donors were performed. Thus, in this study we combine structural and kinetic data to gain a better understanding of the substrate specificity of the dCK/dGK family of enzymes. The structure of Mm-dAK provides a starting point for making new anti bacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Welin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, Biomedical Center, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kim A, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel 5'-norcarboacyclic phosphonic acid nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:941-50. [PMID: 16901824 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600793927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a very simple route for synthesizing a novel 5'-norcarboacyclic nucleotides. The condensation of the mesylates 17 and 18 with the natural nucleosidic bases (A,U,T,C) under standard nucleophilic substitution (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and deprotection afforded the target nucleotide analogues 27-34. In addition, these compounds were evaluated for their antiviral properties against various viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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De Clercq E. Interferon and its inducers--a never-ending story: "old" and "new" data in a new perspective. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 Suppl 1:S19-26. [PMID: 16921467 PMCID: PMC7202558 DOI: 10.1086/505351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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De Clercq E. Recent highlights in the development of new antiviral drugs. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 8:552-60. [PMID: 16125443 PMCID: PMC7108330 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty antiviral drugs, that is about half of those that are currently approved, are formally licensed for clinical use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The others are used in the treatment of herpesvirus (e.g. herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalo virus), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus or influenza virus infections. Recent endeavours have focussed on the development of improved antiviral therapies for virus infections that have already proved amenable to antiviral drug treatment, as well as for virus infections for which, at present, no antiviral drugs have been formally approved (i.e. human papilloma viruses, adenoviruses, human herpesvirus type 6, poxviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and hemorrhagic fever viruses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Approximately 40 compounds have been formally licensed for clinical use as antiviral drugs, with half of these in use for the treatment of HIV infections. The remaining have been approved for use in the therapy of herpes virus (herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus), hepadnavirus, hepacivirus and myxovirus (influenza and respiratory syncytial virus) infections. New compounds are in clinical development or under preclinical evaluation, and again, half of these are intended to target HIV infections. However, quite a number of important viral pathogens (i.e., human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus and hemorrhagic fever viruses) remain in need of effective and/or improved antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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De Clercq E, Andrei G, Balzarini J, Leyssen P, Naesens L, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Snoeck R, Ying C, Hocková D, Holý A. Antiviral potential of a new generation of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, the 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidines. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:331-41. [PMID: 16247948 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) have been formally approved for clinical use in the treatment of 1) cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients (cidofovir, by the intravenous route), 2) chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (adefovir dipivoxil, by the oral route), and 3) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, by the oral route). The activity spectrum of cidofovir {(S)- 1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine [(S)-HPMPC)]}, like that of (S)-HPMPA [(S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine) and (S)-HPMPDAP [(S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2, 6-diaminopurine), encompasses a broad spectrum of DNA viruses, including polyoma-, papilloma-, adeno-, herpes-, and poxviruses. Adefovir {9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA)} and tenofovir [(R)-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl]adenine [(R)-PMPA)]} are particularly active against retroviruses (ie., HIV) and hepadnaviruses (ie., HBV); additionally, PMEA also shows activity against herpes- and poxviruses. We have recently identified a new class of ANPs, namely 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidines, named, in analogy with their alkylpurine counterparts, HPMPO-DAPy, PMEO-DAPy, and (R)-PMPO-DAPy. These compounds exhibit an antiviral activity spectrum and potency that is similar to that of (S)-HPMPDAP, PMEA, and (R)-PMPA, respectively. Thus, PMEO-DAPy and (R)-PMPO-DAPy, akin to PMEA and (R)-PMPA, proved particularly active against HIV- 1, HIV-2, and the murine retrovirus Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV). PMEO-DAPy and (R)-PMPO-DAPy also showed potent activity against both wild-type and lamivudine-resistant strains of HBV. HPMPO-DAPy was found to inhibit different poxviruses (ie., vaccinia, cowpox, and orf) at a similar potency as cidofovir. HPMPO-DAPy also proved active against adenoviruses. In vivo, HPMPO-DAPy proved equipotent to cidofovir in suppressing vaccinia virus infection (tail lesion formation) in immunocompetent mice and promoting healing of disseminated vaccinia lesions in athymic-nude mice. The 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]-2,4-diaminopyrimidines offer substantial potential for the treatment of a broad range of retro-, hepadna-, herpes-, adeno-, and poxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Address correspondence to Erik De Clercq, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
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Sugiura W. [Progress in antiretroviral drugs]. Uirusu 2005; 55:85-94. [PMID: 16308534 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.55.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1, causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, was identified in the early 1980s . The plague quickly spread throughout the world and today 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. The first anti-HIV drug "zidovudine", was discovered in 1985, and many other inhibitory compounds have been developed successfully in the last decade. Today, three classes 17 antiretroviral drugs are available in Japan. This article overviews the history of anti-HIV drug discovery, present HIV-1 treatment, and on-going drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sugiura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institue of Infectious Diseaseas.
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