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Woittiez L, Vestjens S, Mawie T, IJzerman E, Haas PJ, Hagen F, Roosblad J, Leopold S, van Schagen MD, van Vugt M, Vreden S. Improving disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosis in HIV/AIDS patients in Suriname: The role of a urine lateral flow assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012272. [PMID: 38941354 PMCID: PMC11239104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a frequent cause of infections in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study introduces the application of a Histoplasma capsulatum urine antigen lateral flow assay (LFA) for diagnosing disseminated histoplasmosis in PLWHA in Suriname. The LFA's diagnostic accuracy was compared with the current diagnostic approach, aiming to assess whether this test resulted in improved early detection and management. Additionally, the prevalence of histoplasmosis among advanced stage HIV patients without clinical suspicion of infection was evaluated using the same LFA. In total, 98 patients were included in the study, of which 58 were classified as "possible disseminated histoplasmosis (DH)" based on clinical criteria and 40 as "controls". Of these possible DH cases, only 19 (32.7%) had a positive LFA. During the study, decisions for treatment were made without the treating physician being aware of the LFA result. Only 55% of the patients who started treatment for histoplasmosis based on clinical criteria had a positive LFA, and 21% of untreated patients had a positive LFA. This study shows that combining clinical signs with LFA results enhances diagnostic accuracy and is cost effective, resulting in better treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lycke Woittiez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Vestjens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Terrence Mawie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Ed IJzerman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Roosblad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Stije Leopold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michèle van Vugt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Vreden
- Foundation for the advancement of Scientific Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Ashok A, Mangalore RP, Morrissey CO. Azole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and its Use in the Management of Invasive Fungal Disease. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-022-00430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Johansson HKL, Taxvig C, Olsen GPM, Svingen T. Effects of the Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitor Itraconazole on Developing Rat Ovaries. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:60-69. [PMID: 33905526 PMCID: PMC8285011 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early ovary development is considered to be largely hormone independent; yet, there are associations between fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive disorders in women. This can potentially be explained by perturbations to establishment of ovarian endocrine function rather than interference with an already established hormone system. In this study we explore if Hedgehog (HH) signaling, a central pathway for correct ovary development, can be disrupted by exposure to HH-disrupting chemicals, using the antifungal itraconazole as model compound. In the mouse Leydig cell line TM3, used as a proxy for ovarian theca cells, itraconazole exposure had a suppressing effect on genes downstream of HH signaling, such as Gli1. Exposing explanted rat ovaries (gestational day 22 or postnatal day 3) to 30 µM itraconazole for 72 h induced significant suppression of genes in the HH signaling pathway with altered Ihh, Gli1, Ptch1, and Smo expression similar to those previously observed in Ihh/Dhh knock-out mice. Exposing rat dams to 50 mg/kg bw/day in the perinatal period did not induce observable changes in the offspring's ovaries. Overall, our results suggest that HH signal disruptors may affect ovary development with potential long-term consequences for female reproductive health. However, potent HH inhibitors would likely cause severe teratogenic effects at doses lower than those causing ovarian dysgenesis, so the concern with respect to reproductive disorder is for the presence of HH disruptors at low concentration in combination with other ovary or endocrine disrupting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Katarina Lilith Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Camilla Taxvig
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustav Peder Mohr Olsen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Antachopoulos C, Roilides E. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antifungal Agents in Neonates and Children. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-020-00402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Frassinetti S, Falleni A, Del Carratore R. Effect of itraconazole on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and extracellular vesicles formation. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104267. [PMID: 32464303 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of a wide range of clinical chronic infections mainly due to the establishment of a biofilm. Biofilm, a population of bacteria within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance, decreases the susceptibility to antibiotics, immune defenses and contributes to antimicrobial resistance. To date antibiotic combination has been considered a strategy to combat S. aureus infection, but this approach does not solves the main pharmacokinetic problem caused by biofilms, consisting in insufficient drug penetration within the structure. Therefore, new antimicrobial agents that could overcome this resistance need to be discovered. Fighting staphylococcal resistance and biofilm formation is an important goal of the pharmaceutical research. Some fungicide has been observed to have antibacterial effect. anyway their use as antibiotics on S.aureus has been poorly studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fungicide itraconazole (IT) on S. aureus biofilm formation and explore by SEM the morphological alteration after treatment. A strong biofilm disaggregation and morphologically different extracellular vesicles (EV) production were observed starting from sublethal IT doses. This suggests that IT resistance phenomena on the part of S. aureus are more difficult to establish respect other antibiotics. The adjuvant properties of IT could be used to combat bacterial biofilm and/or to improve antibiotic treatment. Moreover, because the production of EV represents a secretory pathway involved in intercellular communication shared to mammalian cells, fungi, and bacteria, our study is important to increase information that can be generalized to higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frassinetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Falleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Italy
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Borneol and poly (ethylene glycol) dual modified BSA nanoparticles as an itraconazole vehicle for brain targeting. Int J Pharm 2019; 575:119002. [PMID: 31893546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.119002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) can be used for the treatment of cryptococcus neoformans meningitis and aspergillus brain abscess. While, the inherent hydrophobicity of ITZ and the existence of blood brain barrier (BBB) limit its applications as a central nervous system drug. In this study, a novel brain targeting drug delivery system based on bovine serum albumin (BSA) was constructed for enhancing ITZ distribution in brain. Firstly, ITZ was loaded into BSA nanoparticles (ITZ-NPs) with 11.6% of drug loading. Subsequently, the nanoparticles were modified with borneol (BO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG/BO-ITZ-NPs). The resulting nanoparticles retained their nanosize (186.3 nm), uniform and spherical morphology, and negative surface charge (-21.03 mV). Cell uptake studies showed that compared with ITZ-NPs, PEG/BO-ITZ-NPs had significantly increased uptake in bEnd.3 cells, and the increase in BO concentration was beneficial for the cellular uptake of NPs. Moreover, PEG/BO-ITZ-NPs displayed an approximately 3.5-fold higher area under the curve in rats and about 2-fold higher brain distribution in mice than that of Sporanox®, i.e. ITZ solubilized by hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodetrin, after i.v. administration. In a word, BO and PEG dual modified BSA nanoparticles may potentially serve as an ITZ vehicle for brain targeting.
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Bellmann R, Smuszkiewicz P. Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection 2017; 45:737-779. [PMID: 28702763 PMCID: PMC5696449 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Because of the high mortality of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), appropriate exposure to antifungals appears to be crucial for therapeutic efficacy and safety. Materials and methods This review summarises published pharmacokinetic data on systemically administered antifungals focusing on co-morbidities, target-site penetration, and combination antifungal therapy. Conclusions and discussion Amphotericin B is eliminated unchanged via urine and faeces. Flucytosine and fluconazole display low protein binding and are eliminated by the kidney. Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole are metabolised in the liver. Azoles are substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes and are therefore involved in numerous drug–drug interactions. Anidulafungin is spontaneously degraded in the plasma. Caspofungin and micafungin undergo enzymatic metabolism in the liver, which is independent of CYP. Although several drug–drug interactions occur during caspofungin and micafungin treatment, echinocandins display a lower potential for drug–drug interactions. Flucytosine and azoles penetrate into most of relevant tissues. Amphotericin B accumulates in the liver and in the spleen. Its concentrations in lung and kidney are intermediate and relatively low myocardium and brain. Tissue distribution of echinocandins is similar to that of amphotericin. Combination antifungal therapy is established for cryptococcosis but controversial in other IFIs such as invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Bellmann
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Unit, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Piotr Smuszkiewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Pain Treatment, University Hospital, Poznań, Poland
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Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8052-82. [PMID: 25211298 PMCID: PMC4226667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CUSP9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated CUSP9*. CUSP9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original CUSP9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for CUSP9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of CUSP9* is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
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El-Shershaby AF, Dakrory AI, El-Dakdoky MH, Ibrahim J, Kassem F. Biomonitoring of the Genotoxic and Hepatotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Potentials of Itraconazole in Pregnant Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:55-64. [PMID: 25920496 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are more susceptible to both vaginal colonization and infection by yeast. One hundred million fungal infected patients have been treated worldwide with itraconazole (Caputo, 2003. METHOD Itraconazole was administrated orally to pregnant rats at doses of 75, 100, or 150 mg/kg during gestational days (GD) 1 to 7 or GD 8 to 14 or GD 14 to 20. The genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of the antifungal drug itraconazole were assessed during different periods of pregnancy using different methods. RESULTS It was found that itraconazole was a genotoxic drug for both mothers and fetuses. This finding was observed via significant elevation in the estimated comet assay parameters (percentage of fragmented DNA, tail moment, and olive moment), percentage of fragmented DNA measured by diphenylamine assay and mixed smearing and laddering of DNA fragments of liver samples. In addition, itraconazole caused significant elevation in the level of hepatic malondialdehyde and depletion in the catalase activity and glutathione level. Furthermore, itraconazole induced histopathological alterations in the hepatic tissues of both mothers and fetuses. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that itraconazole administration at doses of 75, 100, or 150 mg/kg during pregnancy induced maternal and fetal toxicity that could be induced by the genotoxicity and the oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed I Dakrory
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai H El-Dakdoky
- Zoology Department, Women's College for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jehane Ibrahim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Kassem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Sugui JA, Kwon-Chung KJ, Juvvadi PR, Latgé JP, Steinbach WJ. Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:a019786. [PMID: 25377144 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus contains etiologic agents of aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations of the disease range from allergic reaction to invasive pulmonary infection. Among the pathogenic aspergilli, Aspergillus fumigatus is most ubiquitous in the environment and is the major cause of the disease, followed by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, and several species in the section Fumigati that morphologically resemble A. fumigatus. Patients that are at risk for acquiring aspergillosis are those with an altered immune system. Early diagnosis, species identification, and adequate antifungal therapy are key elements for treatment of the disease, especially in cases of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis that often advance very rapidly. Incorporating knowledge of the basic biology of Aspergillus species to that of the diseases that they cause is fundamental for further progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyce A Sugui
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kyung J Kwon-Chung
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Praveen R Juvvadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27715
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - William J Steinbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27715 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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El-Shershaby AF, Imam A, Helmy M, Ibrahim J, kassem F. In uteroexposure to itraconazole during different gestational periods of rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 24:50-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.848006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Marotta F, Tiboni GM. Molecular aspects of azoles-induced teratogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:461-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003592111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Calabrò G, Nino M, Gallo L, Scalvenzi M. Cutaneous alternariosis in a kidney transplantation recipient: Report of a case. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 19:246-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09546630701713485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tiboni GM, Marotta F, Del Corso A, Giampietro F. Defining critical periods for itraconazole-induced cleft palate, limb defects and axial skeletal malformations in the mouse. Toxicol Lett 2006; 167:8-18. [PMID: 16987620 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to identify the critical periods of susceptibility for itraconazole-mediated teratogenesis in the mouse. Pregnant ICR (CD-1) mice received a single oral administration of itraconazole at 50 mg/kg b.w., 150 mg/kg b.w. or 250 mg/kg b.w. on gestation day 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. Control animals were administered with vehicle on gestation days 8-12. The gestational outcome was evaluated near term, on gestation day 18. Treatment-related morphological findings, as they can be evaluated by external, visceral and skeletal examination, mainly included cleft palate, limb defects and axial skeletal malformations. Cleft palate and limb defects resulted after single exposures between gestation days 9 and 11, with a tendency toward maximal response on gestation day 10. Significant incidences of axial skeletal defects were seen exclusively on gestation days 8 and 9. Exposure on gestation day 12 did not yield significant teratogenic responses. Cleft palate was the most sensitive teratogenic response, being the only developmental lesion associated to exposure to itraconazole at 150 mg/kg b.w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Mario Tiboni
- Sezione di Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Ospedale SS Annunziata, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, Italy.
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Shoseyov D, Brownlee KG, Conway SP, Kerem E. Aspergillus bronchitis in cystic fibrosis. Chest 2006; 130:222-6. [PMID: 16840406 DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.1.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, a widely distributed spore-bearing fungus, is commonly grown in sputum cultures of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). A fumigatus may cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a complex condition that leads to worsening of airway inflammation and progressive damage and is diagnosed by specific criteria. In this report, we present six CF patients with respiratory deterioration that did not respond to appropriate antibiotic treatment. All had had A fumigatus in sputum cultures but did not fulfill the criteria of ABPA. Treatment with antifungal agents was followed by improvement in clinical condition. We suggest that in patients with CF, A fumigatus should be considered as a pathogen that may directly cause respiratory exacerbations. Antifungal therapy should be considered when deteriorating respiratory function is not responding to antibacterial therapy and A fumigatus is growing in sputum cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shoseyov
- Department of Pediatrics and CF Center, Hadassah University Hospital, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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