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Cristea CD, Radu M, Toboc A, Stan C, David V. Cationic exchange SPE combined with triple quadrupole UHPLC-MS/MS for detection of GHRHs in urine samples. Anal Biochem 2023; 682:115336. [PMID: 37806509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRHs) is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Considering the complexity of urine samples and the low concentrations at which these analytes should be detected, analyzing GHRHs is a challenging task. In most of the studies, GHRHs are analyzed using UHPLC-HRMS with an orbitrap. The present developed and validated method for some GHRHs (tesamorelin, CJC-1295, sermorelin (GRF 1-29), sermorelin (3-29)-NH2, somatorelin) is based on the triple quadrupole UHPLC/MS-MS method with solid phase extraction (SPE) with weak cation exchange and is able to detect concentrations as low as 0.2 ng/mL (LOD), a limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.6 ng/mL, and linearity across the range of 0.1 ng/mL to 1.2 ng/mL. The present method developed by our doping control laboratory was validated according to WADA technical documents for selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), carryover, reliability of detection, stability and recovery. The results show that the method has adequate recoveries and sensitivity, hence, it can be employed for routine screening in anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina-Diana Cristea
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, Sect 5, Bucharest, 050663, Romania; Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, Bldv. Basarabia, No. 37-39, Sect 2, Bucharest, 022103, Romania.
| | - Mihai Radu
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, Bldv. Basarabia, No. 37-39, Sect 2, Bucharest, 022103, Romania.
| | - Ani Toboc
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, Bldv. Basarabia, No. 37-39, Sect 2, Bucharest, 022103, Romania.
| | - Cristina Stan
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, Bldv. Basarabia, No. 37-39, Sect 2, Bucharest, 022103, Romania.
| | - Victor David
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Sos. Panduri, No. 90, Sect 5, Bucharest, 050663, Romania.
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2
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Chang W, He G, Yan K, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Dong T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Hong L. Doping control analysis of small peptides in human urine using LC-HRMS with parallel reaction monitoring mode: screening and confirmation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5838-5850. [PMID: 34847571 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study described a reliable analytical method, which combines solid-phase extraction (SPE) with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) employing the parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode, for screening 41 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues in human urine. Additionally 36 small peptides and 3 non-peptide growth hormone secretagogues were also confirmed in the same way. For the whole screening procedure, the PRM mode was applied to the HRMS detection of small peptides, which reduces the background noise from matrix compounds to a large extent and thus improves the selectivity and reliability of the peptide analytes. Meanwhile, competent chromatographic separation was achieved within a total runtime of 14 minutes, indicating an improvement in the detection efficiency. Moreover, the PRM mode could also be applied to the confirmation procedure due to its strong identification power with a low risk of generating false positives or negatives and good selectivity. Validation was performed according to the relevant World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) criteria, including selectivity and reliability, limit of detection (LOD), limit of identification (LOI), recovery, extraction stability and carryover. The LODs of the peptide analytes ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 0.92 ng mL-1 in urine, while their LOIs ranged between 0.20 ng mL-1 and 2.00 ng mL-1, which met the corresponding Minimum Required Performance Levels (MRPLs) as defined by WADA. The developed method furnished the rapid and sensitive detection of small peptides in urine for more than 5000 samples with no false-positive or false-negative, indicating that it is an eligible method for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Genye He
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuan Yan
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanliang Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianyu Dong
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunxi Liu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisi Zhang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, No. 1 Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Hong
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang Xi Road, HaiZhu District, 510275 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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5
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Thomas A, Thevis M. Identification of metabolites of peptide-derived drugs using an isotope-labeled reporter ion screening strategy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:690-700. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPeptide-derived drugs represent an emerging class of prohibited substances in professional sports and, thus, in modern doping controls. After parental administration (e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous), these drugs undergo various metabolic processes, which degrade them to biologically active or inactive peptides. Knowledge about these metabolic processes and the hereby produced metabolites plays a key role in successful doping controls due to the effective design of analytical assays under consideration of optimal analytical targets. Unfortunately, the complexity of biological matrix (e.g. blood or urine) complicates the immediate identification of relevant metabolites due to the enormous excess of naturally occurring peptides and their degradation products.MethodsIn this study, a strategy employing in-vitro metabolism of stable isotope-labeled peptides producing characteristic reporter ions derived from labeled immonium ions is shown. The in-vitro experiments were performed with human skin tissue microsomes (S9), and model drugs representing prohibited peptide hormones were synacthen, insulin, and corticorelin (respectively, their stable isotope-labeled analogs). After generic sample preparation, the metabolites were identified by means of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in an untargeted approach.Results and conclusionsFor all three model peptides, several metabolic products were readily identified. While insulin and corticorelin were found to be comparably stable, synacthen was fully degraded, yielding a plethora of metabolic products. A proof of concept concerning the transferability of the obtained data was accomplished by analyzing plasma samples collected post-administration of recombinant human insulin, corroborating the presence of a skin protease-indicative insulin metabolite in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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6
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Sobsey CA, Ibrahim S, Richard VR, Gaspar V, Mitsa G, Lacasse V, Zahedi RP, Batist G, Borchers CH. Targeted and Untargeted Proteomics Approaches in Biomarker Development. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900029. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance A. Sobsey
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Sahar Ibrahim
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vincent R. Richard
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vanessa Gaspar
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Georgia Mitsa
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Vincent Lacasse
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - René P. Zahedi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Gerald Batist
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H4A 3T2 Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3T 1E2 Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General HospitalMcGill University Montreal Quebec H4A 3T2 Canada
- Department of Data Intensive Science and EngineeringSkolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologySkolkovo Innovation Center Moscow 143026 Russia
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7
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Weber C, Krug O, Kamber M, Thevis M. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Doping Products Seized at the Swiss Border. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:742-753. [PMID: 28156209 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1263665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substances developed for therapeutic use are also known to be misused by athletes as doping agents and, outside of regulated sport, for image-enhancement. This has generated a market for counterfeit doping substances. Counterfeit doping agents may be of poor pharmaceutical quality and therefore constitute health risks to consumers. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the pharmaceutical quality of 1,190 doping products seized at the Swiss border. METHODS Swiss customs authorities seize incoming shipments potentially containing doping agents. Qualitative and semiquantitative analyses were performed in order to test for prohibited doping substances. The main analytical methods utilized for characterizing confiscated compounds were liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with subsequent in-gel tryptic digestion and identification of peptidic compounds using nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and electrochemiluminescence immuno assay. RESULTS For 889 (75%) of the analyzed products, the label suggested the content of anabolic agents, for 146 samples (12%) peptide hormones or growth factors, and for 113 items (9%) antiestrogens, aromatase inhibitors or other metabolic modulators. For the majority of the investigated products, the pharmaceutical quality was an unsatisfactory standard: nonapproved substances were detected and less than 20% of the products contained the claimed substance in the respective amount. CONCLUSION A comprehensive sample of confiscated doping products was analyzed, allowing for monitoring of developments regarding the use of doping substances in Switzerland and for anticipating future trends and challenges in sports drug testing. An alarming number of tested products was of substandard pharmaceutical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Krug
- b Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents , Cologne/Bonn , Germany
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- b Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany.,c European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents , Cologne/Bonn , Germany
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8
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Zhang JJ, Xu JF, Shen YW, Ma SJ, Zhang TT, Meng QL, Lan WJ, Zhang C, Liu XM. Detection of exogenous gene doping of IGF-I by a real-time quantitative PCR assay. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:549-554. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Feng Xu
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
- College of Physical Education; Soochow University; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Wei Shen
- College of Physical Education; Soochow University; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jiao Ma
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
- College of Physical Education; Soochow University; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
- College of Physical Education; Soochow University; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lin Meng
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Lan
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Suzhou People's Republic of China
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9
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Görgens C, Guddat S, Thomas A, Wachsmuth P, Orlovius AK, Sigmund G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Simplifying and expanding analytical capabilities for various classes of doping agents by means of direct urine injection high performance liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:482-496. [PMID: 27693991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
So far, in sports drug testing compounds of different classes are processed and measured using different screening procedures. The constantly increasing number of samples in doping analysis, as well as the large number of substances with doping related, pharmacological effects require the development of even more powerful assays than those already employed in sports drug testing, indispensably with reduced sample preparation procedures. The analysis of native urine samples after direct injection provides a promising analytical approach, which thereby possesses a broad applicability to many different compounds and their metabolites, without a time-consuming sample preparation. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on liquid chromatography and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for more than 200 analytes of various classes of doping agents far below the required detection limits in sports drug testing. Here, classic groups of drugs as diuretics, stimulants, β2-agonists, narcotics and anabolic androgenic steroids as well as various newer target compounds like hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), plasma volume expanders and other doping related compounds, listed in the 2016 WADA prohibited list were implemented. As a main achievement, growth hormone releasing peptides could be implemented, which chemically belong to the group of small peptides (<2kDa) and are commonly determined by laborious and time-consuming stand-alone assays. The assay was fully validated for qualitative purposes considering the parameters specificity, robustness (rRT: <2%), intra- (CV: 1.7-18.4 %) and inter-day precision (CV: 2.3-18.3%) at three concentration levels, linearity (R2>0.99), limit of detection (0.1-25ng/mL; 3'OH-stanozolol glucuronide: 50pg/mL; dextran/HES: 10μg/mL) and matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Wachsmuth
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Orlovius
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Multianalyte LC–MS-based methods in doping control: what are the implications for doping athletes? Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1129-32. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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12
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Walpurgis K, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:7-29. [PMID: 26767774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories, Höyläämötie 14, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Thomas A, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thieme D, Dellanna F, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:333-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
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14
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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15
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Tretzel L, Brinkkötter P, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Expanded test method for peptides >2 kDa employing immunoaffinity purification and LC-HRMS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:990-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Laura Tretzel
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Paul Brinkkötter
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne; University of Cologne; Robert-Koch-Str. 21 Germany
| | - Eric Fichant
- CER Groupe - Département Santé; Rue du Point du Jour, 8 Marloie Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe - Département Santé; Rue du Point du Jour, 8 Marloie Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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16
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Ferro P, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Bosch J, Farré M, Segura J. Fit-for-Purpose Radio Receptor Assay for the Determination of Growth Hormone Secretagogues in Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1268-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115594590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The everlasting pharmacological development is continuously producing new substances with potential doping abuse. Among these, secretagogues are very prone to misuse by athletes for their properties to release growth hormone (GH) and some limitations in the actual analytical methods to detect them. In this paper, an in-depth study on the key variables of the radio receptor method previously developed by our group is performed and a fit-for-purpose protocol is established. Thus, this sensitive and robust screening method is proposed as an intelligent and preventive antidoping method to detect new growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) in exceptional suspicious urine samples obtained from athletes and will support the current detection methods based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
- Anapharm Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Bosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona–UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Spain
| | - J. Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Sobolevsky T, Krotov G, Dikunets M, Nikitina M, Mochalova E, Rodchenkov G. Anti-doping analyses at the Sochi Olympic and Paralympic Games 2014. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1087-101. [PMID: 25312500 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory anti-doping services during XXII Winter Olympic and XI Paralympic games in Sochi in 2014 were provided by a satellite laboratory facility located within the strictly secured Olympic Park. This laboratory, established and operated by the personnel of Antidoping Center, Moscow, has been authorized by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to conduct doping control analyses. The 4-floor building accommodated the most advanced analytical instrumentation and became a place of attraction for more than 50 Russian specialists and 25 foreign experts, including independent observers. In total, 2134 urine and 479 blood samples were delivered to the laboratory and analyzed during the Olympic Games (OG), and 403 urine and 108 blood samples - during the Paralympic Games (PG). The number of erythropoietin tests requested in urine was 946 and 166 at the OG and PG, respectively. Though included in the test distribution plan, a growth hormone analysis was cancelled by the Organizing Committee just before the Games. Several adverse analytical findings have been reported including pseudoephedrine (1 case), methylhexaneamine (4 cases), trimetazidine (1 case), dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (1 case), clostebol (1 case), and a designer stimulant N-ethyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine (1 case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre, 105005 Moscow, Elizavetinsky per. 10, Russia
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