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Montgomery MP, Morris SE, Rolfes MA, Kittikraisak W, Samuels AM, Biggerstaff M, Davis WW, Reed C, Olsen SJ. The role of asymptomatic infections in influenza transmission: what do we really know. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e394-e404. [PMID: 38128563 PMCID: PMC11127787 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of asymptomatic influenza virus infections in influenza transmission was uncertain. However, the importance of asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 for onward transmission of COVID-19 has led experts to question whether the role of asymptomatic influenza virus infections in transmission had been underappreciated. We discuss the existing evidence on the frequency of asymptomatic influenza virus infections, the extent to which they contribute to infection transmission, and remaining knowledge gaps. We propose priority areas for further evaluation, study designs, and case definitions to address existing knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha P Montgomery
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
| | - Sinead E Morris
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wanitchaya Kittikraisak
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Aaron M Samuels
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William W Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Carrie Reed
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Shah SAW, Palomar DP, Barr I, Poon LLM, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Seasonal antigenic prediction of influenza A H3N2 using machine learning. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3833. [PMID: 38714654 PMCID: PMC11076571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of circulating influenza A virus (IAV) isolates is routinely assessed by using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays for surveillance purposes. It is also used to determine the need for annual influenza vaccine updates as well as for pandemic preparedness. Performing antigenic characterization of IAV on a global scale is confronted with high costs, animal availability, and other practical challenges. Here we present a machine learning model that accurately predicts (normalized) outputs of HI assays involving circulating human IAV H3N2 viruses, using their hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1) sequences and associated metadata. Each season, the model learns an updated nonlinear mapping of genetic to antigenic changes using data from past seasons only. The model accurately distinguishes antigenic variants from non-variants and adaptively characterizes seasonal dynamics of HA1 sites having the strongest influence on antigenic change. Antigenic predictions produced by the model can aid influenza surveillance, public health management, and vaccine strain selection activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Awais W Shah
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel P Palomar
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Decision Analytics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ahmed Abdul Quadeer
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Matthew R McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Allen JD, Ross TM. mRNA vaccines encoding computationally optimized hemagglutinin elicit protective antibodies against future antigenically drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses isolated between 2018-2020. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334670. [PMID: 38533508 PMCID: PMC10963417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The implementation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has successfully validated the safety and efficacy of the platform, while at the same time revealing the potential for their applications against other infectious diseases. Traditional seasonal influenza vaccines often induce strain specific antibody responses that offer limited protection against antigenically drifted viruses, leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. Modern advances in viral surveillance and sequencing have led to the development of in-silico methodologies for generating computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) to improve seasonal influenza vaccines. Methods In this study, immunologically naïve mice were intramuscularly vaccinated with mRNA encoding H1 and H3 COBRA hemagglutinins (HA) or wild-type (WT) influenza HAs encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Results Mice vaccinated with H1 and H3 COBRA HA-encoding mRNA vaccines generated robust neutralizing serum antibody responses against more antigenically distinct contemporary and future drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains than those vaccinated with WT H1 and H3 HA-encoding mRNA vaccines. The H1 and H3 COBRA HA-encoding mRNA vaccines also prevented influenza illness, including severe disease in the mouse model against H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Conclusions This study highlights the potential benefits of combining universal influenza antigen design technology with modern vaccine delivery platforms and exhibits how these vaccines can be advantageous over traditional WT vaccine antigens at eliciting superior protective antibody responses against a broader number of influenza virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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4
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Carlock MA, Ross TM. A computationally optimized broadly reactive hemagglutinin vaccine elicits neutralizing antibodies against influenza B viruses from both lineages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15911. [PMID: 37741893 PMCID: PMC10517972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) can cause severe disease and death much like influenza A viruses (IAV), with a disproportionate number of infections in children. Despite moving to a quadrivalent vaccine to include strains from both the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages, vaccine effectiveness rates continue to be variable and low in many past seasons. To develop more effective influenza B virus vaccines, three novel IBV hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines were designed using a computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology. These IBV HA proteins were expressed on the surface of a virus-like particle (VLP) and used to vaccinate ferrets that were pre-immune to historical B/Victoria or B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Ferrets vaccinated with B-COBRA HA vaccines had neutralizing antibodies with high titer HAI titer against all influenza B viruses regardless of pre-immunization history. Conversely, VLPs expressing wild-type IBV HA antigens preferentially boosted titers against viruses from the same lineage and there was little-to-no seroprotective antibodies detected in ferrets with mismatched IBV pre-immune infections. Overall, a single IBV HA developed using the COBRA methodology elicited protective broadly-reactive antibodies against current and future drifted IBVs from both lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Global Vaccine Development, Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Global Vaccine Development, Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA.
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Global Vaccine Development, Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, 9801 SW Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34987, USA.
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Hitchings MDT, Borgert BA, Shir A, Yang B, Grantz KH, Ball J, Moreno CA, Rand K, Small PA, Fowke KR, Cummings DAT. Dynamics of Anti-influenza Mucosal IgA Over a Season in a Cohort of Individuals Living or Working in a Long-term Care Facility. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:383-390. [PMID: 36740584 PMCID: PMC10428196 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological surveys are used to ascertain influenza infection and immunity, but evidence for the utility of mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a correlate of infection or protection is limited. METHODS We performed influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance on 220 individuals living or working in a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida from January to May 2018, and took pre- and postseason nasal samples of 11 individuals with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed influenza infection and 60 randomly selected controls. Mucosal IgA against 10 strains of influenza was measured from nasal samples. RESULTS Overall, 28.2% and 11.3% of individuals experienced a 2-fold and 4-fold rise, respectively, in mucosal IgA to at least 1 influenza strain. Individuals with PCR-confirmed influenza A had significantly lower levels of preseason IgA to influenza A. Influenza-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to influenza strains of the same subtype, and H3N2-associated respiratory illness was associated with a higher rise in mucosal IgA to other influenza A strains. CONCLUSIONS By comparing individuals with and without influenza illness, we demonstrated that mucosal IgA is a correlate of influenza infection. There was evidence for cross-reactivity in mucosal IgA across influenza A subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam Shir
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyra H Grantz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob Ball
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Rand
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parker A Small
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Schmader KE, Liu CK, Flannery B, Rountree W, Auerbach H, Barnett ED, Schlaudecker EP, Todd CA, Poniewierski M, Staat MA, Harrington T, Li R, Broder KR, Walter EB. Immunogenicity of adjuvanted versus high-dose inactivated influenza vaccines in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37393237 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV) and high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV) are U.S.-licensed for adults aged ≥ 65 years. This study compared serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers for the A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 and B strains after trivalent aIIV3 and trivalent HD-IIV3 in an older adult population. RESULTS The immunogenicity population included 342 participants who received aIIV3 and 338 participants who received HD-IIV3. The proportion of participants that seroconverted to A(H3N2) vaccine strains after allV3 (112 participants [32.8%]) was inferior to the proportion of participants that seroconverted after HD-IIV3 (130 participants [38.5%]) at day 29 after vaccination (difference, - 5.8%; 95%CI, - 12.9% to 1.4%). There were no significant differences between the vaccine groups in percent seroconversion to A(H1N1)pdm09 or B vaccine strains, in percent seropositivity for any of the strains, or in post-vaccination GMT for the A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. The GMTs for the post-vaccination A(H3N2) and B strains were higher after HD-IIV than after aIIV3. CONCLUSIONS Overall immune responses were similar after aIIV3 and HD-IIV3. For the primary outcome, the aIIV3 seroconversion rate for H3N2 did not meet noninferiority criteria compared with HD-IIV3, but the HD-IIV3 seroconversion rate was not statistically superior to the aIIV3 seroconversion rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03183908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Center for the Study of Aging, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Durham VA Health Care System, Box 3003, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Christine K Liu
- Section of Geriatrics, Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC), Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Infuenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Auerbach
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Barnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian, Boston, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Schlaudecker
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher A Todd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marek Poniewierski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary A Staat
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Theresa Harrington
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rongxia Li
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen R Broder
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Lee J, Hadfield J, Black A, Sibley TR, Neher RA, Bedford T, Huddleston J. Joint visualization of seasonal influenza serology and phylogeny to inform vaccine composition. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1069487. [PMID: 37035035 PMCID: PMC10073671 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1069487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines must be updated regularly to account for mutations that allow influenza viruses to escape our existing immunity. A successful vaccine should represent the genetic diversity of recently circulating viruses and induce antibodies that effectively prevent infection by those recent viruses. Thus, linking the genetic composition of circulating viruses and the serological experimental results measuring antibody efficacy is crucial to the vaccine design decision. Historically, genetic and serological data have been presented separately in the form of static visualizations of phylogenetic trees and tabular serological results to identify vaccine candidates. To simplify this decision-making process, we have created an interactive tool for visualizing serological data that has been integrated into Nextstrain's real-time phylogenetic visualization framework, Auspice. We show how the combined interactive visualizations may be used by decision makers to explore the relationships between complex data sets for both prospective vaccine virus selection and retrospectively exploring the performance of vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jover Lee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James Hadfield
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allison Black
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Thomas R. Sibley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard A. Neher
- Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John Huddleston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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Deng X, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Chen J, Li M, Yang J, Yu H. Regional characteristics of influenza seasonality patterns in mainland China, 2005-2017: a statistical modeling study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:91-97. [PMID: 36581188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the seasonal and antigenic characteristics of influenza to help understand influenza activity and inform vaccine recommendations. METHODS We employed a generalized linear model with harmonic terms to quantify the seasonal pattern of influenza in China from 2005-2017, including amplitude (circulatory intensity), semiannual periodicity (given two peaks a year), annual peak time, and epidemic duration. The antigenic differences were distinguished as antigenic similarity between 2009 and 2020. We categorized regions above 33° N, between 27° N and 33° N, and below 27° N as the north, central, and south regions, respectively. RESULTS We estimated that the amplitude in the north region (median: 0.019, 95% CI: 0.018-0.021) was significantly higher than that in the central region (median: 0.011, 95% CI: 0.01-0.012, P <0.001) and south region (median: 0.008, 95% CI: 0.007-0.008, P <0.001) for influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2). The A/H3N2 in the central region had a semiannual periodicity (median: 0.548, 95% CI: 0.517-0.577), while no semiannual pattern was found in other regions or subtypes/lineages. The antigenic similarity was low (below 50% in the 2009-2010, 2014-2015, 2016-2018, and 2019-2020 seasons) for A/H3N2. CONCLUSION Our study depicted the seasonal pattern differences and antigenic differences of influenza in China, which provides information for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyao Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Batty CJ, Amouzougan EA, A Carlock M, Ross TM, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Sustained delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide by acetalated dextran microparticles augments effector response to Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) influenza hemagglutinin. Int J Pharm 2023; 630:122429. [PMID: 36436743 PMCID: PMC9789738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A subunit or protein-based influenza vaccine can be a safer alternative to live attenuated vaccine (Flumist) and require fewer boosts than an inactivated vaccine (e.g. Fluzone). However, to form an effective subunit vaccine, an adjuvant is often needed. In this work we used electrospray to encapsulate the hydrophilic adjuvant CpG into microparticles made from the hydrophobic biodegradable polymer acetalated dextran. To understand the rate of particle degradation on CpG release, polymer that was slow (21 h at phagosomal pH 5) and fast (0.25 h at pH 5) degrading was used to encapsulate the adjuvant. The slow-degrading particles exhibited the greatest degree of innate immune stimulation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. In mice, the broadly acting Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) Y2 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antigen was used with CpG particles, soluble CpG, or MF-59 like adjuvant Addavax. Particles and soluble CpG elicited similar induction of anti-HA antibodies and protection against lethal influenza challenge, but the sustained release particles elicited the highest levels antibody effector functions. These results demonstrate a suitable method for encapsulation of CpG oligonucleotide in a hydrophobic particle matrix, and suggest that sustained release of CpG from Ace-DEX microparticles could potentially be used to induce potent antibody effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eva A Amouzougan
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC, USA.
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11
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Aoun T, Borrow R, Arkwright PD. Immunogenicity and safety of seasonal influenza vaccines in children under 3 years of age. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:226-242. [PMID: 36800932 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2181797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite children aged 6-35 months developing more severe influenza infections, not all countries include influenza vaccines in their national immunization programs. AREAS COVERED This literature review examines the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs) and quadrivalent influenzae vaccines (QIVs) in children 6-35 months old to determine if greater valency promotes greater protection while maintaining a similar safety profile. EXPERT OPINION TIVs and QIVs are safe for children under 3 years old. TIVs and QIVs provided good seroprotection, and immunogenicity (GMT, SCR, and SPR) meeting recommended levels set by CHMP (European) and CBER (USA). However, as QIVs carry two influenza B strains and TIVs only one, QIVs has an overall higher seroprotection against particularly influenza B. Vaccines containing adjuncts had better immunogenicity, particularly after the first dose. Seroprotection of all vaccines lasted 12 months. Increasing the dosage from 0.25 mL to 0.5 mL did not cause more systemic or local side-effects. Further comparisons of efficacy, and wider promotion of influenza vaccines in general are required in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia Aoun
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Detection Methods for H1N1 Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2610:109-127. [PMID: 36534286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus H1N1, a respiratory virus transmitted via droplets and responsible for the global pandemic in 2009, belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, a single-negative-stranded RNA. It possesses glycoprotein spikes neuraminidase (NA), hemagglutinin (HA), and a matrix protein named M2. The Covid-19 pandemic affected the world population belongs to the respiratory virus category is currently mutating, this can also be observed in the case of H1N1 influenza A virus. Mutations in H1N1 can enhance the viral capacity which can lead to another pandemic. This virus affects children below 5 years, pregnant women, old age people, and immunocompromised individuals due to its high viral capacity. Its early detection is necessary for the patient's recovery time. In this book chapter, we mainly focus on the detection methods for H1N1, from traditional ones to the most advance including biosensors, RT-LAMP, multi-fluorescent PCR.
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13
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Andrade Belitardo EMM, Nery N, Aguilar Ticona JP, Portilho MM, Mello IO, Ribeiro GS, Reis MG, Costa F, Cummings DAT, Ko AI, Fofana MO. Reliable estimation of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein IgG titers from single dilution optical density values in serologic surveys. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 104:115807. [PMID: 36162285 PMCID: PMC9428330 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and scalable seroepidemiology methods are needed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 incidence and monitor the dynamics of population-level immunity as the pandemic evolves. We aimed to evaluate the reliability of SARS-CoV-2 normalized ELISA optical density (nOD) at a single dilution compared to titers derived from serial dilutions. We conducted serial serosurveys within a community-based cohort in Salvador, Brazil. Anti-S IgG ELISA (Euroimmun AG) was performed with 5 serial 3-fold dilutions of paired sera from 54 participants. Changes in nOD reliably predicted increases and decreases in titers (98.1% agreement, κ = 95.8%). Fitting the relationship between nOD and interpolated titers to a log-log curve yields highly accurate predictions of titers (r2 = 0.995) and changes in titers (r2 = 0.975), using only 1 to 2 dilutions. This approach can significantly reduce the time, labor and resources needed for large-scale serosurveys to ascertain population-level changes in exposure and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iago O Mello
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mariam O Fofana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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14
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Liu X, Park J, Xia S, Liang B, Yang S, Wang Y, Syrkina O, Lavis N, Liu S, Zhao C, Ding J, Hu J, Samson SI, de Bruijn IA, Li X, Liu Q, Luo H, Lv Q, Su M, Xie Z, Xia H, You W, Zhang W, Zheng Y, Zhu G, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Abalos K, Beyer YJ, Zhang M, Moreau C, Deng C, Salamand C, Tabar C, Ao R, Mallett Moore T, Jouve A, Frago C, A R, Jean Baria E, Camille S, Cao X, Cathcart D, Chabanon AL, Chen N, Feng H, Fontvieille AI, Hagenbach A, He H, Inamdar A, Janosczyk H, Lau A, Petit C, Philippe W, See S, Serradell-Vallejo L, Tourault A, Wu S, Yan M, Yue C, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Li J, Mao H, Yang H, Yang Y, Yi X, Du Z, Guo L, Wang K. Immunological non-inferiority and safety of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine versus two trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in China: Results from two studies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2132798. [PMID: 36328438 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2132798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO UNIVERSAL TRIAL NUMBERS (UTNS) U1111-1174-4615 and U1111-1174-4698. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT04210349 and NCT03430089.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- Vaccine Clinical Research Center, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming City, Yunnan, China
| | - Juliana Park
- Global Clinical Development, Sanofi, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shengli Xia
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan, China
| | - Bin Liang
- China Medical, Sanofi, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangmin Yang
- Vaccine Clinical Research Center, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming City, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou City, Henan, China
| | - Olga Syrkina
- Global Pharmacovigilance, Sanofi, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Respiratory Virus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Virus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ding
- China Medical, Sanofi, Beijing, China
| | - Jieqiong Hu
- Global Clinical Development, Sanofi, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Forst CV, Chung M, Hockman M, Lashua L, Adney E, Hickey A, Carlock M, Ross T, Ghedin E, Gresham D. Vaccination History, Body Mass Index, Age, and Baseline Gene Expression Predict Influenza Vaccination Outcomes. Viruses 2022; 14:2446. [PMID: 36366544 PMCID: PMC9697051 DOI: 10.3390/v14112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is a primary public health burden in the USA and globally. Annual vaccination programs are designed on the basis of circulating influenza viral strains. However, the effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccine is highly variable between seasons and among individuals. A number of factors are known to influence vaccination effectiveness including age, sex, and comorbidities. Here, we sought to determine whether whole blood gene expression profiling prior to vaccination is informative about pre-existing immunological status and the immunological response to vaccine. We performed whole transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of whole blood samples obtained prior to vaccination from 275 participants enrolled in an annual influenza vaccine trial. Serological status prior to vaccination and 28 days following vaccination was assessed using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) to define baseline immune status and the response to vaccination. We find evidence that genes with immunological functions are increased in expression in individuals with higher pre-existing immunity and in those individuals who mount a greater response to vaccination. Using a random forest model, we find that this set of genes can be used to predict vaccine response with a performance similar to a model that incorporates physiological and prior vaccination status alone. A model using both gene expression and physiological factors has the greatest predictive power demonstrating the potential utility of molecular profiling for enhancing prediction of vaccine response. Moreover, expression of genes that are associated with enhanced vaccination response may point to additional biological pathways that contribute to mounting a robust immunological response to the seasonal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian V. Forst
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Matthew Chung
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Megan Hockman
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Lauren Lashua
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Emily Adney
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Angela Hickey
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Michael Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - David Gresham
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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16
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Zhang Z, Jiang Z, Deng T, Zhang J, Liu B, Liu J, Qiu R, Zhang Q, Li X, Nian X, Hong Y, Li F, Peng F, Zhao W, Xia Z, Huang S, Liang S, Chen J, Li C, Yang X. Preclinical immunogenicity assessment of a cell-based inactivated whole-virion H5N1 influenza vaccine. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1282-1295. [PMID: 36249527 PMCID: PMC9518664 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In influenza vaccine development, Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells provide multiple advantages, including large-scale production and egg independence. Several cell-based influenza vaccines have been approved worldwide. We cultured H5N1 virus in a serum-free MDCK cell suspension. The harvested virus was manufactured into vaccines after inactivation and purification. The vaccine effectiveness was assessed in the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products BSL2 facility. The pre- and postvaccination mouse serum titers were determined using the microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition tests. The immunological responses induced by vaccine were investigated using immunological cell classification, cytokine expression quantification, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtype classification. The protective effect of the vaccine in mice was evaluated using challenge test. Antibodies against H5N1 in rats lasted up to 8 months after the first dose. Compared with those of the placebo group, the serum titer of vaccinated mice increased significantly, Th1 and Th2 cells were activated, and CD8+ T cells were activated in two dose groups. Furthermore, the challenge test showed that vaccination reduced the clinical symptoms and virus titer in the lungs of mice after challenge, indicating a superior immunological response. Notably, early after vaccination, considerably increased interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels were found, indicating improved vaccine-induced innate immunity. However, IP-10 is an adverse event marker, which is a cause for concern. Overall, in the case of an outbreak, the whole-virion H5N1 vaccine should provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhegang Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Tao Deng
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Bo Liu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Jing Liu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Ran Qiu
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Xuedan Li
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Xuanxuan Nian
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Yue Hong
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Fang Li
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Feixia Peng
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Zhiwu Xia
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Shihe Huang
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | | | - Jinhua Chen
- Viral Vaccines Research and Development Department 2, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Combination Vaccines, China National Biotec Group , Wuhan , 430207 , China
- China National Biotec Group , Beijing , 100029 , China
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17
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Zhao N, Grund C, Beer M, Wang G, Harder TC. Tetraplex Fluorescent Microbead-Based Immunoassay for the Serodiagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry Sera. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091059. [PMID: 36145491 PMCID: PMC9505202 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as well as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) subtypes H5 and H7 induce contagious and lethal systemic disease in poultry. In contrast, low pathogenic AIV H5 and H7 may circulate clinically unnoticed in poultry but eventually generate HPAIV. Low pathogenic NDV strains are widely used as live-attenuated vaccines against ND. Serological tools are essential to conduct active surveillance for infections with notifiable AIV-H5, -H7 and to control vaccination against NDV and HPAIV in poultry populations. Here, recombinant nucleocapsid proteins (NP) of AIV and NDV, and haemagglutinin protein fragment-1 (HA1) of AIV subtypes H5 and H7 were expressed in E. coli. Purification and refolding were required before coating fluorescent microspheres via streptavidin-biotin linkage. The tetraplexed inhibition fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (iFMIA) was then assembled for analysis on a Luminex®-like platform (Bioplex®) using murine monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the four targets. The assay was evaluated by testing galliform poultry sera derived from experimental infections (n = 257) and from farms (n = 250), respectively. The tetraplex iFMIA compared favorably with commercially available ELISAs and the “gold standard” hemagglutination inhibition assay. Tetraplexed iFMIA provided a specific and sensitive tool to detect and discriminate AIV- and NDV-specific antibodies in the sera of galliform poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gang Wang
- Precise Genome Engineering Center, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-15-46
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18
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Lu X, Guo Z, Li ZN, Holiday C, Liu F, Jefferson S, Gross FL, Tzeng WP, Kumar A, York IA, Uyeki TM, Tumpey T, Stevens J, Levine MZ. Low quality antibody responses in critically ill patients hospitalized with pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14971. [PMID: 36056075 PMCID: PMC9440095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some adults infected with influenza 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses mounted high hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody response, they still suffered from severe disease, or even death. Here, we analyzed antibody profiles in patients (n = 31, 17-65 years) admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with lung failure and invasive mechanical ventilation use due to infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during 2009-2011. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the quality and quantity of antibody responses using HAI, virus neutralization, biolayer interferometry, enzyme-linked-lectin and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. At time of the ICU admission, 45% (14/31) of the patients had HAI antibody titers ≥ 80 in the first serum (S1), most (13/14) exhibited narrowly-focused HAI and/or anti-HA-head binding antibodies targeting single epitopes in or around the receptor binding site. In contrast, 42% (13/31) of the patients with HAI titers ≤ 10 in S1 had non-neutralizing anti-HA-stem antibodies against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Only 19% (6/31) of the patients showed HA-specific IgG1-dominant antibody responses. Three of 5 fatal patients possessed highly focused cross-type HAI antibodies targeting the (K130 + Q223)-epitopes with extremely low avidity. Our findings suggest that narrowly-focused low-quality antibody responses targeting specific HA-epitopes may have contributed to severe infection of the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Zhu-Nan Li
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Crystal Holiday
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Stacie Jefferson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - F Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Wen-Ping Tzeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Terrence Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H17-5, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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19
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Jacobsen H, Sitaras I, Jurgensmeyer M, Mulders MN, Goldblatt D, Feikin DR, Bar-Zeev N, Higdon MM, Knoll MD. Assessing the Reliability of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Studies That Use Post-Vaccination Sera. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060850. [PMID: 35746460 PMCID: PMC9227377 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is crucial for determining future vaccination strategies and other public health strategies. When clinical effectiveness data are unavailable, a common method of assessing vaccine performance is to utilize neutralization assays using post-vaccination sera. Neutralization studies are typically performed across a wide array of settings, populations and vaccination strategies, and using different methodologies. For any comparison and meta-analysis to be meaningful, the design and methodology of the studies used must at minimum address aspects that confer a certain degree of reliability and comparability. We identified and characterized three important categories in which studies differ (cohort details, assay details and data reporting details) and that can affect the overall reliability and/or usefulness of neutralization assay results. We define reliability as a measure of methodological accuracy, proper study setting concerning subjects, samples and viruses, and reporting quality. Each category comprises a set of several relevant key parameters. To each parameter, we assigned a possible impact (ranging from low to high) on overall study reliability depending on its potential to influence the results. We then developed a reliability assessment tool that assesses the aggregate reliability of a study across all parameters. The reliability assessment tool provides explicit selection criteria for inclusion of comparable studies in meta-analyses of neutralization activity of SARS-CoV-2 variants in post-vaccination sera and can also both guide the design of future neutralization studies and serve as a checklist for including important details on key parameters in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Marley Jurgensmeyer
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Daniel R. Feikin
- Department of Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.N.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Melissa M. Higdon
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.J.); (N.B.-Z.); (M.M.H.); (M.D.K.)
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20
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Skowronski DM, Leir S, Sabaiduc S, Chambers C, Zou M, Rose C, Olsha R, Dickinson JA, Winter AL, Jassem A, Gubbay JB, Drews SJ, Charest H, Chan T, Hickman R, Bastien N, Li Y, Krajden M, De Serres G. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness by A(H3N2) Phylogenetic Subcluster and Prior Vaccination History: 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 Epidemics in Canada. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1387-1398. [PMID: 32215564 PMCID: PMC9016427 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influenza A(H3N2) vaccine was updated from clade 3C.3a in 2015-2016 to 3C.2a for 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Circulating 3C.2a viruses showed considerable hemagglutinin glycoprotein diversification and the egg-adapted vaccine also bore mutations. METHODS Vaccine effectiveness (VE) in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 was assessed by test-negative design, explored by A(H3N2) phylogenetic subcluster and prior season's vaccination history. RESULTS In 2016-2017, A(H3N2) VE was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18%-50%), comparable with (43%; 95% CI, 24%-58%) or without (33%; 95% CI, -21% to 62%) prior season's vaccination. In 2017-2018, VE was 14% (95% CI, -8% to 31%), lower with (9%; 95% CI, -18% to 30%) versus without (45%; 95% CI, -7% to 71%) prior season's vaccination. In 2016-2017, VE against predominant clade 3C.2a1 viruses was 33% (95% CI, 11%-50%): 18% (95% CI, -40% to 52%) for 3C.2a1a defined by a pivotal T135K loss of glycosylation; 60% (95% CI, 19%-81%) for 3C.2a1b (without T135K); and 31% (95% CI, 2%-51%) for other 3C.2a1 variants (with/without T135K). VE against 3C.2a2 viruses was 45% (95% CI, 2%-70%) in 2016-2017 but 15% (95% CI, -7% to 33%) in 2017-2018 when 3C.2a2 predominated. VE against 3C.2a1b in 2017-2018 was 37% (95% CI, -57% to 75%), lower at 12% (95% CI, -129% to 67%) for a new 3C.2a1b subcluster (n = 28) also bearing T135K. CONCLUSIONS Exploring VE by phylogenetic subcluster and prior vaccination history reveals informative heterogeneity. Pivotal mutations affecting glycosylation sites, and repeat vaccination using unchanged antigen, may reduce VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Siobhan Leir
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Macy Zou
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Caren Rose
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Agatha Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Alberta
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hugues Charest
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Tracy Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rebecca Hickman
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
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21
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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22
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Reconstructing antibody dynamics to estimate the risk of influenza virus infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1557. [PMID: 35322048 PMCID: PMC8943152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For >70 years, a 4-fold or greater rise in antibody titer has been used to confirm influenza virus infections in paired sera, despite recognition that this heuristic can lack sensitivity. Here we analyze with a novel Bayesian model a large cohort of 2353 individuals followed for up to 5 years in Hong Kong to characterize influenza antibody dynamics and develop an algorithm to improve the identification of influenza virus infections. After infection, we estimate that hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) titers were boosted by 16-fold on average and subsequently decrease by 14% per year. In six epidemics, the infection risks for adults were 3%-19% while the infection risks for children were 1.6-4.4 times higher than that of younger adults. Every two-fold increase in pre-epidemic HAI titer was associated with 19%-58% protection against infection. Our inferential framework clarifies the contributions of age and pre-epidemic HAI titers to characterize individual infection risk.
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23
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Bivalent H1 and H3 COBRA Recombinant Hemagglutinin Vaccines Elicit Seroprotective Antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses from 2009 to 2019. J Virol 2022; 96:e0165221. [PMID: 35289635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01652-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial influenza virus vaccines often elicit strain-specific immune responses and have difficulties preventing illness caused by antigenically drifted viral variants. In the last 20 years, the H3N2 component of the annual vaccine has been updated nearly twice as often as the H1N1 component, and in 2019, a mismatch between the wild-type (WT) H3N2 vaccine strain and circulating H3N2 influenza strains led to a vaccine efficacy of ∼9%. Modern methods of developing computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) for H3N2 influenza viruses utilize current viral surveillance information to design more broadly reactive vaccine antigens. Here, 7 new recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) H3 COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) antigens were evaluated in mice. Subsequently, two candidates, J4 and NG2, were selected for further testing in influenza-preimmune animals based on their ability to elicit broadly reactive antibodies against antigenically drifted H3N2 viral isolates. In the preimmune model, monovalent formulations of J4 and NG2 elicited broadly reactive antibodies against recently circulating H3N2 influenza viruses from 2019. Bivalent mixtures of COBRA H1 and H3 rHA, Y2 + J4, and Y2 + NG2 outperformed multiple WT H1+H3 bivalent rHA mixtures by eliciting seroprotective antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 isolates from 2009 to 2019. Overall, the newly generated COBRA HA antigens, namely, Y2, J4, and NG2, had the ability to induce broadly reactive antibodies in influenza-naive and preimmune animals in both monovalent and bivalent formulations, and these antigens outperformed H1 and H3 WT rHA vaccine antigens by eliciting seroprotective antibodies against panels of antigenically drifted historical H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains from 2009 to 2019. IMPORTANCE Standard-of-care influenza virus vaccines are composed of a mixture of antigens from different influenza viral subtypes. For the first time, lead COBRA H1 and H3 HA antigens, formulated as a bivalent vaccine, have been investigated in animals with preexisting immunity to influenza viruses. The cocktail of COBRA HA antigens elicited more broadly reactive anti-HA antibodies than those elicited by a comparator bivalent wild-type HA vaccine against H1 and H3 influenza viruses isolated between 2009 and 2019.
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24
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Alexander N, Schmidt WP. Agreement and error of titration assays. J Immunol Methods 2022; 502:113210. [PMID: 35031278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Titration assays can be used to define positivity either in terms of a change over time, i.e. seroconversion, or relative to a fixed threshold. The operating characteristics of these definitions depend on the precision of the assay. We present methods for estimating the distribution of errors, at the level of a single replicate, from the distribution of within-pair agreement. When the maximum replicate-level error is one dilution, a simple probability argument is used, with estimation by method of moments. For the more general case, a discretized Gaussian model is used, with maximumum likelihood estimation. These models fit well to eight published datasets. The discretized Gaussian model also allows the potential performance of alternative dilution factors to be assessed. For influenza hemagglutination-inhibition, the approach is compared to a previous Markov chain Monte Carlo data augmentation model. These methods allow the estimation of the underlying error distribution from observed between-replicate differences under repeatability conditions. The results can be used to guide the choice of the fold change necessary to infer seroconversion. Finer dilution factors, e.g. 1.5 rather than 2, could facilitate a better balance between the sensitivity and specificity of titration assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Alexander
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Wolf-Peter Schmidt
- Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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25
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Xu C, Lao X, Li H, Dong L, Zou S, Chen Y, Gu Y, Zhu Y, Xuan P, Huang W, Wang D, Yi B. Incidence of medically attended influenza and influenza virus infections confirmed by serology in Ningbo City from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:552-561. [PMID: 34989139 PMCID: PMC8983918 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In mainland China, the disease burden of influenza is not yet fully understood. Based on population‐based data, we aimed to estimate incidence rates of medically attended influenza and influenza virus infections in Ningbo City. Methods We used data for outpatient acute respiratory illness (OARI) from a platform covering all health and medical institutes in Yingzhou District, Ningbo City. We applied generalized additive regression models to estimate influenza‐associated excess incidence rate of OARI by age. We recruited local residents aged ≥60 years in the autumn of 2019 and conducted follow‐up nearly 9 months later. Every survey, the sera were collected for testing hemagglutination inhibition antibody. Results From 2017–2018 to 2019–2020, the annual average of influenza‐associated incidence rate of OARI in all ages was 10.9%. The influenza‐associated incidence rate of OARI was the highest in 2017–2018 (16.9%) and the lowest in 2019–2020 (4.8%). Regularly, influenza‐associated incidence rates of OARI were the highest in children aged 5–14 years (range: 44.1–77.6%) and 0–4 years (range: 8.3–46.6%). The annual average of excess OARI incidence rate in all ages was the highest for influenza B/Yamagata (3.9%). The overall incidence rate of influenza infections indicated by serology in elderly people was 21% during the winter season of 2019–2020. Conclusions We identified substantial outpatient influenza burden in all ages in Ningbo. Our cohort study limited in elderly people found that this age group had a high risk of seasonal influenza infections. Our study informs the importance of increasing influenza vaccine coverage in high‐risk population including elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Xu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuying Lao
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Libo Dong
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shumei Zou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Gu
- Yuyao Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yueqin Zhu
- Lanjiang Street Community Health Service Center, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Pingfeng Xuan
- Yangming Street Community Health Service Center, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yi
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Ningbo, P.R. China
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26
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Clinical Development of mRNA Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:167-186. [PMID: 35906319 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of safe and effective mRNA platform-based COVID-19 vaccines from the recent pandemic has changed the face of vaccine development. Compared with conventional technologies used historically, mRNA-based vaccines offer a rapid flexible and robust approach to preventing disease caused by transient viral strains such as SAR2-CoV-2 variants of concern and seasonal influenza. Adaptations in the formulation of the mRNA delivery systems such as with lipid nanoparticle delivery (LNP) used in mRNA-1273 and BNT16b2b have enabled this technology to flourish under the urgent collective response and collaborative regulatory understanding derived from COVID-19 vaccine development. The application of mRNA-based therapeutics in other areas holds potential promise including combination vaccines that might deliver protections against multiple infectious diseases. Future studies and further advances in mRNA-based technologies will provide insight into the clinical efficacy and real-world effectiveness of vaccines as well as provisions with respect to the impact of reactogenicity profiles. Overall, the success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has helped unlock a platform likely to result in many more candidate vaccines entering clinical evaluation to address the unmet medical needs of other diseases including viral respiratory diseases, herpesviruses, and historically challenging vaccine targets such as HIV.
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27
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Allen JD, Ross TM. Evaluation of Next-Generation H3 Influenza Vaccines in Ferrets Pre-Immune to Historical H3N2 Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707339. [PMID: 34475872 PMCID: PMC8406686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each person has a unique immune history to past influenza virus infections. Exposure to influenza viruses early in life establishes memory B cell populations that influence future immune responses to influenza vaccination. Current influenza vaccines elicit antibodies that are typically strain specific and do not offer broad protection against antigenically drifted influenza strains in all age groups of people. This is particularly true for vaccine antigens of the A(H3N2) influenza virus subtype, where continual antigenic drift necessitates frequent vaccine reformulation. Broadly-reactive influenza virus vaccine antigens offer a solution to combat antigenic drift, but they also need to be equally effective in all populations, regardless of prior influenza virus exposure history. This study examined the role that pre-existing immunity plays on influenza virus vaccination. Ferrets were infected with historical A(H3N2) influenza viruses isolated from either the 1970’s, 1980’s, or 1990’s and then vaccinated with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRA) or wild-type (WT) influenza virus like particles (VLPs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine antigens to examine the expansion of immune breadth. Vaccines with the H3 COBRA HA antigens had more cross-reactive antibodies following a single vaccination in all three pre-immune regimens than vaccines with WT H3 HA antigens against historical, contemporary, and future drifted A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The H3 COBRA HA vaccines also induced antibodies capable of neutralizing live virus infections against modern drifted A(H3N2) strains at higher titers than the WT H3 HA vaccine comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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28
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N-Glycomics of Human Erythrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158063. [PMID: 34360826 PMCID: PMC8347577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification that conveys functional diversity to glycoconjugates. Cell surface glycosylation mediates several biological activities such as induction of the intracellular signaling pathway and pathogen recognition. Red blood cell (RBC) membrane N-glycans determine blood type and influence cell lifespan. Although several proteomic studies have been carried out, the glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins has not been systematically investigated. This work aims at exploring the human RBC N-glycome by high-sensitivity MALDI-MS techniques to outline a fingerprint of RBC N-glycans. To this purpose, the MALDI-TOF spectra of healthy subjects harboring different blood groups were acquired. Results showed the predominant occurrence of neutral and sialylated complex N-glycans with bisected N-acetylglucosamine and core- and/or antennary fucosylation. In the higher mass region, these species presented with multiple N-acetyllactosamine repeating units. Amongst the detected glycoforms, the presence of glycans bearing ABO(H) antigens allowed us to define a distinctive spectrum for each blood group. For the first time, advanced glycomic techniques have been applied to a comprehensive exploration of human RBC N-glycosylation, providing a new tool for the early detection of distinct glycome changes associated with disease conditions as well as for understanding the molecular recognition of pathogens.
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29
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Lin X, Lin F, Liang T, Ducatez MF, Zanin M, Wong SS. Antibody Responsiveness to Influenza: What Drives It? Viruses 2021; 13:v13071400. [PMID: 34372607 PMCID: PMC8310379 DOI: 10.3390/v13071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a specific antibody response has long been accepted as a serological hallmark of recent infection or antigen exposure. Much of our understanding of the influenza antibody response has been derived from studying antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, growing evidence points to limitations associated with this approach. In this review, we aim to highlight the issue of antibody non-responsiveness after influenza virus infection and vaccination. We will then provide an overview of the major factors known to influence antibody responsiveness to influenza after infection and vaccination. We discuss the biological factors such as age, sex, influence of prior immunity, genetics, and some chronic infections that may affect the induction of influenza antibody responses. We also discuss the technical factors, such as assay choices, strain variations, and viral properties that may influence the sensitivity of the assays used to measure influenza antibodies. Understanding these factors will hopefully provide a more comprehensive picture of what influenza immunogenicity and protection means, which will be important in our effort to improve influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Fangmei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | | | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-178-2584-6078
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Next generation methodology for updating HA vaccines against emerging human seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4554. [PMID: 33654128 PMCID: PMC7925519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While vaccines remain the best tool for preventing influenza virus infections, they have demonstrated low to moderate effectiveness in recent years. Seasonal influenza vaccines typically consist of wild-type influenza A and B viruses that are limited in their ability to elicit protective immune responses against co-circulating influenza virus variant strains. Improved influenza virus vaccines need to elicit protective immune responses against multiple influenza virus drift variants within each season. Broadly reactive vaccine candidates potentially provide a solution to this problem, but their efficacy may begin to wane as influenza viruses naturally mutate through processes that mediates drift. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method that commercial vaccine manufacturers can use to update broadly reactive vaccine antigens to better protect against future and currently circulating viral variants. Building upon the COBRA technology, nine next-generation H3N2 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines were designed using a next generation algorithm and design methodology. These next-generation broadly reactive COBRA H3 HA vaccines were superior to wild-type HA vaccines at eliciting antibodies with high HAI activity against a panel of historical and co-circulating H3N2 influenza viruses isolated over the last 15 years, as well as the ability to neutralize future emerging H3N2 isolates.
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Antibody Landscape Analysis following Influenza Vaccination and Natural Infection in Humans with a High-Throughput Multiplex Influenza Antibody Detection Assay. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02808-20. [PMID: 33531397 PMCID: PMC7858056 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02808-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated influenza vaccination and natural infections generate complex immune profiles in humans that require antibody landscape analysis to assess immunity and evaluate vaccines. However, antibody landscape analyses are difficult to perform using traditional assays. To better understand the antibody landscape changes following influenza virus natural infection and vaccination, we developed a high-throughput multiplex influenza antibody detection assay (MIADA) containing 42 recombinant hemagglutinins (rHAs) (ectodomain and/or globular head domain) from pre-2009 A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H2N2), A(H3N2), A(H5N1), A(H7N7), A(H7N9), A(H7N2), A(H9N2), A(H13N9), and influenza B viruses. Panels of ferret antisera, 227 paired human sera from vaccinees (children and adults) in 5 influenza seasons (2010 to 2018), and 17 paired human sera collected from real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR)-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2), or influenza B virus-infected adults were analyzed by the MIADA. Ferret antisera demonstrated clear strain-specific antibody responses to exposed subtype HA. Adults (19 to 49 years old) had broader antibody landscapes than young children (<3 years old) and older children (9 to 17 years old) both at baseline and post-vaccination. Influenza vaccination and infection induced the strongest antibody responses specific to HA(s) of exposed strain/subtype viruses and closely related strains; they also induced cross-reactive antibodies to an unexposed influenza virus subtype(s), including novel viruses. Subsequent serum adsorption confirmed that the cross-reactive antibodies against novel subtype HAs were mainly induced by exposures to A(H1N1)/A(H3N2) influenza A viruses. In contrast, adults infected by influenza B viruses mounted antibody responses mostly specific to two influenza B virus lineage HAs. Median fluorescence intensities (MFIs) and seroconversion in MIADA had good correlations with the titers and seroconversion measured by hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays. Our study demonstrated that antibody landscape analysis by the MIADA can be used for influenza vaccine evaluations and characterization of influenza virus infections.
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Li Y, Ye H, Liu M, Song S, Chen J, Cheng W, Yan L. Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against H7 avian influenza virus. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:64. [PMID: 33531001 PMCID: PMC7852141 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. The conventional serological subtype-specific diagnostics is implemented by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay despite lengthy operation time. In this study, an efficient, rapid and high-throughput competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of antibodies against H7 avian influenza virus (AIV) based on a novel monoclonal antibody specific to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of H7 AIV. RESULTS The reaction parameters including antigen coating concentration, monoclonal antibody concentration and serum dilution ratio were optimized for H7 antibody detection. The specificity of the cELISA was tested using antisera against H1 ~ H9, H11 ~ H14 AIVs and other avian viruses. The selected cut-off values of inhibition rates for chicken, duck and peacock sera were 30.11, 26.85 and 45.66% by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, respectively. With HI test as the reference method, the minimum detection limits for chicken, duck and peacock positive serum reached 20, 21 and 2- 1 HI titer, respectively. Compared to HI test, the diagnostic accuracy reached 100, 98.6, and 99.3% for chicken, duck and peacock by testing a total of 400 clinical serum samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the cELISA assay developed in this study provided a reliable, specific, sensitive and species-independent serological technique for rapid detection of H7 antibody, which was applicable for large-scale serological surveillance and vaccination efficacy evaluation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliu Ye
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Suquan Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangkun Cheng
- Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
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Sánchez-Cano A, Andrés C, Herance JR, Pumarola T, Antón A, Baldrich E. Detection of Viruses and Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using Synthetic Erythrocytes: Toward a Tuneable Tool for Virus Surveillance. ACS Sens 2021; 6:83-90. [PMID: 33427446 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) is a classical method used worldwide in many analytical applications, including pathogen identification, vaccine production monitoring, and detection and characterization of pathogen-neutralizing antibodies (n-Ab). This is also a World Health Organization (WHO) reference method for the global surveillance of influenza viruses, which provides the information needed for the annual reformulation of the flu vaccine. HAI is a simple and inexpensive method that is performed without sophisticated equipment. However, it has to be carried out with fresh red blood cells (RBCs), a highly variable, unstable, and hard to mass-produce reagent, which impairs assay reproducibility. Here, we used the tests employed for influenza surveillance as a model to develop synthrocytes©, a synthetic reagent that could substitute animal erythrocytes in HAI. Contrary to previous examples exploiting sophisticated production paths to generate therapeutic synthetic RBCs, we founded production on the identification of microparticles able to generate different sedimentation patterns when agglutinated or not, which is the main requirement for HAI testing. Upon incorporation of influenza-binding receptors and optimization of production and assay conditions, synthrocytes succeeded in binding influenza A(H1N1) and B viruses as erythrocytes do, but were faster and more stable. Synthrocytes were finally employed in an HAI-like assay to detect the WHO reference reagents for influenza surveillance. Our results show that it is possible to substitute erythrocytes in classical HAI by a highly tuneable and potentially mass-produced synthetic reagent, which should facilitate worldwide HAI standardization with minimal equipment or training requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Cano
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - José R. Herance
- Medical Molecular Imaging Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Tomás Pumarola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Eva Baldrich
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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Lorbach JN, Fitzgerald T, Nolan C, Nolting JM, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Bowman AS. Gaps in Serologic Immunity against Contemporary Swine-Origin Influenza A Viruses among Healthy Individuals in the United States. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010127. [PMID: 33477472 PMCID: PMC7830885 DOI: 10.3390/v13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Viruses (IAV) in domestic swine (IAV-S) are associated with sporadic zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface. Previous pandemic IAVs originated from animals, which emphasizes the importance of characterizing human immunity against the increasingly diverse IAV-S. We analyzed serum samples from healthy human donors (n = 153) using hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay to assess existing serologic protection against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolated from swine in the United States (n = 11). Age-specific seroprotection rates (SPR), which are the proportion of individuals with HAI ≥ 1:40, corresponded with lower or moderate pandemic risk classifications for the multiple IAV-S examined (one H1-δ1, one H1-δ2, three H3-IVA, one H3-IVB, one H3-IVF). Individuals born between 2004 and 2013 had SPRs of 0% for the five classified H3 subtype IAV-S, indicating youth may be particularly predisposed to infection with these viruses. Expansion of existing immunologic gaps over time could increase likelihood of future IAV-S spillover to humans and facilitate subsequent sustained human-to-human transmission resulting in disease outbreaks with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Carolyn Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - John J. Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Skowronski DM, Zou M, Sabaiduc S, Murti M, Olsha R, Dickinson JA, Gubbay JB, Croxen MA, Charest H, Jassem A, Krajden M, Bastien N, Li Y, De Serres G. Interim estimates of 2019/20 vaccine effectiveness during early-season co-circulation of influenza A and B viruses, Canada, February 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 32098644 PMCID: PMC7043051 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.7.2000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interim results from Canada's Sentinel Practitioner Surveillance Network show that during a season characterised by early co-circulation of influenza A and B viruses, the 2019/20 influenza vaccine has provided substantial protection against medically-attended influenza illness. Adjusted VE overall was 58% (95% confidence interval (CI): 47 to 66): 44% (95% CI: 26 to 58) for A(H1N1)pdm09, 62% (95% CI: 37 to 77) for A(H3N2) and 69% (95% CI: 57 to 77) for influenza B viruses, predominantly B/Victoria lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Macy Zou
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Murti
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew A Croxen
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hugues Charest
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Agatha Jassem
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.,Laval University, Quebec, Canada.,Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
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Xu C, Liu L, Ren B, Dong L, Zou S, Huang W, Wei H, Cheng Y, Tang J, Gao R, Feng L, Zhang R, Yuan C, Wang D, Chen J. Incidence of influenza virus infections confirmed by serology in children and adult in a suburb community, northern China, 2018-2019 influenza season. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:262-269. [PMID: 32978902 PMCID: PMC7902260 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In mainland China, seasonal influenza disease burden at community level is unknown. The incidence rate of influenza virus infections in the community is difficult to determine due to the lack of well‐defined catchment populations of influenza‐like illness surveillance sentinel hospitals. Objectives We established a community‐based cohort to estimate incidence of seasonal influenza infections indicated by serology and protection conferred by antibody titers against influenza infections during 2018‐2019 influenza season in northern China. Methods We recruited participants in November 2018 and conducted follow‐up in May 2019 with collection of sera every survey. Seasonal influenza infections were indicated by a 4‐fold or greater increase of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody between paired sera. Results Two hundred and three children 5‐17 years of age and 413 adults 18‐59 years of age were followed up and provided paired sera. The overall incidence of seasonal influenza infection and incidence of A(H3N2) infection in children (31% and 17%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in adults (21% and 10%, respectively). The incidences of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in children and adults were both about 10%, while the incidences of B/Victoria and/Yamagata infection in children and adults were from 2% to 4%. HI titers of 1:40 against A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses were associated with 63% and 75% protection against infections with the two subtypes, respectively. Conclusions In the community, we identified considerable incidence of seasonal influenza infections. A HI titer of 1:40 could be sufficient to provide 50% protection against influenza A virus infections indicated by serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Xu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Binzhi Ren
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Libo Dong
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Huang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hejiang Wei
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Cheng
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Rongbao Gao
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Feng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chaopu Yuan
- Changzhi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shanxi Province, Changzhi, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
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Brickley EB, Wright PF, Khalenkov A, Neuzil KM, Ortiz JR, Rudenko L, Levine MZ, Katz JM, Brooks WA. The Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Virus Detection and Immune Responses in a Phase II, Randomized Trial of a Russian-Backbone, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Bangladeshi Children. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:786-794. [PMID: 30481269 PMCID: PMC6695513 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a 2012 Phase II clinical trial, 300 Bangladeshi children aged 24 to 59 months with no prior influenza vaccine exposure were randomized to receive a single intranasally-administered dose of either trivalent, Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or placebo. Protocol-defined analyses, presented in the companion manuscript, demonstrate decreased viral detection and immunogenicity for A/H1N1pdm09, relative to the A/H3N2 and B strains. This post hoc analysis of the trial data aims to investigate the LAIV strain differences by testing the hypothesis that preexisting humoral and mucosal immunity may influence viral recovery and immune responses after LAIV receipt. Methods We used logistic regressions to evaluate the relations between markers of preexisting immunity (ie, hemagglutination inhibition [HAI], microneutralization, and immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A (both serum and mucosal antibodies) and LAIV viral recovery in the week post-vaccination. We then tested for potential effect modification by baseline HAI titers (ie, <10 versus ≥10) and week 1 viral recovery on the LAIV-induced serum and mucosal immune responses, measured between days 0 and 21 post-vaccination. Results Higher levels of preexisting immunity to influenza A/H3N2 and B were strongly associated with strain-specific prevention of viral shedding upon LAIV receipt. While evidence of LAIV immunogenicity was observed for all 3 strains, the magnitudes of immune responses were most pronounced in children with no evidence of preexisting HAI and in those with detectable virus. Conclusions The results provide evidence for a bidirectional association between viral replication and immunity, and underscore the importance of accounting for preexisting immunity when evaluating virologic and immunologic responses to LAIVs. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01625689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Alexey Khalenkov
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - W Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lewis KDC, Ortiz JR, Rahman MZ, Levine MZ, Rudenko L, Wright PF, Katz JM, Dally L, Rahman M, Isakova-Sivak I, Ilyushina NA, Matyushenko V, Fry AM, Lindstrom SE, Bresee JS, Brooks WA, Neuzil KM. Immunogenicity and Viral Shedding of Russian-Backbone, Seasonal, Trivalent, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in a Phase II, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Among Preschool-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:777-785. [PMID: 30481272 PMCID: PMC6695509 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated a Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for immunogenicity and viral shedding in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial among Bangladeshi children. Methods Healthy children received a single, intranasal dose of LAIV containing the 2011–2012 recommended formulation or placebo. Nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) specimens were collected on days 0, 2, 4, and 7. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and sequencing identified the influenza virus (vaccine or wild-type). On days 0 and 21, blood specimens were collected to assess immunogenicity using hemagglutination inhibition, microneutralization, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs); NPW specimens were also collected to assess mucosal immunogenicity using kinetic IgA ELISA. Results We enrolled 300 children aged 24 through 59 months in the immunogenicity and viral shedding analyses. Among children receiving LAIV, 45% and 67% shed A/H3N2 and B vaccine strains, respectively. No child shed A/H1N1 vaccine strain. There were significantly higher day 21 geometric mean titers (GMTs) for the LAIV, as compared to the placebo groups, in all immunoassays for A/H3N2 and B (log10 titer P < .0001; GMT Ratio >2.0). Among immunoassays for A/H1N1, only the mucosal IgA GMT was significantly higher than placebo at day 21 (log10 titer P = .0465). Conclusions Children vaccinated with LAIV had serum and mucosal antibody responses to A/H3N2 and B, but only a mucosal IgA response to A/H1N1. Many children shed A/H3N2 and B vaccine strains, but none shed A/H1N1. More research is needed to determine the reason for decreased LAIV A/H1N1 immunogenicity and virus shedding. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01625689.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Mohammed Z Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia A Ilyushina
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen E Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph S Bresee
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Cargnel M, Bianchini J, Welby S, Koenen F, Van der Stede Y, De Clercq K, Saegerman C. Improving laboratory diagnostic capacities of emerging diseases using knowledge mapping. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1175-1189. [PMID: 32750203 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, European countries faced several emerging and re-emerging animal diseases as well as zoonotic diseases. During these episodes, the laboratory diagnostic capabilities were a key factor to rapidly control and/or eradicate them. Because of the associated socio-economic and health consequences, it is crucial to react rapidly and efficiently, not only during crisis but also in peacetime (i.e. preparedness). However, to date, there is no published method to identify diseases with diagnostic gaps and to prioritize assays to be implemented. This study was conducted based on the outcome of a prioritization exercise in which 29 epizootic and exotic diseases with high risk of emergence or re-emergence in Belgium (Bianchini et al., [2020] Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(1), 344-376) were listed. Knowledge mapping was used to visualize and identify gaps in the diagnostic procedures for different epidemiological scenarios at national level. To fill these gaps, an overview of diagnostic capabilities at national and international level (laboratories and kits providers or manufacturers) as well as the published assays in the scientific literature and the prescribed assays by international institutions and kits providers was carried out. The outcome of this study revealed the usefulness of knowledge mapping as a tool to identify gaps and ultimately gain insight on alternatives for better preparedness and responsiveness. While this exercise was limited to Belgium, we believe this exercise can benefit other countries and thereby enhancing knowledge sharing and collaboration to increase diagnostic capabilities for a common list of (re-) emerging diseases in crisis situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Cargnel
- Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yves Van der Stede
- Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.,European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège, Belgium
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40
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Kinsley R, Pronost S, De Bock M, Temperton N, Daly JM, Paillot R, Scott S. Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030466. [PMID: 32825702 PMCID: PMC7565038 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for equine influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples (n = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Manuelle De Bock
- Elanco Animal Health, Plantin en Moretuslei, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
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41
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Skowronski DM, Chambers C, De Serres G, Sabaiduc S, Winter AL, Dickinson JA, Gubbay JB, Drews SJ, Fonseca K, Charest H, Martineau C, Hickman R, Chan T, Jassem A, Petric M, Rose C, Bastien N, Li Y, Krajden M. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Lineage-matched and -mismatched Influenza B Viruses Across 8 Seasons in Canada, 2010-2011 to 2017-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1754-1757. [PMID: 30312364 PMCID: PMC6495010 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza B was derived separately for Victoria and Yamagata lineages across 8 seasons (2010–2011 to 2017–2018) in Canada when trivalent influenza vaccine was predominantly used. VE was ≥50% regardless of lineage match to circulating viruses, except when the vaccine strain was unchanged from the prior season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | | | - Gaston De Serres
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (National Institute of Health of Quebec).,Laval University, Toronto.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (University Hospital Centre of Quebec), Toronto
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto.,University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Edmonton.,University of Alberta, Edmonton
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- University of Calgary, Alberta.,Alberta Provincial Laboratory, Calgary
| | - Hugues Charest
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (National Institute of Health of Quebec).,Université de Montréal, Québec, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Christine Martineau
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (National Institute of Health of Quebec).,Université de Montréal, Québec, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | - Tracy Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver
| | - Agatha Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | | | - Caren Rose
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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42
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Richards KA, Shannon I, Treanor JJ, Yang H, Nayak JL, Sant AJ. Evidence That Blunted CD4 T-Cell Responses Underlie Deficient Protective Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccines in Repeatedly Vaccinated Human Subjects. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:273-277. [PMID: 31504634 PMCID: PMC8494023 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the benefits of yearly influenza vaccination, accumulating evidence suggests that diminished vaccine efficacy may be related to repeated vaccination. Although studied at the level of B-cell responses, CD4 T-cell responses have not yet been examined. In this study, we analyze CD4 T-cell responses to influenza vaccination in subjects who differ in their vaccine history. We find a striking disparity in their responses, with previously vaccinated subjects exhibiting significantly blunted CD4 T-cell responses and diminished antibody responses. These results suggest that limiting CD4 T-cell help mteaserrlie the diminished or altered antibody responses in repeatedly vaccinated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, New York
| | | | | | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester
Medical Center, New York
| | | | - Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, New York
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43
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Chen F, Yang L, Zhai L, Huang Y, Chen F, Duan W, Yang J. Methyl brevifolincarboxylate, a novel influenza virus PB2 inhibitor from Canarium Album (Lour.) Raeusch. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1280-1291. [PMID: 32519462 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methyl brevifolincarboxylate (MBC) was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. The structure was identified, and the effect on influenza A virus infection was evaluated. MBC exhibited inhibitory activity against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) with IC50 values of 27.16 ± 1.39 μM and 33.41 ± 2.34 μM. Mechanism studies indicated that MBC inhibited the replication of influenza A virus by targeting PB2 cap-binding domain. Our results demonstrated MBC was a potent PB2 cap-binding inhibitor and represented as a new type of promising lead compound for the development of anti-influenza virus drugs from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoping Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingna Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feimin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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44
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Wraith S, Nachbagauer R, Balmaseda A, Stadlbauer D, Ojeda S, Rajabhathor A, Lopez R, Guglia AF, Sanchez N, Amanat F, Gresh L, Kuan G, Krammer F, Gordon A. Antibody responses to influenza A(H1N1)pdm infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:4221-4225. [PMID: 32389495 PMCID: PMC7707244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated humoral immune response to influenza A(H1N1)pdm infection and found 32 (22%) of the infected individuals identified by PCR failed to produce a ≥ 4-fold hemagglutinin inhibition assay (HAI) response; a subset of 18 (56%) produced an alternate antibody response (against full-length HA, HA stalk, or neuraminidase). These individuals had lower pre-existing HAI antibody titers and showed a pattern of milder illness. An additional subset of 14 (44%) did not produce an alternate antibody response, had higher pre-existing antibody titers against full-length & stalk HA, and were less sick. These findings demonstrate that some individuals mount an alternate antibody response to influenza infection. In order to design more broadly protective influenza vaccines it may be useful to target these alternate sites. These findings support that there are influenza cases currently being missed by solely implementing HAI assays, resulting in an underestimation of the global burden of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steph Wraith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Arvind Rajabhathor
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Andrea F Guglia
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Florian Krammer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA.
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA; St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA; Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA.
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45
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Avila G, Cruz-Licea V, Rojas-Espinosa K, Bermúdez-Álvarez Y, Grostieta E, Romero-Valdovinos M, Martínez-Hernández F, Vaughan G, Flisser A. Influenza A H1N1 Virus 2009 Synthetic Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Peptides for Antibody Detection. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:436-443. [PMID: 32362450 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza serologic diagnosis is mainly based on hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization methods, both methods require handling living viruses under an enhanced biosafety level. AIM The current study was performed for developing an ELISA using synthetic peptides to detect influenza A H1N1 virus 2009 specific antibodies in serum and saliva. METHODS Alignments were made with H1N1 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HA and NA, respectively) sequences; only conserved sites were used for antigenicity prediction. Two synthetic peptides were assayed; one of neuraminidase (NA15) and one of hemagglutinin (HA-15) and used in ELISA for detecting IgG and IgA antibodies. A cross-sectional study was performed in three municipalities of Mexico City, using negative samples collected before the 2009 influenza outbreak, samples of people who became ill during the outbreak, and samples of the participants in the epidemiological study with or without symptoms. RESULTS The determination of serum IgG antibodies with both peptides allowed differentiating between the post outbreak groups with respect to all others. No differences were found in IgA determination in saliva against both peptides. The frequency of positive participants for NA-15 was 9.5 and 8.8% for HA-15 in serum IgG; whereas the frequency of positive participants for NA-15 was 11%, and for HA-15 was 8.6% for saliva IgA. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic peptides of the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins can be used in ELISA for the determination of IgG and IgA antibodies against the influenza A H1N1 virus 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Avila
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Cruz-Licea
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karla Rojas-Espinosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yesenia Bermúdez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Estefanía Grostieta
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Gilberto Vaughan
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, México
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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46
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Hay JA, Minter A, Ainslie KEC, Lessler J, Yang B, Cummings DAT, Kucharski AJ, Riley S. An open source tool to infer epidemiological and immunological dynamics from serological data: serosolver. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007840. [PMID: 32365062 PMCID: PMC7241836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a flexible, open source R package designed to obtain biological and epidemiological insights from serological datasets. Characterising past exposures for multi-strain pathogens poses a specific statistical challenge: observed antibody responses measured in serological assays depend on multiple unobserved prior infections that produce cross-reactive antibody responses. We provide a general modelling framework to jointly infer infection histories and describe immune responses generated by these infections using antibody titres against current and historical strains. We do this by linking latent infection dynamics with a mechanistic model of antibody kinetics that generates expected antibody titres over time. Our aim is to provide a flexible package to identify infection histories that can be applied to a range of pathogens. We present two case studies to illustrate how our model can infer key immunological parameters, such as antibody titre boosting, waning and cross-reaction, as well as latent epidemiological processes such as attack rates and age-stratified infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Hay
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Minter
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie E. C. Ainslie
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Wang X, Yang Z, Wang X, Duan H, Liu L, Cheng H, Yang C, Hou L, Pan J, Zhao J, Liu Y, Lin J. Development of a Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Duck Tembusu Virus. Avian Dis 2020; 63:298-301. [PMID: 31251530 DOI: 10.1637/11954-082018-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The HB strain of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) propagated in the brains of newborn mice was used to prepare antigens for use in the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Results showed that such prepared antigens are highly specific to the serum samples derived from DTMUV-infected animals. No spurious hemagglutination reactions against serum samples specific to avian influenza virus H5, H7, H9 subtypes, Newcastle disease virus, egg drop syndrome virus, duck plague virus, and duck hepatitis A virus were observed. The HI test can detect specific antibodies in the serum samples as early as day 4 after experimental infection of ducks with DTMUV. When compared to a virus neutralization test, the sensitivity is 100%. Overall, the HI test developed is highly specific to DTMUV and can be used in clinical diagnosis of diseases and in vaccine studies to monitor the kinetics of antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Huimin Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lidan Hou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jicheng Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuehuan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China,
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48
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Comparison of influenza-specific neutralizing antibody titers determined using different assay readouts and hemagglutination inhibition titers: good correlation but poor agreement. Vaccine 2020; 38:2527-2541. [PMID: 32044163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of influenza-specific antibody titers is commonly done using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and the viral microneutralization assay (MN). Both assays are characterized by high intra- and inter-laboratory variability. The HAI assay offers little opportunity for standardization. For the MN assay, variability might be due to the use of different assay protocols employing different readouts. We therefore aimed at investigating which of the MN assay readout methods currently in use would be the most suitable choice for a standardized MN assay that could serve as a substitute for the HAI assay. For this purpose, human serum samples were tested for the presence of influenza specific neutralizing antibodies against A/California/7/09 H1N1 (49 sera) or A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (50 sera) using four different infection readout methods for the MN assay (cytopathic effect, hemagglutination, ELISA, RT qPCR) and using the HAI assay. The results were compared by correlation analysis and by determining the level of agreement before and after normalization to a standard serum. Titers as measured by the 4 MN assay readouts showed good correlation, with high Person's r for most comparisons. However, agreement between nominal titers varied with readouts compared and virus strain used. In addition, Pearson's correlation of MN titers with HAI titers was high but agreement of nominal titers was moderate and the average difference between the readings of two assays (bias) was virus strain-dependent. Normalization to a standard serum did not result in better agreement of assay results. Our study demonstrates that different MN readouts result in nominally different antibody titers. Accordingly, the use of a common and standardized MN assay protocol will be crucial to minimize inter-laboratory variability. Based on reproducibility, cost effectiveness and unbiased assessment of results we elected the MN assay with ELISA readout as most suitable for a possible replacement of the HAI assay.
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Lim WW, Leung NHL, Sullivan SG, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Cowling BJ. Distinguishing Causation From Correlation in the Use of Correlates of Protection to Evaluate and Develop Influenza Vaccines. Am J Epidemiol 2020; 189:185-192. [PMID: 31598648 PMCID: PMC7217279 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing attention to the need to identify new immune markers for the evaluation of existing and new influenza vaccines. Immune markers that could predict individual protection against infection and disease, commonly called correlates of protection (CoPs), play an important role in vaccine development and licensing. Here, we discuss the epidemiologic considerations when evaluating immune markers as potential CoPs for influenza vaccines and emphasize the distinction between correlation and causation. While an immune marker that correlates well with protection from infection can be used as a predictor of vaccine efficacy, it should be distinguished from an immune marker that plays a mechanistic role in conferring protection against a clinical endpoint-the latter might be a more reliable predictor of vaccine efficacy and a more appropriate target for rational vaccine design. To clearly distinguish mechanistic and nonmechanistic CoPs, we suggest using the term "correlates of protection" for nonmechanistic CoPs, and ''mediators of protection'' for mechanistic CoPs. Furthermore, because the interactions among and relative importance of correlates or mediators of protection can vary according to age or prior vaccine experience, the effect sizes and thresholds for protective effects for CoPs could also vary in different segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wey Wen Lim
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nancy H L Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric J Tchetgen Tchetgen
- Statistics Department, the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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Zelner J, Petrie JG, Trangucci R, Martin ET, Monto AS. Effects of Sequential Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccination on Antibody Waning. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:12-19. [PMID: 30722022 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody waning following influenza vaccination has been repeatedly evaluated, but waning has rarely been studied in the context of longitudinal vaccination history. METHODS We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to assess the effects of sequential influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination on hemagglutination inhibition antibody boosting and waning in a longitudinal cohort of older children and adults from 2011 to 2016, a period during which the A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain did not change. RESULTS Antibody measurements from 2057 serum specimens longitudinally collected from 388 individuals were included. Average postvaccination antibody titers were similar across successive vaccinations, but the rate of antibody waning increased with each vaccination. The antibody half-life was estimated to decrease from 32 months (95% credible interval [CrI], 22-61 months) following first vaccination to 9 months (95% CrI, 7-15 months) following a seventh vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Although the rate of antibody waning increased with successive vaccination, the estimated antibody half-life was longer than a typical influenza season even among the most highly vaccinated. This supports current recommendations for vaccination at the earliest opportunity. Patterns of boosting and waning might be different with the influenza A(H3N2) subtype, which evolves more rapidly and has been most associated with reduced effectiveness following repeat vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Zelner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.,Department of Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Rob Trangucci
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Emily T Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Arnold S Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
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