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Koseki H, Kajiyama S, Shida T, Tomonaga I, Nishiyama Y, Yoshida D, Mizukami S, Yamaguchi K, Imai C. Characteristics and Clinical Assessment of Elbow Pain in Youth Baseball Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38921855 PMCID: PMC11209444 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elbow injuries related to the throwing motion in baseball during the growth period present difficulties for early detection and may cause serious future disabilities. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the characteristics and clinical assessment of elbow pain in youth baseball players. Two hundred and sixteen young baseball players underwent elbow medical examination. Basic information and physical examination, clinical assessment, and ultrasonography results were examined. Univariate analyses were statistically performed between the pain-free (98 participants) and elbow pain (118 participants) groups. The mean age was 11.6 years, and ultrasonographic abnormalities were found on the medial side of the elbow in 37.5%. In total, 118 (54.6%) participants experienced elbow pain, with 64.4% of them complaining of elbow pain on the medial side. Players with multiple positions (≥2 positions) had a significantly higher prevalence of elbow pain. Height, weight, length of baseball experience, and positive rates of horizontal flexion and moving valgus stress tests were higher in the elbow pain group than in the pain-free group. The risk factors and clinical assessment for elbow pain are useful for the prevention and early detection of throwing elbow injuries in youth baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Koseki
- Department of Health Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Shiro Kajiyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Iku Tomonaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Nishiyama
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizukami
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi Orthopedic Clinic, Nagasaki 850-0013, Japan
| | - Chieko Imai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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González-de-la-Flor Á, García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Domínguez-Balmaseda D, Del-Blanco-Muñiz JÁ. Validity and reliability of a new hip flexor muscles flexibility assessment tool: The reactive hip flexor (RHF) test. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 64:41-47. [PMID: 37738788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modified Thomas test is the most used and most reliable test to assess the hip flexors' flexibility. However it does not evaluate the interaction of both legs. The objective of this study is to propose a new assessment tool for hip flexor flexibility, the Reactive Hip Flexion (RHF) Test. METHODS An observational, intra-test, and test-retest study with repeated measures was carried out with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of the RHF Test. The participants were males and females aged between 18 and 35 years old who had a training schedule of at least 2 days a week, without a musculoskeletal lower limb or lumbopelvic pathology. The reliability of the test was examined using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) by a two-way random model to establish inter-rater reliability and a two-way mixed model to assess intra-rater reliability. The precision was measured by the standard error of measurement (SEM). In addition, the minimum detectable change (MDC95%) was calculated. RESULTS Twenty-six participants (52 hips) (47% female) completed the study. No correlations were observed between anthropometric variables and RHF peak force or active knee extension (AKE) measurements. There was an excellent intra-rater and inter-rater ICC in the hip flexors' reactive peak force and the AKE measurements, with a low SEM. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the proposed RHF test technique is valid and reliable when used in healthy youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Domínguez-Balmaseda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain; Masmicrobiota Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Poon ETC, Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Huang WY, Wong SHS. Temporal trends in the physical fitness of Hong Kong children aged 6-12 years between 2003-04 and 2015-16. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1271-1278. [PMID: 37851915 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2268350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Low physical fitness in childhood is linked with poor health now and in later life. This study estimated temporal trends in physical fitness for Hong Kong children aged 6-12 years from 2003-04 to 2015-16. Objectively measured body size and physical fitness data for 27,513 children were obtained from four population-representative surveys of Hong Kong primary school students. Temporal trends in means were estimated by population-weighted linear regression. Trends in distributional characteristics were visually described. Overall, there was a small increase in mean height (effect size (ES) = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.13, 0.28)), with a negligible increase (ES < 0.2) in mean body mass. When adjusted for trends in age, gender, and body size, there was a small decline in sit-and-reach performance (ES = -0.43 (95%CI: -0.43, -0.42)), a small improvement in 9-min run/walk performance (9-to-12-year-olds, ES = 0.26 (95%CI: 0.26, 0.27)), with negligible declines in handgrip strength, 6-min run/walk (6-to 8-year-olds), and sit-ups performance. Temporal trends were not always uniform across the population distribution, with declines in run/walk, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach performance generally largest in children with low fitness. Increased national health promotion strategies that address culturally specific factors are encouraged to further improve the existing trends, especially for children with low fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, Hong Kong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin J Lang
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Yajun Huang
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Machado EDM, Haik MN, Ferreira JK, da Silva Santos JF, Camargo PR, Mendonça LDM. Association of trunk and lower limb factors with shoulder complaints and sport performance in overhead athletes: A systematic review including GRADE recommendations and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 60:112-131. [PMID: 36791672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the association of trunk and lower limb factors with shoulder complaints and sport performance in overhead athletes. METHODS Search performed at PubMed/Medline, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, Cochrane, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus for observational studies. Methodological quality and strength of the evidence was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and GRADE. Meta-analysis and effects sizes analysis were calculated when possible. RESULTS Sixty-five studies were included. Low to very-low evidence suggests no association of trunk/lower limb strength, endurance, power, jump or balance with shoulder complaints and/or throwing performance. Athletes with shoulder complaints performed worse in trunk stability and endurance tests (mean difference: -6.83 (95%CI: -8.78, -4.88)). Athletes with high throwing performance presented better results in CMJ, horizontal jump, power measures and knee extension strength. For swimmers, there was no association of trunk/lower limb endurance with shoulder complaints (moderate evidence) and no association of balance and swimming performance (low evidence). Better trunk/lower limb strength, power and vertical jumps measures were associated with better swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS In methodologically similar studies, some trunk/lower limb outcomes are associated with shoulder complaint or sport/swimming performance. Results should be considered with caution and future studies should use better methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Morais Machado
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Melina Nevoeiro Haik
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Julia Kortstee Ferreira
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- Physical Training and Sport Performance Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e do Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Rezende Camargo
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luciana De Michelis Mendonça
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy (PPGFt), Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos (UFSCar), Sao Carlos, Brazil; Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Association Between Nondominant Leg-Side Hip Internal Rotation Restriction and Low Back Pain in Male Elite High School Soft Tennis Players. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:158-164. [PMID: 35961645 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of low back pain (LBP) is high among high school male soft tennis players. In some sports for which the rotational component of the body is important, an association between restricted hip internal rotation of the nondominant leg and LBP has been reported; however, whether this association holds in soft tennis is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between hip internal rotation, hip external rotation, hamstring flexibility, iliopsoas flexibility, and LBP incidence. DESIGN This study was designed as a cross-sectional study, conducted at a sports training center. METHODS Participants comprised 113 male elite high school soft tennis players (age: 16.1 [0.7] y) from 9 elite-level teams. The main outcome measures were the hip internal and external rotation range of motion, hamstring flexibility on the straight leg raise test, and iliopsoas flexibility on the Thomas test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the influence of main outcomes on LBP incidence in the past 1 year. RESULTS A total of 35 participants had LBP (LBP group); 78 participants did not have LBP (non-LBP group). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for height was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.16; P = .043) and for the hip internal rotation range of motion in the nondominant leg was 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.85-0.95; P < .001), indicating significant associations with LBP. CONCLUSION Hip internal rotation range of motion in the nondominant leg and height were crucial factors related to LBP in male elite high school soft tennis players.
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Hip Flexibility and Dynamic Balance Ability in Soccer Players with Functional Ankle Instability. TRAUMA CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare1030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of recurrent ankle sprain and functional ankle instability in soccer players is essential. This study clarified hip joint mobility and dynamic balance ability in soccer players with functional ankle instability. This case–control study included 17 male college soccer players. All participants were assessed using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and were divided into chronic ankle instability (CAI) and non-CAI groups for each of their dominant and nondominant legs. Bilateral passive hip range of motion (ROM) was assessed and the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT) was measured for each leg. In the dominant leg, the reach in the posterolateral direction in the CAI group was significantly less than that in the non-CAI group. Hip internal rotation angles in the dominant leg in the CAI group were greater than those in the non-CAI group; however, no significant correlations with the three directions of mSEBT were observed. In the nondominant leg, mSEBT and hip ROMs did not show any significant differences between groups. The dominant leg in soccer players with CAI had poor dynamic balance ability while reaching posterolaterally. However, acquiring hip flexibility may not be necessary to improve the dynamic balance ability. These findings may help develop future research.
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Fendri T, Boyas S, Sahli S, Harrabi MA, Chaari F, Rebai H, Beaune B. Patellar tendinopathy impairs postural control in athletes: A case-control study. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:14-20. [PMID: 34773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare postural control performance between athletes with and without patellar tendinopathy (PT). DESIGN Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-eight athletes, 29 with PT (PT group: PTG) and 29 healthy ones (control group: CG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Static and dynamic postural control were assessed with a force platform and the Y-Balance Test (Y-BT), respectively. Quadriceps strength of both limbs was evaluated using an isometric dynamometer. RESULTS The PTG exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher centre of pressure (CoP) values than the CG on the foam surface, and significantly lower (p < 0.001) anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral normalized reach distances, and composite score in dynamic postural control on the injured limb (IL) compared to non-injured limb (NIL) and dominant limb (DL) of the CG. The quadriceps muscle strength was significantly lower on the IL compared to the NIL (p < 0.01) and DL (p < 0.05) of the CG. CONCLUSION Athletes suffering from PT exhibited worse static and dynamic postural control compared to healthy peers. As players with PT frequently continue training despite their tendon pain, physiotherapists and clinicians should incorporate balance rehabilitation programs in the treatment of these players, not only to prevent further potential injuries but also to enhance sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Fendri
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance', Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, Le Mans, France.
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohammed Achraf Harrabi
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Fatma Chaari
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Bruno Beaune
- Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance', Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, Le Mans, France.
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Marciniak RA, Ebersole KT, Cornell DJ. Relationships between balance and physical fitness variables in firefighter recruits. Work 2021; 68:667-677. [PMID: 33612511 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has suggested that balance ability contributes to musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) rates in firefighters. Though the Y-Balance Test (YBT) can predict injury, it is unclear what physical measures inform YBT performance in firefighters. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge regarding best practice for improving balance in firefighters. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between the YBT and fitness measures, including body composition, aerobic capacity, functional total-body power, upper and lower-body strength, and movement efficiency, among firefighters. METHODS Dynamic balance (YBT), body mass index (BMI), body-fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass (FFM), aerobic capacity (VO2max), stair climb (SC), upper (1RMbench) and lower-body (1RMsquat) strength, and Fusionetics™ Movement Efficiency Screen (ME) measures were collected among 35 firefighter recruits. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between YBT and the performance measures. RESULTS Dynamic balance ability in firefighter recruits is significantly (p < 0.05) related to BMI, lower-body strength, and movement quality, but not with aerobic capacity, stair climb performance, and upper body strength. CONCLUSIONS Greater YBT performance in firefighter recruits is associated with lower BMI, greater functional movement, and greater lower-body strength. Future research is warranted to incorporate these elements into balance training programs for firefighter recruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi A Marciniak
- Human Performance & Sport Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kyle T Ebersole
- Human Performance & Sport Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David J Cornell
- Health Assessment Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy & Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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Konrad A, Močnik R, Titze S, Nakamura M, Tilp M. The Influence of Stretching the Hip Flexor Muscles on Performance Parameters. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041936. [PMID: 33671271 PMCID: PMC7922112 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hip flexor muscles are major contributors to lumbar spine stability. Tight hip flexors can lead to pain in the lumbar spine, and hence to an impairment in performance. Moreover, sedentary behavior is a common problem and a major contributor to restricted hip extension flexibility. Stretching can be a tool to reduce muscle tightness and to overcome the aforementioned problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of a single hip flexor stretching exercise on performance parameters. The online search was performed in the following three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eight studies were included in this review with a total of 165 subjects (male: 111; female 54). In contrast to other muscle groups (e.g., plantar flexors), where 120 s of stretching likely decreases force production, it seems that isolated hip flexor stretching of up to 120 s has no effect or even a positive impact on performance-related parameters. A comparison of the effects on performance between the three defined stretch durations (30–90 s; 120 s; 270–480 s) revealed a significantly different change in performance (p = 0.02) between the studies with the lowest hip flexor stretch duration (30–90 s; weighted mean performance change: −0.12%; CI (95%): −0.49 to 0.41) and the studies with the highest hip flexor stretch duration (270–480 s; performance change: −3.59%; CI (95%): −5.92 to −2.04). Meta-analysis revealed a significant (but trivial) impairment in the highest hip flexor stretch duration of 270–480 s (SMD effect size = −0.19; CI (95%) −0.379 to 0.000; Z = −1.959; p = 0.05; I2 = 0.62%), but not in the lowest stretch duration (30–90 s). This indicates a dose-response relationship in the hip flexor muscles. Although the evidence is based on a small number of studies, this information will be of great importance for both athletes and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-380-8336; Fax: +43-316-380-9790
| | - Richard Močnik
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Markus Tilp
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (R.M.); (S.T.); (M.T.)
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Fusco A, Giancotti GF, Fuchs PX, Wagner H, Varalda C, Capranica L, Cortis C. Dynamic Balance Evaluation: Reliability and Validity of a Computerized Wobble Board. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1709-1715. [PMID: 29481451 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusco, A, Giancotti, GF, Fuchs, PX, Wagner, H, Varalda, C, Capranica, L, and Cortis, C. Dynamic balance evaluation: reliability and validity of a computerized wobble board. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1709-1715, 2020-Computerized wobble boards (WBs) are inexpensive, transportable, and user-friendly devices to objectively quantify the dynamic balance performances out of laboratory settings, although it has not been established if they are reliable and valid tools. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of a computerized WB. Thirty-nine (18 females and 21 males) young adults (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 65.9 ± 1.8 kg; height: 168.2 ± 8.8 cm; leg length: 78.8 ± 5.7 cm; and body mass index: 23.2 ± 2.1 kg·m) participated in the study. Subjects were assessed during 3 separate sessions on different days with a 48-hour rest in between. A total number of 2 WB single limb tests and 1 Y Balance Test (YBT) were performed. The WB performance was registered using the proprietary software and represented by the time spent in the target zone, which represented the 0° tilt angle measured by the triaxial accelerometer in the WB. YBT normalized reach distances were recorded for the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. Intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% confidence interval, SEM, minimal detectable change, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate intrasession and intersession reliability, whereas Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine concurrent validity. Reliability ranged from fair to excellent, showing acceptable levels of error and low minimal detectable change. However, all correlation coefficients between WB and YBT outcomes were poor. Despite the 2 methods addressing different aspects of balance performance, WB seems to validly serve its purpose and showed good reliability. Therefore, computerized WBs have the potential to become essential devices for dynamic balance assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fusco
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy.,Department of Sports Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Giuseppe F Giancotti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
| | - Philip X Fuchs
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy.,Department of Sports Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Wagner
- Department of Sports Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carlo Varalda
- Italian Weightlifting Federation FIPE, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Laura Capranica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
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Zafar H, Alghadir AH, Iqbal ZA, Iqbal A, Anwer S, Alnahdi AH. Influence of different jaw positions on dynamic balance using Y-balance test. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01507. [PMID: 31859447 PMCID: PMC6955923 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaw sensory-motor system has been shown to affect static balance of the body. It would be interesting to know whether it can influence dynamic balance as well. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of different jaw positions on dynamic balance using the Y-balance test. METHODS Eighty healthy male participants aged 20-35 years were invited to participate in this study. Dynamic balance was measured by the Y-balance test in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral) for each leg separately in three jaw positions: resting jaw (control), open-jaw, and clenched jaw. RESULTS There were no significant differences in reach distances between the different jaw positions except in the posterolateral direction. In comparison with resting jaw position, reach distance was significantly higher in open-jaw position for the right leg and in clenched and open-jaw positions for the left leg in the posterolateral direction. CONCLUSIONS Although various studies have shown direct or indirect influence of jaw sensory-motor system on static postural control, results of this study point to limited relation with dynamic postural control among healthy subjects. However, it supports the potential of the jaw sensory-motor system to affect motor control during functional tasks in patients with postural instability or similar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamayun Zafar
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ahmad H Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheen Ahmed Iqbal
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Iqbal
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnawaz Anwer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Building and Real-Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ali H Alnahdi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Endo Y, Sakamoto M. Analysis of lower extremity side-reaching motion in junior high school baseball players. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:931-934. [PMID: 31871380 PMCID: PMC6879410 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to clarify the movement pattern of the pelvis and
trunk of junior high school baseball players based on the lateral reach motion of the
lower limb, which is related to poor pitching movement. [Participants and Methods]
Twenty-five male students belonging to a baseball club participated in this study. Each
participant performed the lower limb side reach movement in the standing position, during
which the movements of the knee joint, hip joint, pelvis, and trunk were analyzed.
[Results] A significant correlation was found between reach distance and reach leg hip
abduction, supporting leg hip abduction, trunk side bending, and trunk tilt. We found a
significant correlation between reach leg hip abduction and pelvic tilt and trunk side
bending and between supporting leg hip abduction and pelvic tilt, knee valgus, and trunk
side bending. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between knee valgus and
lower leg tilt and trunk tilt and between trunk side bending and pelvic tilt. [Conclusion]
This study suggests that in the standing position movement at this age, the hip and trunk
movements are related to and affect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Endo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sendai Seiyo Gakuin College: 4-3-55 Nagamachi, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-0011, Japan
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Aslan H, Buddhadev HH, Suprak DN, San Juan JG. ACUTE EFFECTS OF TWO HIP FLEXOR STRETCHING TECHNIQUES ON KNEE JOINT POSITION SENSE AND BALANCE. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2018; 13:846-859. [PMID: 30276017 PMCID: PMC6159495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tightness of hip flexor muscles has been recognized as a risk factor for various musculoskeletal injuries in the lower extremities. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of two hip flexor stretching techniques (dynamic and hold-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, HR-PNF) on hip extension (ROM), knee joint position sense (JPS) and balance in healthy college age students who exhibit tightness in hip flexor muscles. STUDY DESIGN Pretest-posttest randomized experimental groups. METHODS Thirty-six healthy college age students (mean = 22.37 years) with tight hip flexors participated in this study. Hip extension ROM, knee joint position sense and dynamic balance were tested pre- and post-stretching using a digital inclinometer, an iPod touch and the Y-Balance test, respectively. Subjects were randomly divided into dynamic and HR-PNF stretching groups. Three-way mixed analysis of variance was utilized to explore if an interaction existed between the groups in tested variables. RESULTS There was a significant effect of time on hip extension ROM in both groups (p < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of stretch type on hip extension ROM (p = 0.004) favoring hold-relax over dynamic stretching group. There was a non-significant effect of time on mean knee joint position replication error in both groups. There was a significant main effect of time on the Y-Balance test's mean distance of reach to posteromedial and posterolateral directions (p < 0.001). There was also a significant main effect of directions of reach on distances achieved (p < 0.001) favoring posterolateral over posteromedial, and the latter over anterior direction. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of both HR-PNF and dynamic stretching techniques which resulted in a significant acute improvement in hip extension ROM and dynamic balance measures, with HR-PNF being more effective than dynamic stretch. However, there were no significant improvements in knee joint position replication over time in either stretching group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Yanagisawa O, Futatsubashi G, Taniguchi H. Side-to-side difference in dynamic unilateral balance ability and pitching performance in Japanese collegiate baseball pitchers. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:58-62. [PMID: 29410567 PMCID: PMC5788776 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To evaluate the side-to-side difference in dynamic unilateral balance ability
and to determine the correlation of the balance ability with pitching performance in
collegiate baseball pitchers. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-five Japanese collegiate
baseball pitchers participated in this study. Dynamic balance ability during a unilateral
stance was bilaterally evaluated using the star excursion balance test (SEBT). The
pitchers threw 20 fastballs at an official pitching distance; the maximal ball velocity
and pitching accuracy (the number of strike/20 pitches × 100) were assessed. Side-to-side
difference in scores of SEBT was assessed using a paired t-test. Correlations between SEBT
scores and pitching performance were evaluated for both legs using a Pearson’s correlation
analysis. [Results] The pivot side showed significantly higher score of the SEBT in the
anteromedial direction than the stride side. On the other hand, the SEBT scores in the
pivot and stride legs did not have significant correlations with maximal ball velocity and
pitching accuracy. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that marked side-to-side difference
does not exist in the dynamic unilateral balance ability of collegiate baseball pitchers
and that the dynamic unilateral balance ability of each leg is not directly related to
maximal ball velocity and pitching accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yanagisawa
- Faculty of Business Information Sciences, Jobu University: 634-1 Toyazuka-machi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-8588, Japan
| | - Genki Futatsubashi
- Faculty of Business Information Sciences, Jobu University: 634-1 Toyazuka-machi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-8588, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taniguchi
- Faculty of Business Information Sciences, Jobu University: 634-1 Toyazuka-machi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-8588, Japan
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15
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Serna J, Rhea MR, Marín PJ. AGE DIFFERENCES IN MEASURES OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE IN HIGHLY YOUTH BASKETBALL PLAYERS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2017; 12:812-821. [PMID: 29181258 PMCID: PMC5685410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of information about the influence of age on functional movement tests (FMT) and performance tests as well as in their relationships in young basketball players. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine the variations in FMT and jump and/or sprint performance scores between age groups (U-14 vs. U-16) in Highly-trained young basketball players. The second purpose was to investigate the relationship between FMT for lower body and jump and/or sprint performance in highly-trained young (U-14 and U-16) male basketball players. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study. METHODS Thirty elite young (U-14 to U-16) male basketball players performed several FMT (weight-bearing dorsiflexion test [WB-DF] and a modified Star Excursion Balance test [SEBT]) and performance including unilateral and bilateral countermovement jumps, unilateral horizontal jumping, linear sprinting and performance tests. RESULTS All anthropometric and performance tests showed a statistically significant advantage (p<0.05) in the U-16 group, excluding the unilateral jump with left leg (p=0.127). Five out of the eight FMT performed showed a statistically significant advantage (p<0.05) in the U-16 group. The U-14 group did not differ statistically from the U-16 group in WB-DF with left leg and the SEBT anterior right leg and posteromedial left leg reaches. Effect size calculations did show small to moderate effects in favor of U-16. Only two significant correlations (p<0.05) between functional movement and performance measures were identified in the U-16 group for either limb (10-m sprint and SEBT-PLL, SEBT-CompositeL), while a total of 13 significant correlations (p<0.05) in the U-14 group were found. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated differences in FMT and jump and/or sprint performance test between age groups (U-16 vs U-14). The findings of this study support the idea that the age of the player should be considered when interpreting FMT scores, which could have implications when implementing the FMT for injury risk prediction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Serna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of San Jorge (USJ), Zaragoza, Spain
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Wasser JG, Zaremski JL, Herman DC, Vincent HK. Assessment and rehabilitation of chronic low back pain in baseball: part II. Res Sports Med 2017; 25:231-243. [PMID: 28128000 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1282362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive throwing and hitting motions in baseball place mechanical stresses to the lumbar spine which may cause low back pain (LBP). Pain may be due to vertebral stress reactions or insufficiency fractures, intervertebral disc degeneration or intervertebral disc herniation. Untreated chronic conditions have high potential to lead to a more significant injury such as spondylolysis. Chronic LBP increases the risk for missed playing time, early career termination and lower quality of life after retirement. Proper clinical assessment and prevention/rehabilitation of LBP in this population is thus important for performance, play time and overall long-term quality of life. This narrative review synopsizes the available evidence for assessment and rehabilitation of baseball players with LBP, including the structured rehabilitative techniques and programmes which should be administered to affected players. The state of the evidence suggests that there are deficits in identifying the optimal prevention and rehabilitation prescription components for the variety of LBP-inducing injuries in this athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Wasser
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Jason L Zaremski
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Daniel C Herman
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Heather K Vincent
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research; Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Holden S, Boreham C, Doherty C, Wang D, Delahunt E. A longitudinal investigation into the progression of dynamic postural stability performance in adolescents. Gait Posture 2016; 48:171-176. [PMID: 27285476 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent female athletes have a higher incidence of certain non-contact lower limb injuries compared to their male counterparts. Decreased postural stability is an established risk factor for lower limb injuries; however developmental-related sex differences in postural stability during adolescence have not been investigated. The objectives of this study were to longitudinally examine changes over time, and potential sex differences in dynamic postural stability performance in adolescents. One hundred and eighty four adolescent athletes participated (mean age=13±0.34 years). Participants were assessed, using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) at baseline (T1) and at 6 (T2), 12 (T3), 18 (T4) and 24 (T5) months. At each time-point, participants performed 3 trials of the anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral directions of the SEBT on each limb. Reach distance for each direction was averaged across the 3 trials normalised to leg length. General linear mixed model analyses were carried out on each of the dependant variables (reach directions) with sex and time as the categorical independent variables. There was a significant sex×time interaction for the posterior-lateral reach distance scores. There were no significant sex×time interactions for any of the other reach directions. Males increased performance on the posterior-lateral reach direction from T1 to T5, while females only increased performance until T3. Young males and females demonstrate diverging postural stability profiles during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Holden
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Colin Boreham
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cailbhe Doherty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dana Wang
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Watanabe K, Otsuki S, Hisa T, Nagaoka M. Functional difference between the proximal and distal compartments of the semitendinosus muscle. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1511-7. [PMID: 27313362 PMCID: PMC4905901 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The tendinous inscription divides the semitendinosus muscle into the proximal and distal compartments. It was hypothesized that there are functional differences between those compartments. [Subjects and Methods] Seven adult males performed knee flexion and hip extension in the prone position. An ultrasound device measured the decrease in the length of muscle fibers in the two compartments during these movements. The knee and hip joint angles were concurrently measured using a video camera. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between the decrease in muscle fiber length in each compartment and joint angle. [Results] During knee flexion, decreased muscle fiber length was significantly correlated with increased knee flexion angle. During hip extension, there were no significant correlations for either compartment. Only the decrease in muscle fiber length in the distal compartment during hip extension tended to be negative; the other decreases in muscle fiber length tended to be positive. [Conclusion] Correlations did not reveal any functional differences. However, only the distal compartment elongated during hip extension. This result might show a functional difference and could be applied in clinical contexts during hip extension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takushi Hisa
- Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagaoka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School, Japan
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Alnahdi AH, Alderaa AA, Aldali AZ, Alsobayel H. Reference values for the Y Balance Test and the lower extremity functional scale in young healthy adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3917-21. [PMID: 26834380 PMCID: PMC4713819 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to establish gender-specific reference values for the Y Balance Test (YBT) and the Arabic version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS-Ar) in healthy young adults in Saudi Arabia, and to examine gender differences in the YBT and LEFS-Ar values. [Subjects and Methods] Healthy young adults (31 females, 30 males) completed the YBT and LEFS-Ar in 1 test session. Descriptive statistical analysis (mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval) was used to compute the YBT and LEFS-Ar reference values. Independent t-tests were used to examine gender differences in the YBT and LEFS-Ar values. [Results] Gender-specific reference values were obtained for the right, left, dominant, and non-dominant leg as well as for the average performance of both the legs. males showed greater YBT normalized reach distances than females did in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions; furthermore, males showed higher YBT composite scores than females did. However, the LEFS-Ar values did not differ between males and females. [Conclusion] Gender-specific reference values were obtained for the YBT and LEFS-Ar in healthy young adults in Saudi Arabia. males performed better than females did in the YBT. However, no gender differences were noted in LEFS-Ar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Alnahdi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A Alderaa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Z Aldali
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Alsobayel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Gonzalo‐Skok O, Serna J, Rhea MR, Marín PJ. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT TESTS AND PERFORMANCE TESTS IN YOUNG ELITE MALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10:628-638. [PMID: 26491613 PMCID: PMC4595916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Sprinting and jumping are two common and important components of high-level sport performance. The weight-bearing dorsiflexion test (WB-DF) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) are tools developed to identify athletes at risk for lower extremity injury and may be related to running and jumping performance among athletes. The purposes of the present study were: 1) to identify any relationships between functional movement tests (WB-DF and SEBT) and performance tests (jumping, sprinting and changing direction); 2) to examine any relationships between asymmetries in functional movements and performance tests. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive cohort study. METHODS Fifteen elite male basketball players (age: 15.4 ± 0.9 years) were assessed during a three-week period to determine the reliability of functional screening tools and performance tests and to examine the relationships between these tests. Relative (intraclass correlation coefficient) and absolute (coefficient of variation) reliability were used to assess the reproducibility of the tests. RESULTS Significant correlations were detected between certain functional movement tests and performance tests. Both left and right excursion composite scores related to slower performance times in sprint testing, demonstrating that greater dynamic reach relates to decreased quickness and acceleration among these elite basketball athletes. The various relationships between dynamic functional movement testing, speed, and jump performance provide guidance for the strength and conditioning professional when conducting and evaluating data in an effort to improve performance and reduce risk of injury. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that these functional and performance tests do not measure the same components of human movement, and could be paired as outcome measures for the clinical and sport assessment of lower extremity function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Serna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of San Jorge (USJ), Zaragoza, Spain
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