1
|
Freekh DA, Helmy MW, Said M, El-Khodary NM. The effect of direct acting antiviral agents on vascular endothelial function in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1120-1128. [PMID: 34703365 PMCID: PMC8523355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to assess the effect of treatment with DAAs on vascular endothelial function in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV infected patients without any CVD risk factors. Fifty chronic HCV genotype 4 infected patients, without cardiovascular risks who have been listed to receive sofosbuvir/daclatasvir with ribavirin combination as triple therapy for 3 months were prospectively recruited. Endothelial dysfunction markers as soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Von willebrand factor (vWf) and inflammation marker (IL6) were estimated at baseline and 3 months post the end of therapy (SVR). All patients achieved SVR. VCAM1 level was significantly improved after HCV clearance with DAA in cirrhotic HCV patients (P = 0.002) compared to patients with mild liver fibrosis (P = 0.006). Levels of vWF also decreased significantly in cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis groups after SVR (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Systemic inflammatory marker (IL6) showed significant decrease in cirrhotic patients (P = 0.001). While, IL6 level did not change significantly in non-cirrhotic group (P = 0.061). Also at SVR, noninvasive liver fibrosis indices have been reduced significantly in the two groups (P < 0.001). HCV clearance by new DAA treatment improves the vascular endothelial dysfunction in Egyptian HCV infected patients with different levels of liver fibrosis and with no risk factors for endothelial dysfunction or CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Freekh
- Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Said
- Professor of Endemic Medicine & Hepatology, Endemic Medicine & Hepatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Noha M El-Khodary
- Lecturer of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Impact of DAA-Based Regimens on HCV-Related Extra-Hepatic Damage: A Narrative Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1323:115-147. [PMID: 33326112 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-third of patients with chronic hepatitis C show extrahepatic manifestations due to HCV infection of B lymphocytes, such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, or develop a chronic inflammatory status that may favor the development of adverse cardiovascular events, kidney diseases or metabolic abnormalities.DAAs treatments induce HCV eradication in 95% of treated patients, which also improves the clinical course of extrahepatic manifestations, but with some limitations. After HCV eradication a good compensation of T2DM has been observed, but doubts persist about the possibility of obtaining a stable reduction in fasting glucose and HbA1c levels.Chronic HCV infection is associated with low total and LDL cholesterol serum levels, which however increase significantly after HCV elimination, possibly due to the disruption of HCV/lipid metabolism interaction. Despite this adverse effect, HCV eradication exerts a favorable action on cardiovascular system, possibly by eliminating numerous other harmful effects exerted by HCV on this system.DAA treatment is also indicated for the treatment of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome, since HCV eradication results in symptom reduction and, in particular, is effective in cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Furthermore, HCV eradication exerts a favorable action on HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorders, with frequent remission or reduction of clinical manifestations.There is also evidence that HCV clearance may improve impaired renal functions, but same conflicting data persist on the effect of some DAAs on eGFR.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abouelasrar Salama S, Gouwy M, De Zutter A, Pörtner N, Vanbrabant L, Berghmans N, De Buck M, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Induction of Chemokines by Hepatitis C Virus Proteins: Synergy of the Core Protein with Interleukin-1β and Interferon-γ in Liver Bystander Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:195-206. [PMID: 32031878 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accounts for a large proportion of hepatic fibrosis and carcinoma cases observed worldwide. Mechanisms involved in HCV-induced hepatic injury have yet to be fully elucidated. Of particular interest is the capacity of HCV to regulate inflammatory responses. Here, we reveal modulation of cytokine activity by the HCV proteins non-structural protein 3 (NS3), glycoprotein E2, and core protein for their ability to induce chemokine expression in various liver bystander cells. Chemokines sustain chronic liver inflammation and relay multiple fibrogenic effects. CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were differentially expressed after treatment of monocytes, fibroblasts, or liver sinusoidal microvascular endothelial cells (LSECs) with HCV proteins. In comparison to NS3 and glycoprotein E2, core protein was a stronger inducer of chemokines in liver bystander cells. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) synergized with core protein to induce CCL2, CCL20, CXCL8, or CXCL10 in fibroblasts or LSECs. These findings reveal new mechanisms of hepatic injury caused by HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interferon- and ribavirin-free therapy with new direct acting antivirals (DAA) for chronic hepatitis C improves vascular endothelial function. Int J Cardiol 2018; 271:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
5
|
Masalova OV, Lesnova EI, Solyev PN, Zakirova NF, Prassolov VS, Kochetkov SN, Ivanov AV, Kushch AA. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways by Hepatitis C Virus Proteins in Huh7.5 Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2346. [PMID: 29113144 PMCID: PMC5713315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic liver disease leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV infection triggers various types of cell death which contribute to hepatitis C pathogenesis. However, much is still unknown about the impact of viral proteins on them. Here we present the results of simultaneous immunocytochemical analysis of markers of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in Huh7.5 cells expressing individual HCV proteins or their combinations, or harboring the virus replicon. Stable replication of the full-length HCV genome or transient expression of its core, Е1/Е2, NS3 and NS5B led to the death of 20-47% cells, 72 h posttransfection, whereas the expression of the NS4A/B, NS5A or NS3-NS5B polyprotein did not affect cell viability. HCV proteins caused different impacts on the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and on DNA fragmentation. The structural core and E1/E2 proteins promoted apoptosis, whereas non-structural NS4A/B, NS5A, NS5B suppressed apoptosis by blocking various members of the caspase cascade. The majority of HCV proteins also enhanced autophagy, while NS5A also induced necrosis. As a result, the death of Huh7.5 cells expressing the HCV core was induced via apoptosis, the cells expressing NS3 and NS5B via autophagy-associated death, and the cells expressing E1/E2 glycoproteins or harboring HCV the replicon via both apoptosis and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Masalova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina I Lesnova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Pavel N Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Natalia F Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vladimir S Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alla A Kushch
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin GL, Chang HH, Lien TS, Chen PK, Chan H, Su MT, Liao CY, Sun DS. Suppressive effect of dengue virus envelope protein domain III on megakaryopoiesis. Virulence 2017. [PMID: 28622093 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1343769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause severe, life-threatening events, and no specific treatments of DENV infection are currently approved. Although thrombocytopenia is frequently observed in dengue patients, its pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that DENV-induced thrombocytopenia occurs through viral-replication-mediated megakaryopoiesis inhibition in the bone marrow; however, the exact mechanism for megakaryopoiesis suppression remains elusive. In this study, a reductionist approach was applied, in which C57B/6J mice were inoculated with recombinant DENV-envelope protein domain III (DENV-EIII) instead of the full viral particle. Our results demonstrated that DENV-EIII-suppressed megakaryopoiesis is similar to those observed with DENV infection. Furthermore, in agreement with our in vivo analyses, DENV-EIII sufficiently suppressed the megakaryopoiesis of progenitor cells from murine bone marrow and human cord blood in vitro. Additional analyses suggested that autophagy impairment and apoptosis are involved in DENV-EIII-mediated suppression of megakaryopoiesis. These data suggest that, even without viral replication, the binding of DENV-EIII to the cell surface is sufficient to suppress megakaryopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ling Lin
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Po-Kong Chen
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Hao Chan
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Liao
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mennonite Christian Hospital , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hammerstad SS, Stefan M, Blackard J, Owen RP, Lee HJ, Concepcion E, Yi Z, Zhang W, Tomer Y. Hepatitis C Virus E2 Protein Induces Upregulation of IL-8 Pathways and Production of Heat Shock Proteins in Human Thyroid Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:689-697. [PMID: 27860532 PMCID: PMC5413166 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroiditis is one of the most common extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By binding to surface cell receptor CD81, HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 mediates entry of HCV into cells. Studies have shown that different viral proteins may individually induce host responses to infection. We hypothesized that HCV E2 protein binding to CD81 expressed on thyroid cells activates a cascade of inflammatory responses that can trigger autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible individuals. SETTING Human thyroid cell lines ML-1 and human thyrocytes in primary cell culture were treated with HCV recombinant E2 protein. The expression of major proinflammatory cytokines was measured at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Next-generation transcriptome analysis was used to identify early changes in gene expression in thyroid cells induced by E2. RESULTS HCV envelope protein E2 induced strong inflammatory responses in human thyrocytes, resulting in production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, the E2 protein induced production of several heat shock proteins including HSP60, HSP70p12A, and HSP10, in human primary thyrocytes. In thyroid cell line ML-1, RNA sequencing identified upregulation of molecules involved in innate immune pathways with high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased expression of costimulatory molecules, specifically CD40, known to be a major thyroid autoimmunity gene. CONCLUSION Our data support a key role for HCV envelope protein E2 in triggering thyroid autoimmunity through activation of cytokine pathways by bystander mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salehi Hammerstad
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, 0586 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Mihaela Stefan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Jason Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267;
| | | | - Hanna J. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and
| | - Erlinda Concepcion
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Petta S. Hepatitis C virus and cardiovascular: A review. J Adv Res 2016; 8:161-168. [PMID: 28149651 PMCID: PMC5272956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disease that leads to increased risks of cirrhosis and its complications, as well as extrahepatic disturbances, including immune-related disorders and metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance and steatosis. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that HCV infection can increase cardiovascular risk, and that viral eradication can improve cardiovascular outcomes in the clinical setting. These data are strengthened by evidence identifying potential mechanisms (in)directly linking HCV infection to vascular damage. However, the high prevalence of both HCV infection and cardiovascular alterations, as well as the presence of contrasting results not identifying any association between HCV infection and cardiovascular dysfunction, provides uncertainty about a direct association of HCV infection with cardiovascular risk. Further studies are needed to clarify definitively the role of HCV infection in cardiovascular alterations, as well as the impact of viral eradication on cardiovascular outcomes. These features are now more attractive, considering the availability of new, safe, and very effective interferon-free antiviral agents for the treatment of HCV infection. This review aims to discuss carefully available data on the relationship between HCV infection and cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Petta
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of MnSOD in propofol protection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells injured by heat stress. J Anesth 2016; 30:410-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
10
|
Urbaczek AC, Ximenes VF, Afonso A, Generoso WC, Nogueira CT, Tansini A, Cappelini LTD, Malagó Júnior W, da Silva FH, da Fonseca LM, da Costa PI. Recombinant hepatitis C virus-envelope protein 2 interactions with low-density lipoprotein/CD81 receptors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:534-42. [PMID: 26018451 PMCID: PMC4501418 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein 2 (E2) is involved in viral binding to host cells. The aim of this work was to produce recombinant E2B and E2Y HCV proteins in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris, respectively, and to study their interactions with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and CD81 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the ECV304 bladder carcinoma cell line. To investigate the effects of human LDL and differences in protein structure (glycosylated or not) on binding efficiency, the recombinant proteins were either associated or not associated with lipoproteins before being assayed. The immunoreactivity of the recombinant proteins was analysed using pooled serum samples that were either positive or negative for hepatitis C. The cells were immunophenotyped by LDLr and CD81 using flow cytometry. Binding and binding inhibition assays were performed in the presence of LDL, foetal bovine serum (FCS) and specific antibodies. The results revealed that binding was reduced in the absence of FCS, but that the addition of human LDL rescued and increased binding capacity. In HUVEC cells, the use of antibodies to block LDLr led to a significant reduction in the binding of E2B and E2Y. CD81 antibodies did not affect E2B and E2Y binding. In ECV304 cells, blocking LDLr and CD81 produced similar effects, but they were not as marked as those that were observed in HUVEC cells. In conclusion, recombinant HCV E2 is dependent on LDL for its ability to bind to LDLr in HUVEC and ECV304 cells. These findings are relevant because E2 acts to anchor HCV to host cells; therefore, high blood levels of LDL could enhance viral infectivity in chronic hepatitis C patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Urbaczek
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Unidade de Parasitologia Médica e Microbiologia,, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Wesley Cardoso Generoso
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Camila Tita Nogueira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline Tansini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciana Teresa Dias Cappelini
- Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilson Malagó Júnior
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Luiz Marcos da Fonseca
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|