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Acioly TMDS, da Silva MF, Barbosa LA, Iannacone J, Viana DC. Levels of Potentially Toxic and Essential Elements in Water and Estimation of Human Health Risks in a River Located at the Interface of Brazilian Savanna and Amazon Biomes (Tocantins River). TOXICS 2024; 12:444. [PMID: 39058096 PMCID: PMC11280896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The Tocantins-Araguaia basin is one of South America's largest river systems, across three Brazilian states (Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará), within the Legal Amazon region. Despite draining extensive Cerrado savanna and rainforest ecosystems, it has suffered significant degradation, notably in the past 40 years. Human activities, including agricultural expansion, deforestation, and the introduction of non-native species, have worsened the environmental damage, which is alarming since many residents and villages along the middle Tocantins River rely on it for water supply, recreation, and fishing. This study assessed the concentration of potentially toxic and essential elements in water samples from four sampling sites distributed along the middle Tocantins River. The monitoring occurred throughout 2023, involving the measurement of parameters both on-site and in the laboratory. Water quality and its health implications were evaluated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the health risk assessment index. The levels of aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, and selenium exceeded legal standards. Seasonal fluctuations indicate a complex dynamic influenced by climatic or seasonal factors, with February showing the highest values. Site P1, located in urban areas, exhibited elevated mean concentrations for conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorophyll, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The nitrogen concentrations at P1 raise concerns regarding drinking water quality, which is a concern for the region's residents who use untreated river water. Despite seasonal variations in element concentrations, the overall WAWQI categorized all sections as "Excellent," and the WQI rated as "Good." Human health risk assessments detected no risks, but continuous monitoring and interventions are crucial for sustained water quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Marcelo Francisco da Silva
- Center for Exact, Natural and Technological Sciences (CCENT), State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), Imperatriz 65901-480, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Almeida Barbosa
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
| | - José Iannacone
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Biodiversidad Animal (LEBA), Grupo de Investigacion de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (GISA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru;
| | - Diego Carvalho Viana
- Postgraduate in Animal Science (PPGCA/UEMA), Multi-User Laboratories in Postgraduate Research (LAMP), State University of Maranhão, São Luís 65081-400, Brazil; (T.M.d.S.A.); (L.A.B.)
- Center of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Advanced Morphophysiological Studies (NEMO), State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL), Imperatriz 65900-000, Brazil
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Silva AL, Albinati ACL, Souza SA, Marques JVS, Andrade IBM, Souza YRC, Amorim AG. Evaluation of the acute and sublethal toxicity of Mancozeb in Pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274393. [PMID: 37909557 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic potential of dithiocarbamates fungicides widely used in world agriculture is well known, among which Mancozeb is one of the most used. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Mancozeb, determining the LC50% of the product and the behavioral and histological changes observed in fish of the Pacamã species through acute and sublethal toxicity tests. The first experiment was carried out on Pacamã fingerlings exposed to dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8mg/L of Mancozeb under the form ManzateWG®, for a total period of 96 hours in the acute experiment, and in the second experiment, fish were subjected to concentrations of 1/10 of those used in the acute experiment (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8mg/L, respectively), for 15 days in total. The 50% lethal concentration of ManzateWG® was calculated at the end of the acute experiment, presenting a value of 2.29mg/L at 96h for Pacamã fingerlings. A behavioral assessment was carried out through daily observation of the fish during both experiments, and an increase in mucus production was observed, as well as atypical social behavior in those exposed to the toxic agent. Histopathological evaluation was performed on livers collected after the end of the sublethal experiment, and the main hepatic alterations observed were cytoplasmic vacuolization, inflammatory infiltrate, and necrosis. Mancozeb has toxic potential and is capable of generating behavioral changes, as well as increasing the risk of liver damage in Pacamãs exposed to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - A C L Albinati
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - S A Souza
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - J V S Marques
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - I B M Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - Y R C Souza
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - A G Amorim
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Colegiado Acadêmico de Medicina Veterinária, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
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Ribeiro EB, Lima IMA, Carvalho-Neto FCM, Bezerra ICS, Sodré LC, Carvalho-Neta RNF. Gill and hepatic histological alterations in Sciades herzbergii resulting from trace element contamination in the Port of São Luiz, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274069. [PMID: 37729212 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate, through changes in the gills and livers of Sciades herzbergii, the environmental contamination to which estuarine organisms are exposed in two areas in São Marcos Bay - MA. Two collection areas located in São Marcos Bay were selected for this study: A1, an area close to the Port Complex, and A2, an area on Caranguejos Island (included in the Environmental Protection Area of Baixada Maranhense). Collections were carried out during rainy and dry periods. Sediments (for trace element analyses), surface water (for physico-chemical analyses), and specimens of S. herzbergii (for biometric measurements and identification of branchial and hepatic histopathology) were collected. Physico-chemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity) were within limits established by Brazilian legislation. Arsenic (in A1) and nickel (in A1 and A2) were above the legal standards in both periods. The highest percentage of histological alterations in the gills (aneurysms, lamellar fusion and detachment of the epithelium) occurred in the port area, in the rainy (93%) and dry (74%) periods. Liver alterations (melanomacrophage centers and necrosis) occurred only in specimens from the same area, in the rainy (41%) and dry (36%) periods. The highest histological indices of gill and liver changes were recorded in A1. This result was further supported by the total HI value of the lesions, which was higher in the port area compared to A2 (less impacted area), suggesting that the environmental conditions in that location are less favorable for the well-being of these organisms. Permanent environmental monitoring of the area is necessary to control environmental impacts efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - I M A Lima
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - F C M Carvalho-Neto
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - I C S Bezerra
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - L C Sodré
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - R N F Carvalho-Neta
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - BIONORTE, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Laboratório de Biomarcadores em Organismos Aquáticos, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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de Jesus WB, Mota Andrade TDSDO, Soares SH, Pinheiro-Sousa DB, de Oliveira SRS, Torres HS, Protazio GDS, da Silva DS, Santos DMS, de Carvalho Neta AV, Benjamin LDA, Carvalho Neta RNF. Biomarkers and occurrences of heavy metals in sediment and the bioaccumulation of metals in crabs (Ucides cordatus) in impacted mangroves on the Amazon coast, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129444. [PMID: 33445026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed biomarkers and heavy metals in Ucides cordatus specimens caught in mangrove areas [A1 = reference (low impact area); A2, A3 and A4 = port complex (potentially impacted area)] of the Amazonian northern coast of Brazil. Sediments and crab muscles sampled from the potentially impacted mangroves showed high levels of metals. Additionally, catalase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes in the gills and hepatopancreas of the collected crabs were elevated in crabs from A2, A3 and A4 relative to those from A1. The histological characteristics of the gills and hepatopancreas differed in crabs collected from A2, A3 and A4 compared with those collected from A1. The crabs were larger and heavier in the rainy season in A1 and A3 and heavier in the dry season in A4. Heavy metal analyses of sediments, crab muscles and biological responses indicated that the animals are subjected to stress levels differentiated in the mangroves due to a gradient (A4>A3>A2>A1) of anthropogenic pressure in São Marcos Bay. In conclusion, the analyses of metals in the sediment and in the muscles of crabs, as well as the biochemical biomarker and histological analyses, suggest that crabs from mangroves in the port complex region are subject to pollutants that compromise their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Batista de Jesus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca (PPGRAP), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | | | - Sâmea Heloá Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Recursos Aquáticos e Pesca (PPGRAP), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Débora Batista Pinheiro-Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Coordenação Do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, CEP 65800-000, Balsas, MA, Brazil
| | - Suelen Rosana Sampaio de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Hetty Salvino Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Gerson Dos Santos Protazio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, CEP 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Deranilde Santana da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE (PPG-BIONORTE), Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Débora Martins Silva Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão, Campus Paulo VI, CEP 65055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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