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Desquesnes M, Sazmand A, Gonzatti M, Boulangé A, Bossard G, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Waleckx E, Jamonneau V, Jacquiet P, Jittapalapong S, Berthier D, Solano P, Hébert L. Diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses: proper use of current tools and future prospects. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:235. [PMID: 35761373 PMCID: PMC9238167 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include "non-infected", "asymptomatic carrier", "sick infected", "cured/not cured" and/or "multi-infected". The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- UMR INTERTRYP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 31076 Toulouse, France
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Marisa Gonzatti
- Department of Cell Biology, Simón Bolívar University, Caracas, 1080 Venezuela
| | - Alain Boulangé
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- Pierre Richet Institute, National Public Health Institute, BP 1500 Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Géraldine Bossard
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD , Dakar, Senegal
- National Laboratory for Livestock and Veterinary Research, Senegalese Institute on Agricultural Research (ISRA), BP 2057, Dakar, Hann Senegal
| | - Philippe Truc
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Herder
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Ravel
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Regional Research Centre Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | | | - Philippe Jacquiet
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Berthier
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Hébert
- Physiopathology & Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit (PhEED), Laboratory of Animal Health, Normandy Site, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Rd 675 Les Places, 14430 Goustranville, France
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Apt W, Zulantay I, Arnello M, Oddó D, González S, Rodríguez J, Kemmerling U, Truyens C, Carlier Y. Congenital infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in an endemic area of Chile: a multidisciplinary study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 107:98-104. [PMID: 23222947 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence of Chagas disease (ChD) in pregnant women in Choapa Province (IV Region, Chile) and the vertical transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. METHOD ELISA and IFI IgG for ChD was performed for the pregnant women. PCR for T. cruzi was done for all chagasic mothers and their newborns. The congenital infection was confirmed by serial positive PCR and/or ELISA or IFI IgG after age of nine months. The placentas of mothers, with and without ChD, were submitted for histopathology and immunohistochemical study. RESULTS From 4831 deliveries in 2005-2009 with a serological coverage of 88.6%, it was established that 147 cases (3.4%) had ChD. More than 80% of the pregnancies had a physiological evolution and 90% of the newborn were term. Congenital transmission was demonstrated in six children (4.7%) of the 127 newborn studied by serial PCR (at birth and/or between 3-18 months) and/or ELISA or IIF IgG after age nine months. Most of congenital cases were asymptomatic (67%). The histopathology shows edema, necrosis, fibrinoid deposit in the placentas of 28 of 29 chagasic mothers. In three cases the immnunochemistry demonstrated a decrease in actin expression in trophoblast cells. In one congenital case amastigote nests was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and vertical transmission in Chile are still prevalent. For this reason it is important to propose control measures in endemic areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Apt
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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Zulantay I, Corral G, Guzman MC, Aldunate F, Guerra W, Cruz I, Araya A, Tapia V, Marquez F, Muñoz C, Apt W. The investigation of congenital infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in an endemic area of Chile: three protocols explored in a pilot project. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2011; 105:123-8. [PMID: 21396248 DOI: 10.1179/136485911x12899838413583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing travel of pregnant women from areas were Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic, the congenital transmission of the parasite has become a global public-health problem. In a recent pilot study, which ran in Chile from 2006 to 2010, three strategies for exploring and managing T. cruzi-infected mothers and their infected or uninfected neonates were investigated. Any protocols applied to the investigation of such mother-and-child pairs need to include the detection of infection in pregnant women, the detection of infection, if any, in the children born to the women, the appropriate treatment of the infected neonates, and the serological-parasitological follow-up of all of the neonates until their medical discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zulantay
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biologia Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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