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Kim HM, Kang YM, Lee M, An HJ. Papain Suppresses Atopic Skin Inflammation through Anti-Inflammatory Activities Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:928. [PMID: 39199175 PMCID: PMC11351312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Papain (PN) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica Papaya L. While the pharmacological effects of PN have not been extensively studied compared to its enzymatic activity, PN also holds potential benefits beyond protein digestion. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of PN against skin inflammation in house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae body (Dfb)-exposed NC/Nga atopic dermatitis (AD) mice and human HaCaT keratinocytes and their underlying mechanisms. The effects of PN on the skin were assessed via histological examination, measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings indicated that the oral intake of PN decreased the severity scores of lesions resembling AD, TEWL, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines and serum immunoglobulin E in Dfb-induced AD mice, along with a reduction in epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration. Additionally, PN inhibited the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways in Dfb-induced AD mice and HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, PN improved survival and reduced ROS production in H2O2-damaged HaCaT keratinocytes and enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes in Dfb-induced AD mice. Concludingly, the oral administration of PN suppressed inflammatory mediators and downregulated the MAPKs/STAT pathway, suggesting its potential role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yun-Mi Kang
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea;
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Maiyo ZC, Njeru SN, Toroitich FJ, Indieka SA, Obonyo MA. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the people of Mosop, Nandi County in Kenya. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1328903. [PMID: 38313073 PMCID: PMC10834697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1328903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Throughout the history, nature has provided mankind with most of their basic needs, which include food, shelter, medicine, clothes, flavours, scents as well as raw materials. Given that they are an integral part of cultural heritage, medicinal plants have played a significant role in human healthcare systems around the world. Investigating various biological resources for use as medicines requires ethnomedicinal studies. Methods: Data on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants from local healers in Kenya's Mosop Sub-County in Nandi County was documented through open-ended, semi-structured questionnaires. A number of quantitative indices, such as the Use Citation (UC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use Value (UV), Frequency of Citation (FoC) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were used to convey the potential medical benefits, vitality and variety of the ethnomedicine. Results: 102 informants provided information on 253 ethnomedicinal plant species, classified into 74 families. There were 249 native plant species identified, along with few exotic species: Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, Persea americana Mill, Carica papaya L. and Solanum betaceum Cav. Of all recorded species, 32% and 27% were herbs and trees, respectively. Among plant parts, leaves were most frequently utilized (27%) and roots (26%), while decoctions (21%) were the most widely used formulations. The dominant family was Asteraceae, with 28 species, followed by Lamiaceae, with 19 species. The highest ICF value was 0.778 for a number of parasitic and infectious illnesses, including ringworms, athlete's foot rot, tetanus, typhoid, intestinal parasites, abscesses, malaria, and amoebiasis. The study's data validates the region's widespread use of traditional medicinal plant remedies. Conclusion: The current study will lay a foundation of knowledge for future research investigations. The abundance of knowledge regarding ethnomedicinal species and their medicinal applications will stimulate further phytochemical and pharmacological research, which could lead to the discovery of potentially significant pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Maiyo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Njoro, Kenya
| | - S N Njeru
- Centre for Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F J Toroitich
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
| | - S A Indieka
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Njoro, Kenya
| | - M A Obonyo
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Njoro, Kenya
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El-Kased RF, El-Kersh DM. GC-MS Profiling of Naturally Extracted Essential Oils: Antimicrobial and Beverage Preservative Actions. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101587. [PMID: 36295021 PMCID: PMC9605189 DOI: 10.3390/life12101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of natural essential oils (EO) and determine their preservative action. Eight natural essential oils were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans representing gram positive, gram negative, and fungi, respectively. The plant materials were used in this study viz. Thymus vulgaris—thyme (TV), Mentha virdis (MV), Mentha longifolia (ML), Rosmarinus officinalis—rosemary (RO), Lavandula dentata—lavender (LD), Origanum majorana—oregano (OM), which belong to the Lamiaceae family. The other two plants were Cymbopogon citratus—lemon grass (family Poaceae) (CC), and Eucalyptus globulus (family Myrtaceae) (EG). Employing the disc diffusion susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations were estimated for each oil, followed by the addition of oils to pasteurized apple juice after microbial induction. The results revealed that thyme oil showed the maximum zone of inhibition against all tested microbes enriched with monoterpenes class viz. eucalyptol (24.3%), thymol (17.4%), and γ-terpinene (15.2%). All other tested oils exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of growth and their MIC ranged from 0.1 to 100 µL/mL. The recorded minimum bactericidal concentration values were apparently double the minimum inhibitory concentration. The EO of Mentha virdis followed by Mentha longifolia showed maximum antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms in pasteurized apple juice. A gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of lemon grass, thyme, and Mentha virdis essential oils showed their enrichment with monoterpenes class recording 97.10, 97.04, and 97.61%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham F. El-Kased
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Correspondence: (R.F.E.-K); (D.M.E.-K)
| | - Dina M. El-Kersh
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Correspondence: (R.F.E.-K); (D.M.E.-K)
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Papain Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via AMPK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189885. [PMID: 34576066 PMCID: PMC8468764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain is a proteolytic enzyme present in the leaves, fruits, roots, and latex of the Carica papaya (papaya) plant. Although it exhibits a wide range of activities, there are no reports on the anti-obesity effects of papain. This study examined the anti-obesity effect and obesity-involved anti-inflammatory mechanism of papain in in vivo and in vitro models using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oral administration of papain reduced HFD-induced weight of the body, liver, and adipose tissues of mice. Papain also reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte size. Moreover, serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were markedly reduced in papain-treated mice. In addition, papain inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes and oil accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and rat primary preadipocytes. Mechanistically, papain significantly downregulated the protein levels of key adipogenesis regulators and reversed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in HFD-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Papain also markedly enhanced activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in both models. Collectively, these results suggest that papain exerts anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by regulating levels of adipogenic factors involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation; thus, it could be useful in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Effects of Fruit Maturity Stages on GC-FID Fatty Acid Profiles, Phenolic Contents, and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus marginata L. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5546969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of development stages of Eucalyptus marginata’s fruits on the fatty acid composition as well as on phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of oils. Taking into account fruit maturity stages, vegetable oils have been evaluated for their biological potentials. Fatty acid profiles were quantified using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID). The fatty acid profiles of oils obtained from mature fruits showed highest linoleic acid content (49.21%) and Z-vaccenic (C18:1n-7) + oleic (C18:1n-9) acids (22.40%) and a low content of linolenic acid (C18:3) (1.59%). On the other hand, the major saturated fatty acid compound found in the oil of immature Eucalyptus marginata fruits was palmitic acid (C16:0) with about 27%. Based on the Folin–Ciocalteau method, the obtained results revealed a significant difference in the contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins according to the stage of fruit maturity (
). Furthermore, the detected antimicrobial potentials were related to the fruit maturity stage. While both veg\etable oils extracted from mature and immature Eucalyptus marginata fruits exhibited notable antibacterial activities against the species Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia marcescens, and Escherichia coli, only the oils extracted from immature fruits exhibited an antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis.
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Jafari F, Ramezani M, Nomani H, Amiri MS, Moghadam AT, Sahebkar A, Emami SA, Mohammadpour AH. Therapeutic Effect, Chemical Composition, Ethnobotanical Profile of Eucalyptus globulus: A Review. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200807213043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The composition of essential oil (EO) of E. globulus is so different all over the world. The
main component of essential oil is 1,8-cineole (Compound 64), macrocarpal C (Compound 22), terpenes
(Compound 23-92), oleanolic acid (Compound 21), and tannins (Compound 93-99). We
searched in vitro and in vivo articles and reviewed botanical aspects, therapeutic activity, chemical
composition and mechanism of action of E. globulus. Essential oils and extracts of leaves, stump,
wood, root and fruits of E. globulus represented many various medicinal effects including antibacterial,
antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, anthelmintic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, protection
against UV-B, wound healing effect and stimulating the immune response. Also, the leaf extract of eucalyptus
is used as a food additive in the industry. Eucalyptus has so many different therapeutic effects
and some of these effects were confirmed by pharmacological and clinical studies. More clinical studies
are recommended to confirm the useful pharmacological activity of E. globulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Jafari
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
| | - Mahin Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
| | - Homa Nomani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
| | | | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad,Iran
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Gupta P, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Mechanistic insights into Candida biofilm eradication potential of eucalyptol. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:105-123. [PMID: 33226719 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Candida-associated fungal infections are prevalent in hospitalized and immune-compromised patients. Their biofilm architecture and high rate of antifungal resistance make treatment challenging. Eucalyptol (EPTL), a monoterpene majorly present in the essential oil of eucalyptus is well known for curing respiratory infections. Hence, the present study investigated the anti-biofilm efficacy of EPTL against the laboratory strains and clinical isolates of Candida to delineate its mode of action. METHODS The effect of EPTL on the viability, biofilm formation, and mature biofilm of Candida strains was studied. Furthermore, its effect on cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS generation, germ tube formation, ergosterol content and transcriptional expression of selected genes was also investigated. RESULTS EPTL exhibited anti-biofilm activity against mature and developing biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata along with their clinical isolates. The biochemical components and enzyme activity were differentially modulated in EPTL-treated biofilm extracellular matrix. EPTL generated ROS and arrested cell cycle at the G1 /S phase in both the species, while altered MMP was recorded in C. glabrata. Transcriptional analysis evidenced for differential gene expression of selected ABC transporters, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and cell wall biogenesis in C. albicans/C. glabrata upon treating with EPTL. CONCLUSION The current data on anti-biofilm activity of EPTL establish its candidacy for drug development or as an adjuvant with existing antifungal formulations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Present investigation elucidates the mode of action of Eucalyptol as antifungal agent and would stand as a candidate for management of topical fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - K M Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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Assessment of the antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its main component 1,8-cineole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Microb Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29522803 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health. The search for new anti-infection agents from natural resources, with different mode of actions and competitive effects became a necessity. In this study, twenty height methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were investigated for their biofilm formation ability. Subsequently, the antibiofilm effects of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil and its main component 1,8-cineole, against MRSA, as well as their antiquorum sensing potential, were evaluated. Our results displayed the potent efficacy of both E. globulus essential oil and 1,8-cineole against the development of biofilms formed by the methicillin-resistant strains. Additionally, E. globulus essential oil showed more potent of anti-QS activity, even at a low concentration, when compared to 1,8-cineole. All these property of tested agents may pave the way to prevent the development of biofilm formation by MRSA and subsequently the spreading of nosocomial infection.
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