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Florentino PTV, Real F, Orikaza CM, da Cunha JPC, Vitorino FNL, Cordero EM, Sobreira TJP, Mortara RA. A Carbohydrate Moiety of Secreted Stage-Specific Glycoprotein 4 Participates in Host Cell Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi Extracellular Amastigotes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29692765 PMCID: PMC5903068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. It is known that amastigotes derived from trypomastigotes in the extracellular milieu are infective in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular amastigotes (EAs) have a stage-specific surface antigen called Ssp-4, a GPI-anchored glycoprotein that is secreted by the parasites. By immunoprecipitation with the Ssp-4-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) 2C2 and 1D9, we isolated the glycoprotein from EAs. By mass spectrometry, we identified the core protein of Ssp-4 and evaluated mRNA expression and the presence of Ssp-4 carbohydrate epitopes recognized by mAb1D9. We demonstrated that the carbohydrate epitope recognized by mAb1D9 could promote host cell invasion by EAs. Although infectious EAs express lower amounts of Ssp-4 compared with less-infectious EAs (at the mRNA and protein levels), it is the glycosylation of Ssp-4 (identified by mAb1D9 staining only in infectious strains and recognized by galectin-3 on host cells) that is the determinant of EA invasion of host cells. Furthermore, Ssp-4 is secreted by EAs, either free or associated with parasite vesicles, and can participate in host-cell interactions. The results presented here describe the possible role of a carbohydrate moiety of T. cruzi surface glycoproteins in host cell invasion by EA forms, highlighting the potential of these moieties as therapeutic and vaccine targets for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar T. V. Florentino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina M. Orikaza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia P. C. da Cunha
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisca N. L. Vitorino
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esteban M. Cordero
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Renato A. Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells induced by rSSP4 derived from T. cruzi amastigotes increase parasitemia in an experimental Chagas disease model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:632436. [PMID: 23509755 PMCID: PMC3591107 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a considerable controversy over the participation of Treg cells during Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the main point being whether these cells play a negative or a positive role. In this work, we found that the adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells from rSSP4- (a recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote derived protein, previously shown to have immunomodulatory properties on macrophages) immunized BALB/c donors into syngenic recipients simultaneously with T. cruzi challenge reduces cardiac inflammation and prolongs hosts' survival but increases blood parasitemia and parasite loads in the heart. These CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells from immunized mice have a relatively TGF-β-dependent suppressive activity on CD4+ T cells. Therefore, regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells play a positive role in the development of acute T. cruzi infection by inducing immunosuppressive activity that controls early cardiac inflammation during acute Chagas disease, prolonging survival, but at the same time promoting parasite growth.
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Taniwaki NN, Gonçalves VM, Romero JK, da Silva CV, da Silva S, Mortara RA. Trypanosoma cruzi strains in the Calomys callosus: parasitemia and reaction of intracellular forms with stage-specific antibodies in the acute and chronic phase of infection and after immunosuppression. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:431-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Review on Trypanosoma cruzi: Host Cell Interaction. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20811486 PMCID: PMC2926652 DOI: 10.1155/2010/295394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, which affects a large number of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote and amastigote. Metacyclic trypomastigotes are released with the feces of the insect while amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes are released from the infected host cells of the vertebrate host after a complex intracellular life cycle. The recognition between parasite and mammalian host cell involves numerous molecules present in both cell types. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host cells, mainly emphasizing the mechanisms and molecules that participate in the T. cruzi invasion process of the mammalian cells.
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Cura CI, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Duffy T, Burgos JM, Rodriguero M, Cardinal MV, Kjos S, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Blanchet D, De Pablos LM, Tomasini N, da Silva A, Russomando G, Cuba CAC, Aznar C, Abate T, Levin MJ, Osuna A, Gürtler RE, Diosque P, Solari A, Triana-Chávez O, Schijman AG. Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes in different geographical regions and transmission cycles based on a microsatellite motif of the intergenic spacer of spliced-leader genes. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1599-607. [PMID: 20670628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The intergenic region of spliced-leader (SL-IR) genes from 105 Trypanosoma cruzi I (Tc I) infected biological samples, culture isolates and stocks from 11 endemic countries, from Argentina to the USA were characterised, allowing identification of 76 genotypes with 54 polymorphic sites from 123 aligned sequences. On the basis of the microsatellite motif proposed by Herrera et al. (2007) to define four haplotypes in Colombia, we could classify these genotypes into four distinct Tc I SL-IR groups, three corresponding to the former haplotypes Ia (11 genotypes), Ib (11 genotypes) and Id (35 genotypes); and one novel group, Ie (19 genotypes). Genotypes harbouring the Tc Ic motif were not detected in our study. Tc Ia was associated with domestic cycles in southern and northern South America and sylvatic cycles in Central and North America. Tc Ib was found in all transmission cycles from Colombia. Tc Id was identified in all transmission cycles from Argentina and Colombia, including Chagas cardiomyopathy patients, sylvatic Brazilian samples and human cases from French Guiana, Panama and Venezuela. Tc Ie gathered five samples from domestic Triatoma infestans from northern Argentina, nine samples from wild Mepraia spinolai and Mepraia gajardoi and two chagasic patients from Chile and one from a Bolivian patient with chagasic reactivation. Mixed infections by Tc Ia+Tc Id, Tc Ia+Tc Ie and Tc Id+Tc Ie were detected in vector faeces and isolates from human and vector samples. In addition, Tc Ia and Tc Id were identified in different tissues from a heart transplanted Chagas cardiomyopathy patient with reactivation, denoting histotropism. Trypanosoma cruzi I SL-IR genotypes from parasites infecting Triatoma gerstaeckeri and Didelphis virginiana from USA, T. infestans from Paraguay, Rhodnius nasutus and Rhodnius neglectus from Brazil and M. spinolai and M. gajardoi from Chile are to our knowledge described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Cura
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Olivas-Rubio M, Hernández-Martínez S, Talamás-Rohana P, Tsutsumi V, Reyes-López PA, Rosales-Encina JL. cDNA cloning and partial characterization of amastigote specific surface protein from Trypanosoma cruzi. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1083-91. [PMID: 19481174 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote surface proteins are the target of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses; however, few such molecules have been thoroughly studied. In order to study a T. cruzi amastigote-specific protein (SSP4), we used antibodies against the deglycosylated form of this molecule to clone cDNA. The selected cDNA clone (2070 bp) encodes for a 64 kDa protein product whose sequence analysis revealed no N-glycosylation signal. The DNA sequence showed high homology with a member of a previously reported dispersed repetitive gene family of T. cruzi. Antibodies against the recombinant protein reacted strongly with a 66 kDa protein and weakly with an 84 kDa protein in amastigote extracts. Immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that intracellular amastigotes express the native protein on their surfaces and flagellar pockets. The antibody label was also associated with an amorphous material present in the parasitic cavity and in direct contact with the parasite surface, which suggest that amastigotes are releasing this material. On cell-free amastigotes, the antibody showed strong decoration of the cell surface and labeling of intracellular vesicles. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the superficial protein is expressed shortly after trypomastigotes begin to transform into amastigotes. Anti-recombinant protein antibodies recognized proteins of 100 kDa and 50-60 kDa in protein extracts of rat heart and skeletal muscle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybell Olivas-Rubio
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México DF 07360, Mexico.
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Taniwaki NN, da Silva CV, da Silva S, Mortara RA. Distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi stage-specific epitopes in cardiac muscle of Calomys callosus, BALB/c mice, and cultured cells infected with different infective forms. Acta Trop 2007; 103:14-25. [PMID: 17582377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To examine whether distinct parasite infective forms or the mammalian host could affect the distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi stage-specific epitopes defined by monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) raised against mammalian-stage parasite forms, immunofluorescence studies followed the intracellular life cycle of the parasite in the cardiac muscle of Calomys callosus and BALB/c mice in the acute phase of the disease and in LLC-MK(2) cultured cells. Animals and cells were infected either with tissue-culture derived trypomastigotes (TCT) or bloodstream trypomastigotes (BT) from the Y strain of T. cruzi. Samples were examined under confocal fluorescence microscopy after labeling with Mabs 2C2, 1D9, 2B7, 3G8, 3B9, and 4B9 that react with carbohydrate epitopes on Ssp-4, a major amastigote surface glycoprotein; Mab 4B5 that identifies a noncarbohydrate epitope on all intracellular parasites stages, and Mab 3B2 that also recognizes a noncarbohydrate epitope expressed only in flagellated forms. Samples were double labeled with DAPI to visualize parasites' kinetoplasts and nuclei. Most of the Mabs used in this work displayed a surface labeling pattern on amastigotes present in Calomys and mice hearts, and in LLC-MK(2) cultured cells infected with BT or TCT. Mab 2B7, however, displayed a marked polymorphic distribution in antigen expression between both mammalian hosts, independent on the infective form. Beyond the polymorphic distribution of amastigote surface epitopes, Calomys, and mice heart sections presented several inflammatory cells around amastigotes and trypomastigotes nests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi N Taniwaki
- Seção de Microscopia Eletrônica do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 SP, Brazil
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da Silva CV, Luquetti AO, Rassi A, Mortara RA. Involvement of Ssp-4-related carbohydrate epitopes in mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2120-9. [PMID: 16793313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the expression of Ssp-4-related carbohydrate epitopes defined by monoclonal antibodies 1D9 and 2B7 was related to cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes from different isolates and whether the highest expression of the epitope defined by MAb 1D9 would confer greater infectivity. Confocal microscopy showed that both epitopes localize to the membrane of amastigotes from 569, 588, 573, 587 and SC2005 isolates, similar to the G isolate, whereas the CL isolate showed a punctate and diffuse staining. Flow cytometry revealed inter- and intra-isolate variable expression of these epitopes. Apart from the lower expression of MAb 2B7 epitope by intracellular amastigotes of the SC2005 isolate, amastigotes from chagasic patient isolates expressed both epitopes similar to the G isolate, in contrast to CL isolate, that showed lower expression of both epitopes. MAb 1D9 did not react with CL isolate on immunoblots and reacted poorly with 588 and 587 parasites. MAb 2B7 preferentially reacted with an epitope on an 84 kDa component in G and 573 isolates. Invasion assays revealed that despite the fact that amastigotes from chagasic patient isolates displayed high levels of the epitope defined by MAb 1D9, only isolate 588 invaded host cells in levels comparable to that of isolate G. Both MAbs specifically inhibited cell invasion by G and 588, but not CL. These results suggested that the highest expression of MAb 1D9 epitope was not sufficient to confer higher infectivity on the isolate, and besides the two epitopes, other factors may modulate the invasiveness of extracellular amastigotes from the different isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 60 andar, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
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Mortara RA, Andreoli WK, Taniwaki NN, Fernandes AB, Silva CVD, Fernandes MCDC, L'Abbate C, Silva SD. Mammalian cell invasion and intracellular trafficking by Trypanosoma cruzi infective forms. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2005; 77:77-94. [PMID: 15692679 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652005000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, occurs as different strains or isolates that may be grouped in two major phylogenetic lineages: T. cruzi I, associated with the sylvatic cycle and T. cruzi II, linked to the human disease. In the mammalian host the parasite has to invade cells and many studies implicated the flagellated trypomastigotes in this process. Several parasite surface components and some of host cell receptors with which they interact have been identified. Our work focused on how amastigotes, usually found growing in the cytoplasm, can invade mammalian cells with infectivities comparable to that of trypomastigotes. We found differences in cellular responses induced by amastigotes and trypomastigotes regarding cytoskeletal components and actin-rich projections. Extracellularly generated amastigotes of T. cruzi I strains may display greater infectivity than metacyclic trypomastigotes towards cultured cell lines as well as target cells that have modified expression of different classes of cellular components. Cultured host cells harboring the bacterium Coxiella burnetii allowed us to gain new insights into the trafficking properties of the different infective forms of T. cruzi, disclosing unexpected requirements for the parasite to transit between the parasitophorous vacuole to its final destination in the host cell cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu, 862, 6 andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Mortara RA, Procópio DO, Barros HC, Verbisck NV, Andreoli WK, Silva RB, da Silva S. Features of host cell invasion by different infective forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 94 Suppl 1:135-7. [PMID: 10677700 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Through its life cycle from the insect vector to mammalian hosts Trypanosoma cruzi has developed clever strategies to reach the intracellular milieu where it grows sheltered from the hosts' immune system. We have been interested in several aspects of in vitro interactions of different infective forms of the parasite with cultured mammalian cells. We have observed that not only the classically infective trypomastigotes but also amastigotes, originated from the extracellular differentiation of trypomastigotes, can infect cultured cells. Interestingly, the process of invasion of different parasite infective forms is remarkably distinct and also highly dependent on the host cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mortara
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brasil.
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