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Ribeiro Menezes IMN, Nascimento PDA, Peixoto RRA, Oliveira A. Nutritional profile and risk assessment of inorganic elements in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127442. [PMID: 38554676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The contents of essential (Ca, Fe, K, Na, P, and Zn) and potentially toxic inorganic elements (As, Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Pb) in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). A total of 30 enteral formulas, 23 parenteral solution components, and 3 parenteral solutions were analyzed. The elements Ca and K presented the higher contents (72-2918 mg L-1 and 235-2760 mg L-1) while the lowest concentration levels were found for As and Cd (<0.68 µg L-1 and <0.01-0.62 µg L-1) in the studied samples. The validated analytical methods presented an accuracy of 75-116% and RSD values lower than 9.8%. Calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate, which are used as raw materials in parenteral solution, are potential sources of Al and Mn contamination. A Hazard Quotient (HQ) >1 was obtained for Al (27 ± 1 µg L-1) in one of the parenteral samples, whereas the established limit is 25 µg L-1. Enteral samples were considered safe for consumption regarding the Al, As, and Cd levels. One healing-specific and pediatric formula contained Pb at levels above 0.25 µg kg-day-1, too high for safe consumption. The enteral formulas (pediatric, diabetes-specific, renal-specific, healing-specific, and standard formula with addition of fiber) presented risks in relation to the consumption of Cr and Mn (>250 µg day-1 and >11 mg day-1). The results indicate the need for strict monitoring, considering that these formulations are often the single patient's food source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia de A Nascimento
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rafaella R A Peixoto
- Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Niterói 24220-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Department of Chemistry, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil.
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Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Wieczorek D. The Effects of High Dietary Doses of Chromium(III) Complex with Propionic Acid on Nutritional and Selected Blood Indices in Healthy Female Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:192-200. [PMID: 26432449 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
People taking dietary supplements are usually determined to lose weight, supplement nutrition or reduce the risk of illness and negative effects of their state of health. Chromium(III) supplementation influence body composition and mass, glucose and lipid metabolism and it enhance insulin action. This fact could be of general interest because diabetes mellitus is an increasing health problem in many countries. The study describes the effects of high dietary doses of chromium(III) complex with propionic acid [Cr3] (from 100 to 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet) on the organisms of healthy female rats, with special regard to overall nutritional, carbohydrate, lipid and blood biochemical and morphological and haematological indices. The study was carried out on 30 10-week-old female Wistar rats, which were divided into five equal groups (six animals in each): the control group and four groups of tested animals which had free access to the diet supplemented with 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) (equivalent of 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg Cr · kg body weight (b.w.) · day(-1)), given as [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]⋅NO3, also known as Cr3, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in body mass gains, feeding efficiency ratio, internal organ masses or blood serum glucose concentrations, except for some changes in the serum triglycerides concentration, which decreased in the rats that received 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet, as opposed to the group treated with 200 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet. The dietary supplementation of Cr3 for 4 weeks at doses of 100 to 1000 mg Cr · kg(-1) diet did not affect overall nutritional indices and most blood biochemical, morphological and haematological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daria Wieczorek
- Department of Technology and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznań University of Economics, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875, Poznań, Poland
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Paiva AN, Lima JGD, Medeiros ACQD, Figueiredo HAO, Andrade RLD, Ururahy MAG, Rezende AA, Brandão-Neto J, Almeida MDG. Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:66-72. [PMID: 26302914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium is an essential mineral that contributes to normal glucose function and lipid metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A four month controlled, single blind, randomized trial was performed with 71 patients with poorly controlled (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]>7%) T2DM divided into 2 groups: Control (n=39, using placebo), and supplemented (n=32, using 600μg/day CrPic). All patients received nutritional guidance according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and kept using prescribed medications. Fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and serum ferritin were evaluated. RESULTS CrPic supplementation significantly reduced the fasting glucose concentration (-31.0mg/dL supplemented group; -14.0mg/dL control group; p<0.05, post- vs. pre-treatment, in each group) and postprandial glucose concentration (-37.0mg/dL in the supplemented group; -11.5 mg/dL in the control group; p<0.05). HbA1c values were also significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.001, comparing post- vs. pre-treatment groups). Post-treatment HbA1c values in supplemented patients were significantly lower than those of control patients. HbA1c lowering in the supplemented group (-1.90), and in the control group (-1.00), was also significant, comparing pre- and post-treatment values, for each group (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). CrPic increased serum chromium concentrations (p<0.001), when comparing the supplemented group before and after supplementation. No significant difference in lipid profile was observed in the supplemented group; however, total cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c were significantly lowered, comparing pre- and post-treatment period, in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CrPic supplementation had a beneficial effect on glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled T2DM, without affecting the lipid profile. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the effect of long-term CrPic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana N Paiva
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N-Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Josivan G de Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenida: Nilo Peçanha, 620, Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-300, Brazil.
| | - Anna C Q de Medeiros
- Health Sciences College of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) Rua Trairí, S/N-Centro-Santa Cruz/RN, CEP 59200-000, Brazil.
| | - Heverton A O Figueiredo
- Graduate Student in the Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN CEP 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Raiana L de Andrade
- Graduate Student in the Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN CEP 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcela A G Ururahy
- Post Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N-Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Adriana A Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N-Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - José Brandão-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Avenida: Nilo Peçanha, 620, Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-300, Brazil.
| | - Maria das G Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, S/N-Petrópolis, Natal-RN CEP 59012-570, Brazil.
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Rodrigues MD, Borin SH, Paulino PC, Arruda EJ, Silva CAD. Comparação das reservas glicogênicas em ratos jovens e envelhecidos tratados com picolinato de cromo. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200501374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Entre os suplementos utilizados no meio esportivo, o mineral cromo tem se destacado, principalmente por potencializar a ação da via insulínica, ação extremamente importante na manutenção da homeostasia metabólica. A ação do cromo parece ter ação importante como coadjuvante nas dinâmicas da ação insulínica.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil glicogênico, bem como a sensibilidade tecidual à insulina e a pancreática à glicose em ratos jovens e envelhecidos tratados com picolinato de cromo.MÉTODO: Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, com idade de 3 e 24 meses, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais (n = 6), assim denominados: jovens (J), jovens suplementados com picolinato de cromo (JP, 80 µg/Kg), envelhecidos (E) e envelhecidos suplementados com picolinato de cromo (EP, 80 µg/Kg). A sensibilidade à insulina foi avaliada através do teste de tolerância à insulina (ITT, 2 U/Kg) e a sensibilidade pancreática, através do teste de tolerância à glicose (GTT, 2 g/Kg). Na análise estatística foi utilizado teste de normalidade de dados de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, seguido de ANOVA e o teste post-hoc de Tukey, p < 0,05.RESULTADOS: O grupo envelhecido apresentou menores reservas glicogênicas se comparado ao grupo jovem; por sua vez, o tratamento com picolinato promoveu elevação das reservas hepáticas de ratos jovens sem efeito nos envelhecidos. No mesmo perfil de análise, foi demonstrado que o tratamento com picolinato promoveu elevação das reservas glicogênicas musculares, efeito observado tanto nos jovens quanto nos envelhecidos. No grupo jovem, não foi observada diferença no ITT, porém houve redução da área sob a curva descrita no GTT. No grupo envelhecido, houve elevação da responsividade à insulina no ITT e redução da área sob a curva.CONCLUSÃO: O picolinato expressou ação de secretagogo e sensibilizador da ação insulínica, com expressão mais significativa nos músculos envelhecidos.
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Silva PE, Alves T, Fonseca ÁTS, Oliveira MADN, Machado UF, Seraphim PM. O exercício físico melhora a sensibilidade à insulina de ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922011000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Sabe-se que o tabagismo pode provocar alterações cardiovasculares e redução na sensibilidade à insulina, e que o exercício físico melhora este quadro. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tabagismo e da prática de atividade física sobre a sensibilidade à insulina em músculo cardíaco de ratos, através da avaliação de expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: (CS) controle, (CE) controle exercitado, (FS) fumante sedentário e (FE) fumante submetido ao exercício físico. Os grupos FS e FE foram submetidos à combustão de quatro cigarros/30 min/60 dias, 2x/dia. Os grupos CE e FE executaram corrida em esteira rolante durante 60 min/60 dias. Foi realizado teste de tolerância à insulina, e a expressão de GLUT4 no coração foi feita através de Western Blotting - ECL e RT-PCR. Foi utilizado método estatístico descritivo e o teste ANOVA, e as diferenças entre os grupos foram consideradas significantes quando P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Nem o tabagismo nem a atividade física alteraram o peso corpóreo (CS: 364,7 ± 9,7; CE: 372,4 ± 7,2, FS: 368,9 ± 6,7; FE: 376,4 ± 7,8g) e o peso do coração (CS: 1,12 ± 0,05; CE: 1,16 ± 0,04; FS: 1,14 ± 0,05; FE: 1,19 ± 0,05g). A sensibilidade à insulina foi reduzida no grupo fumante, porém, a prática de exercício físico melhorou este quadro (CS: 3,7 ± 0,3; CE: 5,28 ± 0,5*; FS: 2,1 ± 0,7*; FE: 4,8 ± 0,09** %/min; *P < 0,05 vs. CS, **P < 0,05 vs. FS). Os conteúdos de RNAm e de proteína não se alteraram entre os grupos. Porém, quando se calculou o conteúdo total de proteína GLUT4 por grama de tecido, observou-se que o tabagismo causou redução e que o exercício induziu aumento neste parâmetro (CS: 119,72 ± 9,98; CE: 143,09 ± 9,09; FS: 84,36 ± 10,99*; FE: 132,18 ± 11,40# UA/g tecido, *P < 0,05 vs. CS, #P < 0,01 vs. FS). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o tabagismo reduz a sensibilidade à insulina e a capacidade do coração captar glicose. Já a prática de exercício físico moderado reverte este quadro por completo.
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