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Gei L, Yan Y, Xing W, Li Q, Chen X, Yan F, Wang Y, Cao Y, Jiang W, E R, Luo D, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Chen D. Amiloride alleviates morphine tolerance by suppressing ASIC3-dependent neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176173. [PMID: 37918499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of morphine in clinical medicine is severely constrained by tolerance. Therefore, it is essential to examine pharmacological therapies that suppress the development of morphine tolerance. Amiloride suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting microglial activation. Microglia play a crucial role in the establishment of morphine tolerance. Thus, we anticipated that amiloride might suppress the development of morphine tolerance. During this investigation, we assessed the impact of amiloride on mouse morphine tolerance. METHODS Mice received morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) twice daily with intrathecally injected amiloride (0.3 μg/5 μl, 1 μg/5 μl, and 3 μg/5 μl) for nine continuous days. To assess morphine tolerance, mice underwent the tail-flick and hot plate tests. BV-2 cells were used to investigate the mechanism of amiloride. By using Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence labeling methods, the levels of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins, and neuroinflammation-related cytokines were determined. RESULTS The levels of ASIC3 in the spinal cord were considerably increased after long-term morphine administration. Amiloride was found to delay the development of tolerance to chronic morphine assessed via tail-flick and hot plate tests. Amiloride reduced microglial activation and downregulated the cytokines IL-1β and TNF-a by inhibiting ASIC3 in response to morphine. Furthermore, amiloride reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and inhibited NF-κB expression. CONCLUSIONS Amiloride effectively reduces chronic morphine tolerance by suppressing microglial activation caused by morphine by inhibiting ASIC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liba Gei
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus)/Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiangnan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - RiQi E
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus)/Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - DeXing Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, China
| | - YanHong Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus)/Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Weian Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Dongtai Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Pahan P, Xie JY. Microglial inflammation modulates opioid analgesic tolerance. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1383-1392. [PMID: 37186407 PMCID: PMC11410303 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As we all know, opioids are the drugs of choice for treating severe pain. However, very often, opioid use leads to tolerance, dependence, and hyperalgesia. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance and designing strategies for increasing the efficacy of opioids in chronic pain are important areas of research. Microglia are brain macrophages that remove debris and dead cells from the brain and participate in immune defense of the central nervous system during an insult or injury. However, recent studies indicate that microglial activation and generation of proinflammatory molecules (e.g., cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, etc.) in the brain may contribute to opioid tolerance and other side effects of opioid use. In this review, we will summarize the evidence and possible mechanisms by which proinflammatory molecules produced by activated microglia may antagonize the analgesic effect induced by opioids, and thus, lead to opioid tolerance. We will also delineate specific examples of studies that suggest therapeutic targets to counteract the development of tolerance clinically using suppressors of microglial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pahan
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Arkansas, Jonesboro, USA
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Fu X, Zhang Y. Research progress of p38 as a new therapeutic target against morphine tolerance and the current status of therapy of morphine tolerance. J Drug Target 2023; 31:152-165. [PMID: 36264036 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2138895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the medical industry, new painkillers continue to appear in people's field of vision, but so far no painkiller can replace morphine. While morphine has a strong analgesic effect, it is also easy to produce pain sensitivity and tolerance. Due to the great inter-individual differences in patient responses, there are few clear instructions on how to optimise morphine administration regimens, which complicates clinicians' treatment strategies and limits the effectiveness of morphine in long-term pain therapy. P38MAPK is a key member of the MAPK family. Across recent years, it has been discovered that p38MAPK rises dramatically in a wide range of morphine tolerance animal models. Morphine tolerance can be reduced or reversed by inhibiting p38MAPK. However, the role and specific mechanism of p38MAPK are not clear. In this review, we synthesise the relevant findings, highlight the function and potential mechanism of p38MAPK in morphine tolerance, as well as the present status and efficacy of morphine tolerance therapy, and underline the future promise of p38MAPK targeted morphine tolerance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital Affiliated to Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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