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Chen Y, Xu R, Zhou S, Zhao C, Hu Z, Hua Y, Xiong Y, Liu X, Lü J, Sun Y, Li C, Gao S, Zhang Y. Mechanical strain treatment improves nuclear transfer reprogramming efficiency by enhancing chromatin accessibility. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:807-816. [PMID: 36963387 PMCID: PMC10147550 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties are considered to be important factors affecting cell fate transitions, but the links between cellular mechanical properties and transition efficiency and chromatin structure remain elusive. Here, we predicted that mechanical strain treatment could induce signatures of cellular dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation, and we validated this prediction by showing that mechanical strain-treated mouse cumulus cells (CCs) exhibit significantly improved somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming efficiency. We found that the chromatin accessibility of CCs was globally increased by mechanical strain treatment and that this increase was partially mediated by the induction of the YAP-TEAD interaction. Moreover, using mechanical strain-treated CCs could prevent transcriptional dysregulation in SCNT embryos. Taken together, our study results demonstrated that modulating cell mechanical properties to regulate epigenetic status is a promising approach to facilitate cell fate transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruimin Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengchen Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ziyue Hu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Hua
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Xiong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translation Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Clinical and Translation Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Super-enhancers conserved within placental mammals maintain stem cell pluripotency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204716119. [PMID: 36161929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204716119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite pluripotent stem cells sharing key transcription factors, their maintenance involves distinct genetic inputs. Emerging evidence suggests that super-enhancers (SEs) can function as master regulatory hubs to control cell identity and pluripotency in humans and mice. However, whether pluripotency-associated SEs share an evolutionary origin in mammals remains elusive. Here, we performed comprehensive comparative epigenomic and transcription factor binding analyses among pigs, humans, and mice to identify pluripotency-associated SEs. Like typical enhancers, SEs displayed rapid evolution in mammals. We showed that BRD4 is an essential and conserved activator for mammalian pluripotency-associated SEs. Comparative motif enrichment analysis revealed 30 shared transcription factor binding motifs among the three species. The majority of transcriptional factors that bind to identified motifs are known regulators associated with pluripotency. Further, we discovered three pluripotency-associated SEs (SE-SOX2, SE-PIM1, and SE-FGFR1) that displayed remarkable conservation in placental mammals and were sufficient to drive reporter gene expression in a pluripotency-dependent manner. Disruption of these conserved SEs through the CRISPR-Cas9 approach severely impaired stem cell pluripotency. Our study provides insights into the understanding of conserved regulatory mechanisms underlying the maintenance of pluripotency as well as species-specific modulation of the pluripotency-associated regulatory networks in mammals.
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3
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PIM3-AMPK-HDAC4/5 axis restricts MuERVL-marked 2-cell-like state in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2256-2271. [PMID: 36150380 PMCID: PMC9561635 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A minority of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) marked by endogenous retrovirus MuERVL are totipotent 2-cell-like cells. However, the majority of ESCs repress MuERVL. Currently, it is still unclear regarding the signaling pathway(s) repressing the MuERVL-associated 2-cell-like state of ESCs. Here, we identify the PIM3-downstream signaling axis as a key route to repress MuERVL and 2-cell-like state. Downregulation, deletion, or inhibition of PIM3 activated MuERVL, 2-cell genes, and trophectodermal genes in ESCs. By screening PIM3-regulated pathways, we discovered AMPK as its key target. The loss of Pim3 caused an increase in AMPK phosphorylation, which phosphorylated HDAC4/5 and triggered their transfer out of the nucleus in Pim3−/− ESCs. The reduction of nuclear HDAC4/5 caused increased H3K9ac and reduced H3K9me1/2 enrichment on MuERVL, thus activating MuERVL and 2-cell-like state. In summary, our study uncovers a novel axis by which PIM3 suppresses 2-cell marker MuERVL and totipotent state in ESCs. PIM3 signaling pathway represses MuERVL and 2-cell-like state Pim3 loss promotes AMPK phosphorylation, which activates MuERVL Phosphorylated AMPK mediates HDAC4/5 export from the nucleus HDAC4/5 repress MuERVL through modulating H3K9ac and H3K9me1/2
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4
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The long noncoding RNA H19 regulates tumor plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7349. [PMID: 34934057 PMCID: PMC8692330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) arising either de novo or from transdifferentiated prostate adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Extensive computational analysis has identified a high degree of association between the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 and NEPC, with the longest isoform highly expressed in NEPC. H19 regulates PCa lineage plasticity by driving a bidirectional cell identity of NE phenotype (H19 overexpression) or luminal phenotype (H19 knockdown). It contributes to treatment resistance, with the knockdown of H19 re-sensitizing PCa to ADT. It is also essential for the proliferation and invasion of NEPC. H19 levels are negatively regulated by androgen signaling via androgen receptor (AR). When androgen is absent SOX2 levels increase, driving H19 transcription and facilitating transdifferentiation. H19 facilitates the PRC2 complex in regulating methylation changes at H3K27me3/H3K4me3 histone sites of AR-driven and NEPC-related genes. Additionally, this lncRNA induces alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation on CpG sites, further regulating genes associated with the NEPC phenotype. Our clinical data identify H19 as a candidate diagnostic marker and predictive marker of NEPC with elevated H19 levels associated with an increased probability of biochemical recurrence and metastatic disease in patients receiving ADT. Here we report H19 as an early upstream regulator of cell fate, plasticity, and treatment resistance in NEPC that can reverse/transform cells to a treatable form of PCa once therapeutically deactivated. Elevated expression of long noncoding RNA H19 is seen in clinical samples of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (PCa). Here the authors show H19 promotes plasticity from luminal to neuroendocrine by epigenetic reprogramming.
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Yu J, Xiong C, Zhuo B, Wen Z, Shen J, Liu C, Chang L, Wang K, Wang M, Wu C, Wu X, Xu X, Ruan H, Li G. Analysis of Local Chromatin States Reveals Gene Transcription Potential during Mouse Neural Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107953. [PMID: 32726618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin dynamics play a critical role in cell fate determination and maintenance by regulating the expression of genes essential for development and differentiation. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), maintenance of pluripotency coincides with a poised chromatin state containing active and repressive histone modifications. However, the structural features of poised chromatin are largely uncharacterized. By adopting mild time-course MNase-seq with computational analysis, the low-compact chromatin in mESCs is featured in two groups: one in more open regions, corresponding to an active state, and the other enriched with bivalent histone modifications, considered the poised state. A parameter called the chromatin opening potential index (COPI) is also devised to quantify the transcription potential based on the dynamic changes of MNase-seq signals at promoter regions. Use of COPI provides effective prediction of gene activation potential and, more importantly, reveals a few developmental factors essential for mouse neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaoyang Xiong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baowen Zhuo
- Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Zengqi Wen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Shen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuifang Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Luyuan Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kehui Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenyi Wu
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road 22, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518102, China.
| | - Haihe Ruan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Guohong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Singh N, Padi SKR, Bearss JJ, Pandey R, Okumura K, Beltran H, Song JH, Kraft AS, Olive V. PIM protein kinases regulate the level of the long noncoding RNA H19 to control stem cell gene transcription and modulate tumor growth. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:974-990. [PMID: 32146726 PMCID: PMC7191193 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) serine/threonine kinases have an oncogenic and prosurvival role in hematological and solid cancers. However, the mechanism by which these kinases drive tumor growth has not been completely elucidated. To determine the genes controlled by these protein kinases, we carried out a microarray analysis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) comparing early progenitor (ETP-ALL) cell lines whose growth is driven by PIM kinases to more mature T-ALL cells that have low PIM levels. This analysis demonstrated that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 was associated with increased PIM levels in ETP-ALL. Overexpression or knockdown of PIM in these T-ALL cell lines controlled the level of H19 and regulated the methylation of the H19 promoter, suggesting a mechanism by which PIM controls H19 transcription. In these T-ALL cells, the expression of PIM1 induced stem cell gene expression (SOX2, OCT-4, and NANOG) through H19. Identical results were found in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines where PIM kinases drive cancer growth, and both H19 and stem cell gene levels. Small molecule pan-PIM inhibitors (PIM-i) currently in clinical trials reduced H19 expression in both of these tumor types. Importantly, the knockdown of H19 blocked the ability of PIM to induce stem cell genes in T-ALL cells, suggesting a novel signal transduction cascade. In PCa, increases in SOX2 levels have been shown to cause both resistance to the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and the induction of neuroendocrine PCa, a highly metastatic form of this disease. Treatment of PCa cells with a small molecule pan-PIM-i reduced stem cell gene transcription and enhanced ADT, while overexpression of H19 suppressed the ability of pan-PIM-i to regulate hormone blockade. Together, these results demonstrate that the PIM kinases control the level of lncRNA H19, which in turn modifies stem cell gene transcription regulating tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sathish K R Padi
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Bearss
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ritu Pandey
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koichi Okumura
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin H Song
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Virginie Olive
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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7
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Wang Y, Lifshitz L, Gellatly K, Vinton CL, Busman-Sahay K, McCauley S, Vangala P, Kim K, Derr A, Jaiswal S, Kucukural A, McDonel P, Hunt PW, Greenough T, Houghton J, Somsouk M, Estes JD, Brenchley JM, Garber M, Deeks SG, Luban J. HIV-1-induced cytokines deplete homeostatic innate lymphoid cells and expand TCF7-dependent memory NK cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:274-286. [PMID: 32066947 PMCID: PMC7044076 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with heightened inflammation and excess risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and other complications. These pathologies persist despite antiretroviral therapy. In two independent cohorts, we found that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were depleted in the blood and gut of people with HIV-1, even with effective antiretroviral therapy. ILC depletion was associated with neutrophil infiltration of the gut lamina propria, type 1 interferon activation, increased microbial translocation and natural killer (NK) cell skewing towards an inflammatory state, with chromatin structure and phenotype typical of WNT transcription factor TCF7-dependent memory T cells. Cytokines that are elevated during acute HIV-1 infection reproduced the ILC and NK cell abnormalities ex vivo. These results show that inflammatory cytokines associated with HIV-1 infection irreversibly disrupt ILCs. This results in loss of gut epithelial integrity, microbial translocation and memory NK cells with heightened inflammatory potential, and explains the chronic inflammation in people with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Gellatly
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Carol L Vinton
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sean McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pranitha Vangala
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kyusik Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alan Derr
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Smita Jaiswal
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alper Kucukural
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Patrick McDonel
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Greenough
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - JeanMarie Houghton
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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8
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Luszczak S, Kumar C, Sathyadevan VK, Simpson BS, Gately KA, Whitaker HC, Heavey S. PIM kinase inhibition: co-targeted therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32296034 PMCID: PMC6992635 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases have been shown to play a role in prostate cancer development and progression, as well as in some of the hallmarks of cancer, especially proliferation and apoptosis. Their upregulation in prostate cancer has been correlated with decreased patient overall survival and therapy resistance. Initial efforts to inhibit PIM with monotherapies have been hampered by compensatory upregulation of other pathways and drug toxicity, and as such, it has been suggested that co-targeting PIM with other treatment approaches may permit lower doses and be a more viable option in the clinic. Here, we present the rationale and basis for co-targeting PIM with inhibitors of PI3K/mTOR/AKT, JAK/STAT, MYC, stemness, and RNA Polymerase I transcription, along with other therapies, including androgen deprivation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Such combined approaches could potentially be used as neoadjuvant therapies, limiting the development of resistance to treatments or sensitizing cells to other therapeutics. To determine which drugs should be combined with PIM inhibitors for each patient, it will be key to develop companion diagnostics that predict response to each co-targeted option, hopefully providing a personalized medicine pathway for subsets of prostate cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Luszczak
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Benjamin S Simpson
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kathy A Gately
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin 8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hayley C Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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10
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Aweya JJ, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yao D, Li S, Wang F. Identification and molecular characterization of the Pim1 serine/threonine kinase homolog in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:491-500. [PMID: 29355758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Pim1 serine/threonine kinase is associated with multiple cellular functions including proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, immune regulation and inflammation in vertebrates. However, little is known about the role of Pim1 in invertebrate immunity. In this study, we identified and characterized for the first time, a Pim1 (LvPim1) gene in Litopenaeus vannamei, with a full-length cDNA of 2352 bp and a 1119 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 372 amino acids, which contains a typical serine/threonine kinase domain. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that LvPim1 shared a close evolutionary relationship with Pim1 from vertebrates. Real-time qPCR analysis showed that LvPim1 was widely expressed in all tissues tested; with its transcript level induced in hepatopancreas and hemocytes upon challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptoccocus iniae, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), thus, suggesting its probable involvement in shrimp immune response. Moreover, knockdown of LvPim1 resulted in increased hemocytes apoptosis; shown by high caspase3/7 activity, coupled with increase in pro-apoptotic LvCaspase3 and LvCytochrome C, and decrease in pro-survival LvBcl2, LvIAP1, and LvIAP2 mRNA expression in hemocytes. Finally, LvPim1 knockdown renders shrimps more susceptible to V. parahaemolyticus infection. Taken together, our present data strongly suggest that LvPim1 is involved in modulating shrimp resistance to pathogen infection, promote hemocytes survival, and therefore plays a role in shrimp immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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11
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Huang D, Wang L, Duan J, Huang C, Tian XC, Zhang M, Tang Y. LIF-activated Jak signaling determines Esrrb expression during late-stage reprogramming. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.029264. [PMID: 29212799 PMCID: PMC5829498 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory process of naïve-state induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation is not well understood. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-activated Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Jak/Stat3) is the master regulator for naïve-state pluripotency achievement and maintenance. The estrogen-related receptor beta (Esrrb) serves as a naïve-state marker gene regulating self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the interconnection between Esrrb and LIF signaling for pluripotency establishment in reprogramming is unclear. We screened the marker genes critical for complete reprogramming during mouse iPSC generation, and identified genes including Esrrb that are responsive to LIF/Jak pathway signaling. Overexpression of Esrrb resumes the reprogramming halted by inhibition of Jak activity in partially reprogrammed cells (pre-iPSCs), and leads to the generation of pluripotent iPSCs. We further show that neither overexpression of Nanog nor stimulation of Wnt signaling, two upstream regulators of Esrrb in ESCs, stimulates the expression of Esrrb in reprogramming when LIF or Jak activity is blocked. Our study demonstrates that Esrrb is a specific reprogramming factor regulated downstream of the LIF/Jak signaling pathway. These results shed new light on the regulatory role of LIF pathway on complete pluripotency establishment during iPSC generation. Summary:Esrrb is a downstream target and effector of LIF during reprogramming. Forced Esrrb expression accelerates pluripotency establishment in the absence of LIF signaling. The activation of Esrrb is LIF dependent in the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.,Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jingyue Duan
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chang Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiuchun Cindy Tian
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Young Tang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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12
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Tobi EW, Slieker RC, Luijk R, Dekkers KF, Stein AD, Xu KM, Slagboom PE, van Zwet EW, Lumey LH, Heijmans BT. DNA methylation as a mediator of the association between prenatal adversity and risk factors for metabolic disease in adulthood. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao4364. [PMID: 29399631 PMCID: PMC5792223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although it is assumed that epigenetic mechanisms, such as changes in DNA methylation (DNAm), underlie the relationship between adverse intrauterine conditions and adult metabolic health, evidence from human studies remains scarce. Therefore, we evaluated whether DNAm in whole blood mediated the association between prenatal famine exposure and metabolic health in 422 individuals exposed to famine in utero and 463 (sibling) controls. We implemented a two-step analysis, namely, a genome-wide exploration across 342,596 cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) for potential mediators of the association between prenatal famine exposure and adult body mass index (BMI), serum triglycerides (TG), or glucose concentrations, which was followed by formal mediation analysis. DNAm mediated the association of prenatal famine exposure with adult BMI and TG but not with glucose. DNAm at PIM3 (cg09349128), a gene involved in energy metabolism, mediated 13.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5 to 28%] of the association between famine exposure and BMI. DNAm at six CpGs, including TXNIP (cg19693031), influencing β cell function, and ABCG1 (cg07397296), affecting lipid metabolism, together mediated 80% (95% CI, 38.5 to 100%) of the association between famine exposure and TG. Analyses restricted to those exposed to famine during early gestation identified additional CpGs mediating the relationship with TG near PFKFB3 (glycolysis) and METTL8 (adipogenesis). DNAm at the CpGs involved was associated with gene expression in an external data set and correlated with DNAm levels in fat depots in additional postmortem data. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms mediate the influence of transient adverse environmental factors in early life on long-term metabolic health. The specific mechanism awaits elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar W. Tobi
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Roderick C. Slieker
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - René Luijk
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Koen F. Dekkers
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kate M. Xu
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, Netherlands
| | | | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik W. van Zwet
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - L. H. Lumey
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bastiaan T. Heijmans
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Tang L, Wang M, Liu D, Gong M, Ying QL, Ye S. Sp5 induces the expression of Nanog to maintain mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185714. [PMID: 28961274 PMCID: PMC5621696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) maintains mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal. Our previous study showed that trans-acting transcription factor 5 (Sp5), an LIF/STAT3 downstream target, supports mESC self-renewal. However, the mechanism by which Sp5 exerts these effects remains elusive. Here, we found that Nanog is a direct target of Sp5 and mediates the self-renewal-promoting effect of Sp5 in mESCs. Overexpression of Sp5 induced Nanog expression, while knockdown or knockout of Sp5 decreased the Nanog level. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Sp5 directly bound to the Nanog promoter. Functional studies revealed that knockdown of Nanog eliminated the mESC self-renewal-promoting ability of Sp5. Finally, we demonstrated that the self-renewal-promoting function of Sp5 was largely dependent on its zinc finger domains. Taken together, our study provides unrecognized functions of Sp5 in mESCs and will expand our current understanding of the regulation of mESC pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Manman Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Mengting Gong
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi-Long Ying
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shoudong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jiménez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Robles-Frías MJ, Ferrer I, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Inflammation and stem markers association to PIM1/PIM2 kinase-induced tumors in breast and uterus. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58872-58886. [PMID: 28938604 PMCID: PMC5601700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM family of Ser/Thr kinase proteins has been implicated in tumorigenesis at different levels. PIM proteins are overexpressed in several tumor types and have been associated with chemoresistance. However, their role in hormone-dependent female tissues has not been explored, especially in the uterus, breast and ovary. We generated conditional transgenic mice with confined expression of human PIM1 or PIM2 genes in these tissues. We characterized the tumoral response to these genetic alterations corroborating their role as oncogenes since they induce hyperproliferation in all tissues and tumors in mammary gland and uterus. Furthermore, we observed a high degree of inflammatory infiltration in these tissues of transgenic mice accompanied by NFAT and mTOR activation and IL6 expression. Moreover, PIM1/2 were overexpressed in human breast, uterine and ovarian tumors, correlating with inflammatory features and stem cell markers. Our data suggest that PIM1/2 kinase overexpression provoke tissue alterations and a large IL6-dependent inflammatory response that may act synergistically during the process of tumorigenesis. The possible end-point is an increased percentage of cancer stem cells, which may be partly responsible for the therapy resistance found in tumors overexpressing PIM kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel-Pedro Jiménez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - María-José Robles-Frías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Mary Photini S, Chaiwangyen W, Weber M, Al-Kawlani B, Favaro RR, Jeschke U, Schleussner E, Morales-Prieto DM, Markert UR. PIM kinases 1, 2 and 3 in intracellular LIF signaling, proliferation and apoptosis in trophoblastic cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:275-283. [PMID: 28729093 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Proviral insertion in murine (PIM) lymphoma proteins are mainly regulated by the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway, which can be activated by members of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, including Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF). Aim of the study was to compare PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3 expression and potential cellular functions in human first and third trimester trophoblast cells, the immortalized first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo and the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3. Expression was analyzed by qPCR and immunochemical staining. Functions were evaluated by PIM inhibition followed by analysis of kinetics of cell viability as assessed by MTS assay, proliferation by BrdU assay, and apoptosis by Western blotting for BAD, BCL-XL, (cleaved) PARP, CASP3 and c-MYC. Apoptosis and necrosis were tested by flow cytometry (annexin V/propidium iodide staining). All analyzed PIM kinases are expressed in primary trophoblast cells and both cell lines and are regulated upon stimulation with LIF. Inhibition of PIM kinases significantly reduces viability and proliferation and induces apoptosis. Simultaneously, phosphorylation of c-MYC was reduced. These results demonstrate the involvement of PIM kinases in LIF-induced regulation in different trophoblastic cell lines which may indicate similar functions in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mary Photini
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Maja Weber
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Boodor Al-Kawlani
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Schleussner
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana M Morales-Prieto
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta-Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Li T, Wang Z, Hou YF, Li YY. Pim-3 Regulates Stemness of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Activating STAT3 Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2017; 8:1530-1541. [PMID: 28775772 PMCID: PMC5535708 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its aggressiveness and unusual resistance to conventional therapies, pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal gastrointestinal malignancy with poor prognosis. According to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, there exists a fraction of cancer cells, that is, cancer stem cells, responsible for tumor maintenance and therapeutic failure. Herein we investigated the involvement of proto-oncogene Pim-3 in driving the stemness properties in pancreatic cancer. Expression levels of several stemness-associated markers were examined in several pancreatic cancer cell lines. The double positive (CD24+ESA+) and double negative (CD24-ESA-) pancreatic cancer cells were isolated from PANC-1 and L3.6pl, and their self-renewal ability, tumorigenicity as well as sensitivity to gemcitabine were then evaluated. Results showed that there existed heterogeneity in expression levels of stemness-associated surface markers among pancreatic cancer cell lines. CD24+ESA+ pancreatic cancer cells exhibited increased tumorigenicity and decreased chemosensitivity to gemcitabine as compared to CD24-ESA- cells. Besides, the double positive (CD24+ESA+) subpopulation also exhibited greater expression level of Pim-3 when compared with the double negative (CD24-ESA-) ones. Furthermore, silencing of Pim-3 in pancreatic cancer cells leads to decreased proportions of both single positive (CD24+ and ESA+) and double positive (CD24+ESA+) pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of Pim-3 was associated with increased levels of some stemness-associated transcription factors (STAT3, etc.). Moreover, the phosphorylation level and transcriptional activity of STAT3 were decreased in Pim-3 silenced pancreatic cancer cells and restoration of its activity results in restitution of stem cell-like phenotypes. Therefore, Pim-3 maintains stemness of pancreatic cancer cells via activating STAT3 signaling pathway and might be used as a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Feng Hou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Sun H, Cao J, Zhao L, Zhu S, Chen S, Li Y, Zhao B, Zhao T. PIM2 regulates stemness through phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:679-685. [PMID: 36659438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can undergo unlimited self-renewal and maintain pluripotency to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers. Extensive studies have shown ESC identity is regulated by transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and multiple signal transduction pathways. However, the kinase regulation of pluripotency is not well understood. Here we show that the serine/threonine kinase PIM2, which is highly expressed in ESCs but not in somatic cells, functions as a crucial stemness regulator in ESCs. Knockout of Pim2 inhibits the self-renewal and differentiation capability of ESCs. Mechanistic studies identified that PIM2 can directly phosphorylate 4E-BP1, leading to release of eIF4E which facilitates the translation of pluripotent genes in ESCs. Our study highlights a novel kinase cascade pathway for ESC identity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi 276600, China
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shenghui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Hadjimichael C, Chanoumidou K, Nikolaou C, Klonizakis A, Theodosi GI, Makatounakis T, Papamatheakis J, Kretsovali A. Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein Is an Essential Regulator of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1366-1378. [PMID: 28392218 PMCID: PMC5425614 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), the main constituent of PML nuclear bodies, regulates various physiological processes in different cell types. However, little is known about its functions in embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, we report that PML contributes to ESC self-renewal maintenance by controlling cell-cycle progression and sustaining the expression of crucial pluripotency factors. Transcriptomic analysis and gain- or loss-of-function approaches showed that PML-deficient ESC exhibit morphological, metabolic, and growth properties distinct to naive and closer to the primed pluripotent state. During differentiation of embryoid bodies, PML influences cell-fate decisions between mesoderm and endoderm by controlling the expression of Tbx3. PML loss compromises the reprogramming ability of embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells by inhibiting the transforming growth factor β pathway at the very early stages. Collectively, these results designate PML as a member of the regulatory network for ESC naive pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming. PML is essential for the maintenance of naive pluripotent cells PML prevents the naive to primed pluripotency transition PML influences cell-fate commitment through Tbx3 regulation PML is required for iPSCs formation via regulation of TGF signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Hadjimichael
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Konstantina Chanoumidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Evros 68100, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Takis Makatounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Joseph Papamatheakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Androniki Kretsovali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece.
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19
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Jiménez-García MP, Lucena-Cacace A, Robles-Frías MJ, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. The role of PIM1/PIM2 kinases in tumors of the male reproductive system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38079. [PMID: 27901106 PMCID: PMC5128923 DOI: 10.1038/srep38079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM family of serine/threonine kinases has three highly conserved isoforms (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3). PIM proteins are regulated through transcription and stability by JAK/STAT pathways and are overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The PIM kinases possess weak oncogenic abilities, but enhance other genes or chemical carcinogens to induce tumors. We generated conditional transgenic mice that overexpress PIM1 or PIM2 in male reproductive organs and analyzed their contribution to tumorigenesis. We found an increase in alterations of sexual organs and hyperplasia in the transgenic mice correlating with inflammation. We also found that PIM1/2 are overexpressed in a subset of human male germ cells and prostate tumors correlating with inflammatory features and stem cell markers. Our data suggest that PIM1/2 kinase overexpression is a common feature of male reproductive organs tumors, which provoke tissue alterations and a large inflammatory response that may act synergistically during the process of tumorigenesis. There is also a correlation with markers of cancer stem cells, which may contribute to the therapy resistance found in tumors overexpressing PIM kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedro Jiménez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - María José Robles-Frías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n 41013, Seville, Spain
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20
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Pedersen MT, Kooistra SM, Radzisheuskaya A, Laugesen A, Johansen JV, Hayward DG, Nilsson J, Agger K, Helin K. Continual removal of H3K9 promoter methylation by Jmjd2 demethylases is vital for ESC self-renewal and early development. EMBO J 2016; 35:1550-64. [PMID: 27266524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin-associated proteins are essential for the specification and maintenance of cell identity. They exert these functions through modulating and maintaining transcriptional patterns. To elucidate the functions of the Jmjd2 family of H3K9/H3K36 histone demethylases, we generated conditional Jmjd2a/Kdm4a, Jmjd2b/Kdm4b and Jmjd2c/Kdm4c/Gasc1 single, double and triple knockout mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We report that while individual Jmjd2 family members are dispensable for ESC maintenance and embryogenesis, combined deficiency for specifically Jmjd2a and Jmjd2c leads to early embryonic lethality and impaired ESC self-renewal, with spontaneous differentiation towards primitive endoderm under permissive culture conditions. We further show that Jmjd2a and Jmjd2c both localize to H3K4me3-positive promoters, where they have widespread and redundant roles in preventing accumulation of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3. Jmjd2 catalytic activity is required for ESC maintenance, and increased H3K9me3 levels in knockout ESCs compromise the expression of several Jmjd2a/c targets, including genes that are important for ESC self-renewal. Thus, continual removal of H3K9 promoter methylation by Jmjd2 demethylases represents a novel mechanism ensuring transcriptional competence and stability of the pluripotent cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Terndrup Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Marije Kooistra
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aliaksandra Radzisheuskaya
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Laugesen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Vilstrup Johansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Geoffrey Hayward
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Agger
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Chen XY, Wang Z, Li B, Zhang YJ, Li YY. Pim-3 contributes to radioresistance through regulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage repair in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:296-302. [PMID: 27016481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to chemoradiotherapy is a major clinical problem in pancreatic cancer treatment. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of cellular resistance and identifying novel targets are essential for improving treatment efficacy for pancreatic cancer patients. Previous studies have demonstrated a significant role for Pim-3 in pancreatic cancer survival against gemcitabine-induced genotoxic stress. Here, we observed that radiation treatment enhanced Pim-3 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Stable overexpression of Pim-3 in pancreatic cancer cells significantly protected cells against radiation treatment by attenuating G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and DNA damage response. Silencing of Pim-3 expression significantly elevated the phosphorylation of histone variant H2AX, a marker of DNA double strand breaks, and decreased the activation of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase, along with its downstream targets, eventually enhancing the radiosensitivity of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Hence, we demonstrated a novel function for Pim-3 in human pancreatic cancer cell survival against radiation. Targeting Pim-3 may be a promising way to improve treatment efficacy in combination with radiotherapy in human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yuan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Carbognin E, Betto RM, Soriano ME, Smith AG, Martello G. Stat3 promotes mitochondrial transcription and oxidative respiration during maintenance and induction of naive pluripotency. EMBO J 2016; 35:618-34. [PMID: 26903601 PMCID: PMC4801951 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Stat3 directs self-renewal of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells downstream of the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Stat3 upregulates pivotal transcription factors in the ES cell gene regulatory network to sustain naïve identity. Stat3 also contributes to the rapid proliferation of ES cells. Here, we show that Stat3 increases the expression of mitochondrial-encoded transcripts and enhances oxidative metabolism. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals that Stat3 binds to the mitochondrial genome, consistent with direct transcriptional regulation. An engineered form of Stat3 that localizes predominantly to mitochondria is sufficient to support enhanced proliferation of ES cells, but not to maintain their undifferentiated phenotype. Furthermore, during reprogramming from primed to naïve states of pluripotency, Stat3 similarly upregulates mitochondrial transcripts and facilitates metabolic resetting. These findings suggest that the potent stimulation of naïve pluripotency by LIF/Stat3 is attributable to parallel and synergistic induction of both mitochondrial respiration and nuclear transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carbognin
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | | | | | - Austin G Smith
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK,Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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23
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Xie Y, Bayakhmetov S. PIM1 kinase as a promise of targeted therapy in prostate cancer stem cells. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:13-17. [PMID: 26835011 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the last decade, the PIM family serine/threonine kinases have become a focus in cancer research. Numerous clinical data supports that overexpression of PIM1 is associated with tumor formation in various tissues. However, little is known regarding the function of PIM1 in cancer stem cells. In cancer cells, PIM1 has essential roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell survival and multiple drug resistance. In stem cells, PIM1 kinase exhibits a significant function in stem cell proliferation, self-renewal and expansion. Thus, PIM1 shows a great promise in cancer therapy by targeting stem cells. Furthermore, it is imperative to investigate Pim-1 targeting in cancer stem cells by applicable inhibitors for improving future outcomes. The present review investigated the potential of PIM1 as a therapy target in prostate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu Xie
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Samat Bayakhmetov
- Department of Biology, Nazarbayev University School of Science and Technology, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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24
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Reinforcement of STAT3 activity reprogrammes human embryonic stem cells to naive-like pluripotency. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7095. [PMID: 25968054 PMCID: PMC4479042 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/STAT3 signalling is a hallmark of naive pluripotency in rodent pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), whereas fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and activin/nodal signalling is required to sustain self-renewal of human PSCs in a condition referred to as the primed state. It is unknown why LIF/STAT3 signalling alone fails to sustain pluripotency in human PSCs. Here we show that the forced expression of the hormone-dependent STAT3-ER (ER, ligand-binding domain of the human oestrogen receptor) in combination with 2i/LIF and tamoxifen allows human PSCs to escape from the primed state and enter a state characterized by the activation of STAT3 target genes and long-term self-renewal in FGF2- and feeder-free conditions. These cells acquire growth properties, a gene expression profile and an epigenetic landscape closer to those described in mouse naive PSCs. Together, these results show that temporarily increasing STAT3 activity is sufficient to reprogramme human PSCs to naive-like pluripotent cells. LIF/STAT3 signalling characterizes naive pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but whether this pathway can sustain a similar state in human cells is not completely understood. Here the authors show that LIF stimulation and enhancement of STAT3 activity allow human ESCs to escape from FGF2 dependency and facilitates their entry into a naive-like state of pluripotency.
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25
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Huang G, Ye S, Zhou X, Liu D, Ying QL. Molecular basis of embryonic stem cell self-renewal: from signaling pathways to pluripotency network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1741-57. [PMID: 25595304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in culture indefinitely while retaining the capacity to generate any type of cell in the body, and therefore not only hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but also provide a powerful tool for modeling human disease and understanding biological development. In order to fulfill the full potential of ESCs, it is critical to understand how ESC fate, whether to self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells, is regulated. On the molecular level, ESC fate is controlled by the intracellular transcriptional regulatory networks that respond to various extrinsic signaling stimuli. In this review, we discuss and compare important signaling pathways in the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse, rat, and human ESCs with an emphasis on how these pathways integrate into ESC-specific transcription circuitries. This will be beneficial for understanding the common and conserved mechanisms that govern self-renewal, and for developing novel culture conditions that support ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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26
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Aksoy I, Jauch R, Eras V, Chng WBA, Chen J, Divakar U, Ng CKL, Kolatkar PR, Stanton LW. Sox transcription factors require selective interactions with Oct4 and specific transactivation functions to mediate reprogramming. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2632-46. [PMID: 23963638 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The unique ability of Sox2 to cooperate with Oct4 at selective binding sites in the genome is critical for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We have recently demonstrated that Sox17 can be converted into a reprogramming factor by alteration of a single amino acid (Sox17EK) within its DNA binding HMG domain. Here we expanded this study by introducing analogous mutations to 10 other Sox proteins and interrogated the role of N-and C-termini on the reprogramming efficiency. We found that point-mutated Sox7 and Sox17 can convert human and mouse fibroblasts into iPSCs, but Sox4, Sox5, Sox6, Sox8, Sox9, Sox11, Sox12, Sox13, and Sox18 cannot. Next we studied regions outside the HMG domain and found that the C-terminal transactivation domain of Sox17 and Sox7 enhances the potency of Sox2 in iPSC assays and confers weak reprogramming potential to the otherwise inactive Sox4EK and Sox18EK proteins. These results suggest that the glutamate (E) to lysine (K) mutation in the HMG domain is necessary but insufficient to swap the function of Sox factors. Moreover, the HMG domain alone fused to the VP16 transactivation domain is able to induce reprogramming, albeit at low efficiency. By molecular dissection of the C-terminus of Sox17, we found that the β-catenin interaction region contributes to the enhanced reprogramming efficiency of Sox17EK. To mechanistically understand the enhanced reprogramming potential of Sox17EK, we analyzed ChIP-sequencing and expression data and identified a subset of candidate genes specifically regulated by Sox17EK and not by Sox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Aksoy
- Stem Cell and Developmental biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Xu J, Zhang T, Wang T, You L, Zhao Y. PIM kinases: an overview in tumors and recent advances in pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol 2014; 10:865-76. [PMID: 24799066 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM kinases represent a family of serine/threonine kinases, which is composed of three different members (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3). Aberrant expression of PIM kinases is observed in variety of tumors, including pancreatic cancer. The PIM kinases play pivotal roles in the regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, properties of stem cells, metabolism, autophagy, drug resistance and targeted therapy. The roles of PIM kinases in pancreatic cancer include the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, formation, angiogenesis and prediction prognosis. Blocking the activities of PIM kinases could prevent pancreatic cancer development. PIM kinases may be a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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28
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Tai CI, Schulze EN, Ying QL. Stat3 signaling regulates embryonic stem cell fate in a dose-dependent manner. Biol Open 2014; 3:958-65. [PMID: 25238758 PMCID: PMC4197444 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stat3 is essential for mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal mediated by LIF/gp130 receptor signaling. Current understanding of Stat3-mediated ESC self-renewal mechanisms is very limited, and has heretofore been dominated by the view that Stat3 signaling functions in a binary "on/off" manner. Here, in contrast to this binary viewpoint, we demonstrate a contextual, rheostat-like mechanism for Stat3's function in mESCs. Activation and expression levels determine whether Stat3 functions in a self-renewal or a differentiation role in mESCs. We also show that Stat3 induces rapid differentiation of mESCs toward the trophectoderm (TE) lineage when its activation level exceeds certain thresholds. Stat3 induces this differentiation phenotype via induction of Tfap2c and its downstream target Cdx2. Our findings provide a novel concept in the realm of Stat3, self-renewal signaling, and pluripotent stem cell biology. Ultimately, this finding may facilitate the development of conditions for the establishment of authentic non-rodent ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-I Tai
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Present address: Animal Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Group, Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
| | - Eric N Schulze
- Present address: Animal Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Group, Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
| | - Qi-Long Ying
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Present address: Animal Biotechnology Interdisciplinary Group, Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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29
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Li YY, Mukaida N. Pathophysiological roles of Pim-3 kinase in pancreatic cancer development and progression. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9392-9404. [PMID: 25071334 PMCID: PMC4110571 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pim-3 is a member of the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim) family proteins that exhibit serine/threonine kinase activity. Similar to the other Pim kinases (Pim-1 and Pim-2), Pim-3 is involved in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, and protein synthesis. Although Pim-3 is expressed in normal vital organs, it is overexpressed particularly in tumor tissues of endoderm-derived organs, including the liver, pancreas, and colon. Silencing of Pim-3 expression can retard in vitro cell proliferation of hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting cell apoptosis. Pim-3 lacks the regulatory domains similarly as Pim-1 and Pim-2 lack, and therefore, Pim-3 can exhibit its kinase activity once it is expressed. Pim-3 expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by transcription factors (e.g., Ets-1) and post-translational modifiers (e.g., translationally-controlled tumor protein), respectively. Pim-3 could promote growth and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer cells in vivo in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Furthermore, a Pim-3 kinase inhibitor inhibited cell proliferation when human pancreatic cancer cells were injected into nude mice, without inducing any major adverse effects. Thus, Pim-3 kinase may serve as a novel molecular target for developing targeting drugs against pancreatic and other types of cancer.
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30
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Liu B, Wang Z, Li HY, Zhang B, Ping B, Li YY. Pim-3 promotes human pancreatic cancer growth by regulating tumor vasculogenesis. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2625-34. [PMID: 24789328 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim-3, a proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity, is aberrantly expressed in malignant lesions, but not in normal pancreatic tissues. To assess the role of Pim-3 in human pancreatic carcinogenesis in vivo and to determine the underlying Pim-3 signaling regulatory mechanisms, we established MiaPaca-2 cells overexpressing wild-type Pim-3 or Pim-3 kinase dead mutants (K69M-Pim-3) as well as PCI55 cells stably expressing Pim-3 shRNA or scrambled shRNA in a tetracycline-inducible manner. In addition, we conducted studies utilizing a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. Our results demonstrated that cells stably overexpressing wild-type Pim-3 exhibited functionally enhanced phosphorylation of Bad at Ser112 and increased proliferation. In contrast, the stable inactivation of Pim-3 by K69M-Pim-3 or silencing of Pim-3 expression by Pim-3 shRNA resulted in functionally decreased phosphorylation of Bad at Ser112 and higher apoptotic cells. Following subcutaneous injection of these stable cell lines, nude mice injected with Pim-3 overexpressing cells developed 100% subcutaneous tumors, together with increased PCNA-positive cells and enhanced intratumoral CD31-positive vascular areas. On the other hand, intratumoral neovascularization and tumor cell proliferation was attenuated in mice injected with Pim-3 kinase inactive cells, eventually reducing tumorigenicity in these mice to 46.6%. Moreover, Pim-3 overexpression upregulated the intratumoral levels of pSTAT3Try705, pSurvivinThr34, HGF, EGF, FGF-2 and VEGF, while the increases were markedly diminished on Pim-3 kinase inactivation. Collectively, the Pim-3 kinase emerges as being involved in accelerating human pancreatic cancer development and in promoting tumor neovascularization and subsequent tumor growth. Targeting Pim-3 may play a dual role in halting tumor progression, by promoting tumor cell death and blocking angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenyang General Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreas and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ping
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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31
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An N, Lin YW, Mahajan S, Kellner JN, Wang Y, Li Z, Kraft AS, Kang Y. Pim1 serine/threonine kinase regulates the number and functions of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1202-12. [PMID: 23495171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genes and pathways that govern the functions and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of serine/threonine Pim kinases in hematopoiesis in mice. We generated PIM1 transgenic mice (Pim1-Tx) overexpressing human PIM1 driven by vav hematopoietic promoter/regulatory elements. Compared to wild-type littermates, Pim1-Tx mice showed enhanced hematopoiesis as demonstrated by increased numbers of Lin(-) Sca-1 (+) c-Kit (+) (LSK) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cobblestone area forming cells, higher BrdU incorporation in long-term HSC population, and a better ability to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. We then extended our study using Pim1(-/-), Pim2(-/-), Pim3(-/-) single knockout (KO) mice. HSCs from Pim1(-/-) KO mice showed impaired long-term hematopoietic repopulating capacity in secondary and competitive transplantations. Interestingly, these defects were not observed in HSCs from Pim2(-/-) or Pim3(-/-) KO mice. Limiting dilution competitive transplantation assay estimated that the frequency of LSKCD34(-) HSCs was reduced by approximately 28-fold in Pim1(-/-) KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Mechanistic studies demonstrated an important role of Pim1 kinase in regulating HSC cell proliferation and survival. Finally, our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmatory real-time PCR (RT-PCR) studies identified several genes including Lef-1, Pax5, and Gata1 in HSCs that were affected by Pim1 deletion. Our data provide the first direct evidence for the important role of Pim1 kinase in the regulation of HSCs. Our study also dissects out the relative role of individual Pim kinase in HSC functions and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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32
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Hu S, Yan G, Xu H, He W, Liu Z, Ma G. Hypoxic preconditioning increases survival of cardiac progenitor cells via the pim-1 kinase-mediated anti-apoptotic effect. Circ J 2014; 78:724-31. [PMID: 24401608 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells transplanted to the ischemic myocardium usually encounter massive cell death within a few days after transplantation, and hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) is currently used as a strategy to prepare stem cells for increased survival and engraftment in the heart. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Pim-1 kinase mediates any beneficial effects of HPC for human cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Human CPCs were isolated from an adult heart auricle and were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting using c-kit magnetic beads; they were hypoxic preconditioned for 6h. Both Pim-1 and p-Akt were determined. CPCs were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control (without HPC); (2) HPC; or (3) HPC+I (Pim-1 inhibitor). HPC can promote the survival of CPCs. HPC enhances the expression of Pim-1 kinase in a time-dependent manner, which causes a reduction of proapoptotic elements (cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3) and the preservation/modulation of important components of the mitochondria (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and p-Bad), and attenuates mitochondrial damages. All of these protective effects were blocked by a Pim-1 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Pim-1 plays a pivotal role in the protective effect of HPC for CPCs, and the promotion of the expression of Pim-1 in CPCs can as serve part of molecular therapeutic interventional strategies in the treatment of cardiomyopathy damage by blunting CPC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University
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33
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Li W, Wan X, Zeng F, Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Li L, Huang N. More than just a GPCR ligand: structure-based discovery of thioridazine derivatives as Pim-1 kinase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00030g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A structure-based hierarchical virtual screening method was employed to identify a GPCR ligand, thioridazine, as a Pim-1 kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Graduate Program in Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fanqi Zeng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences
- Beijing 102206, China
- Graduate Program in Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100730, China
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34
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Embryonic stem cell self-renewal pathways converge on the transcription factor Tfcp2l1. EMBO J 2013; 32:2548-60. [PMID: 23942238 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal can be maintained by activation of the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signalling pathway or dual inhibition (2i) of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (Gsk3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Several downstream targets of the pathways involved have been identified that when individually overexpressed can partially support self-renewal. However, none of these targets is shared among the involved pathways. Here, we show that the CP2 family transcription factor Tfcp2l1 is a common target in LIF/Stat3- and 2i-mediated self-renewal, and forced expression of Tfcp2l1 can recapitulate the self-renewal-promoting effect of LIF or either of the 2i components. In addition, Tfcp2l1 can reprogram post-implantation epiblast stem cells to naïve pluripotent ESCs. Tfcp2l1 upregulates Nanog expression and promotes self-renewal in a Nanog-dependent manner. We conclude that Tfcp2l1 is at the intersection of LIF- and 2i-mediated self-renewal pathways and plays a critical role in maintaining ESC identity. Our study provides an expanded understanding of the current model of ground-state pluripotency.
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Wang CH, Ma N, Lin YT, Wu CC, Hsiao M, Lu FL, Yu CC, Chen SY, Lu J. A shRNA functional screen reveals Nme6 and Nme7 are crucial for embryonic stem cell renewal. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2199-211. [PMID: 22899353 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the somatic cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by its immortalization ability, pluripotency, and oncogenicity. Revealing the underlying mechanism of ESC characteristics is important for the application of ESCs in clinical medicine. We performed systematic functional screen in mouse ESCs with 4,801 shRNAs that target 929 kinases and phosphatases. One hundred and thirty-two candidate genes that regulate both ESC expansion and stem cell marker expression were identified. Twenty-seven out of the 132 genes were regarded as most important since knockdown of each gene induces morphological changes from undifferentiated to differentiated state. Among the 27 genes, we chose nonmetastatic cell 6 (Nme6, also named as Nm23-H6) and nonmetastatic cell 7 (Nme7, also designated as Nm23-H7) to study first. Nme6 and Nme7 both belong to the members of nucleoside diphosphate kinase family. We demonstrate that Nme6 and Nme7 are important for the regulation of Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, c-Myc, telomerase, Dnmt3B, Sox2, and ERas expression. Either knockdown of Nme6 or Nme7 reduces the formation of embryoid body (EB) and teratoma. The overexpression of either Nme6 or Nme7 can rescue the stem cell marker expression and the EB formation in the absence of leukemia inhibiting factor. This implies the importance of Nme6 and Nme7 in ESC renewal. This finding not only pinpoints Nme6 or Nme7 can regulate several critical regulators in ESC renewal but also increases our understanding of the ESC renewal and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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An N, Kraft AS, Kang Y. Abnormal hematopoietic phenotypes in Pim kinase triple knockout mice. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:12. [PMID: 23360755 PMCID: PMC3610283 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pim (proviral insertion in murine lymphoma) kinases are a small family of constitutively active, highly conservative serine/threonine oncogenic kinases and have 3 members: Pim1, Pim2, and Pim3. Pim kinases are also implicated in the regulation of B- and T- cell responses to cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors. The roles of Pim kinases in the regulation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are largely unknown. Methods In the current study, Pim1−/−2−/−3−/− triple knockout (TKO) mice were used to determine the role of Pim kinases in hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood hematological parameters were measured in Pim TKO mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Primary, secondary, and competitive transplantations were performed to assay the long-term repopulating HSCs in Pim TKO mice. In vivo BrdU incorporation assay and ex vivo Ki67 staining and caspase 3 labeling were performed to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of HSCs in Pim TKO mice. Results Compared to age-matched WT controls, Pim TKO mice had lower peripheral blood platelet count and exhibited erythrocyte hypochromic microcytosis. The bone marrow cells from Pim TKO mice demonstrated decreased hematopoietic progenitor colony-forming ability. Importantly, Pim TKO bone marrow cells had significantly impaired capacity in rescuing lethally irradiated mice and reconstituting hematopoiesis in primary, secondary and competitive transplant models. In vivo BrdU incorporation in long-term HSCs was reduced in Pim TKO mice. Finally, cultured HSCs from Pim TKO mice showed reduced proliferation evaluated by Ki67 staining and higher rate of apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Conclusions Pim kinases are not only essential in the hematopoietic lineage cell development, but also important in HSC expansion, self-renewal, and long-term repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Hollings Cancer Center Rm# HO307, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Tai CI, Ying QL. Gbx2, a LIF/Stat3 target, promotes reprogramming to and retention of the pluripotent ground state. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1093-8. [PMID: 23345404 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) maintains mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) self-renewal and also facilitates reprogramming to ground state pluripotency. Exactly how LIF/Stat3 signaling exerts these effects, however, remains elusive. We identified gastrulation brain homeobox 2 (Gbx2) as a LIF/Stat3 downstream target that, when overexpressed, allows long-term expansion of undifferentiated mESCs in the absence of LIF/Stat3 signaling. Elevated Gbx2 expression also enhanced reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, overexpression of Gbx2 was sufficient to reprogram epiblast stem cells to ground state ESCs. Our results reveal a novel function of Gbx2 in mESC reprogramming and LIF/Stat3-mediated self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-I Tai
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Coronado D, Godet M, Bourillot PY, Tapponnier Y, Bernat A, Petit M, Afanassieff M, Markossian S, Malashicheva A, Iacone R, Anastassiadis K, Savatier P. A short G1 phase is an intrinsic determinant of naïve embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Stem Cell Res 2012. [PMID: 23178806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A short G1 phase is a characteristic feature of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). To determine if there is a causal relationship between G1 phase restriction and pluripotency, we made use of the Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) reporter system to FACS-sort ESCs in the different cell cycle phases. Hence, the G1 phase cells appeared to be more susceptible to differentiation, particularly when ESCs self-renewed in the naïve state of pluripotency. Transitions from ground to naïve, then from naïve to primed states of pluripotency were associated with increased durations of the G1 phase, and cyclin E-mediated alteration of the G1/S transition altered the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. LIF withdrawal resulted in a lengthening of the G1 phase in naïve ESCs, which occurred prior to the appearance of early lineage-specific markers, and could be reversed upon LIF supplementation. We concluded that the short G1 phase observed in murine ESCs was a determinant of naïve pluripotency and was partially under the control of LIF signaling.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the signaling pathways activated in response to interleukin 6 (IL-6) in pancreatic cell lines, with a focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein (Pim-1) kinase. METHODS Interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) expression and IL-6-induced cell signaling was measured by Western blotting in human pancreatic cell lines. Cucurbitacin I was used as a pharmacological tool to investigate the role of STAT3 in Pim-1 activation. Stably overexpressing Pim-1 kinase cell lines were characterized for their response to IL-6 in vitro and for their growth rate as flank tumors in scid mice. RESULTS Interleukin 6 receptor was expressed across multiple cancer cell lines. In Panc-1 cells, IL-6 treatment increased expression of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and Pim-1 kinase. Cucurbitacin I treatment alone increased pErk1/2 expression in wild-type and Pim-1-overexpressing cell lines and resulted in exaggerated Pim-1 kinase protein levels in control and IL-6-stimulated cells, suggesting that up-regulation of Pim-1 may be partially STAT3 independent. Pim-1 overexpression did not significantly affect growth rate in vitro or in vivo in Panc-1 or MiaPaCa2 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin 6 activates STAT3 and stimulates Pim-1 kinase in pancreatic cell line models. The regulation and consequence of Pim-1 expression seems to be highly context dependent.
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JAK/STAT3 signalling is sufficient and dominant over antagonistic cues for the establishment of naive pluripotency. Nat Commun 2012; 3:817. [PMID: 22569365 PMCID: PMC3567838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotency depends on cooperativity between expression of defined factors and the culture environment. The latter also determines the pluripotent cell state, that is, naïve or primed. LIF-JAK/STAT3 signalling was recently shown to be a limiting factor for reprogramming to naïve pluripotency. Here we show that sufficient activation of JAK/STAT3 overcomes the reprogramming block of cell intermediates and enables somatic cell reprogramming in absence of otherwise essential pluripotency medium requisites. Activation of FGF-ERK signalling, which promotes exit of naïve pluripotent cells from self-renewal, does not prevent JAK/STAT3 induced post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cell conversion into naïve pluripotency. Moreover, even in the presence of FGF plus Activin, which instructs and maintains the primed state, JAK/STAT3 enforces naïve pluripotency in epiblast stem cells. We conclude that JAK/STAT3 signalling can be sufficient and dominant over antagonistic cues to enable the induction of a naïve pluripotent state.
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Sundararaman B, Avitabile D, Konstandin MH, Cottage CT, Gude N, Sussman MA. Asymmetric chromatid segregation in cardiac progenitor cells is enhanced by Pim-1 kinase. Circ Res 2012; 110:1169-73. [PMID: 22441844 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.267716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the adult heart are used for cell-based treatment of myocardial damage, but factors determining stemness, self-renewal, and lineage commitment are poorly understood. Immortal DNA strands inherited through asymmetric chromatid segregation correlate with self-renewal of adult stem cells, but the capacity of CPCs for asymmetric segregation to retain immortal strands is unknown. Cardioprotective kinase Pim-1 increases asymmetric cell division in vivo, but the ability of Pim-1 to enhance asymmetric chromatid segregation is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to demonstrate immortal strand segregation in CPCs and the enhancement of asymmetric chromatid distribution by Pim-1 kinase. METHODS AND RESULTS Asymmetric segregation is tracked by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. The CPC DNA was labeled for several generations and then blocked in second cytokinesis during chase to determine distribution of immortal versus newly synthesized strands. Intensity ratios of binucleated CPCs with bromodeoxyuridine of ≥70:30 between daughter nuclei indicative of asymmetric chromatid segregation occur with a frequency of 4.57, and asymmetric chromatid segregation is demonstrated at late mitotic phases. Asymmetric chromatid segregation is significantly enhanced by Pim-1 overexpression in CPCs (9.19 versus 4.79 in eGFP-expressing cells; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric segregation of chromatids in CPCs is increased nearly two-fold with Pim-1 kinase overexpression, indicating that Pim-1 promotes self-renewal of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundararaman
- SDSU Heart Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, CA 92182, USA
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Abstract
The PIM genes represent a family of proto-oncogenes that encode three different serine/threonine protein kinases (PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3) with essential roles in the regulation of signal transduction cascades, which promote cell survival, proliferation and drug resistance. PIM kinases are overexpressed in several hematopoietic tumors and support in vitro and in vivo malignant cell growth and survival, through cell cycle regulation and inhibition of apoptosis. PIM kinases do not have an identified regulatory domain, which means that these proteins are constitutively active once transcribed. They appear to be critical downstream effectors of important oncoproteins and, when overexpressed, can mediate drug resistance to available agents, such as rapamycin. Recent crystallography studies reveal that, unlike other kinases, they possess a hinge region, which creates a unique binding pocket for ATP, offering a target for an increasing number of potent small-molecule PIM kinase inhibitors. Preclinical studies in models of various hematologic cancers indicate that these novel agents show promising activity and some of them are currently being evaluated in a clinical setting. In this review, we profile the PIM kinases as targets for therapeutics in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesid Alvarado
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7979 Wurzbach Road, MC8232, San Antonio, 78229, TX, USA
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Abstract
Pim-3 is a member of the Provirus integrating site Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim) family, which belongs to the Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) group and exhibits serine/threonine kinase activity. Similar to other members of the Pim family (i.e. Pim-1 and Pim-2), Pim-3 can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation, thereby enhancing cell proliferation of normal and malignant cells. Pim-3 is expressed in vital organs, such as the heart, lung, and brain. However, minimal phenotypic changes in Pim-3-deficient mice suggest that Pim-3 may be physiologically dispensable. Pim-3 expression is enhanced in several cancer tissues, particularly those of endoderm-derived organs, including the liver, pancreas, colon, and stomach. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is accelerated in mice expressing the Pim-3 gene selectively in the liver only when these mice are treated with a hepatocarcinogen, indicating that Pim-3 can act as a promoter but not as an initiator. Moreover, inhibition of Pim-3 expression can retard in vitro cell proliferation of hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, a Pim-3 kinase inhibitor has been reported to inhibit cell proliferation in an in vivo xenograft model using a human pancreatic cancer cell line without inducing any major adverse effects. Thus, Pim-3 kinase may be a candidate molecule for the development of molecular targeting drugs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Microenvironment Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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High-Content Screening for Chemical Modulators of Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Differentiation and Survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:603-17. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111406547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Disentangling the complex interactions that govern stem cell fate choices of self-renewal, differentiation, or death presents a formidable challenge. Image-based phenotype-driven screening meets this challenge by providing means for rapid testing of many small molecules simultaneously. Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells offer a convenient substitute for embryonic stem (ES) cells in such screens because they are simpler to maintain and control. The authors developed an image-based screening assay to identify compounds that affect survival or differentiation of the human EC stem cell line NTERA2 by measuring the effect on cell number and the proportion of cells expressing a pluripotency-associated marker SSEA3. A pilot screen of 80 kinase inhibitors identified several compounds that improved cell survival or induced differentiation. The survival compounds Y-27632, HA-1077, and H-8 all strongly inhibit the kinases ROCK and PRK2, highlighting the important role of these kinases in EC cell survival. Two molecules, GF109203x and rottlerin, induced EC differentiation. The effects of rottlerin were also investigated in human ES cells. Rottlerin inhibited the self-renewal ability of ES cells, caused the cell cycle arrest, and repressed the expression of pluripotency-associated genes.
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The Role of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) - Pathway in Derivation and Maintenance of Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:280-97. [PMID: 24710148 PMCID: PMC3924847 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology, regenerative medicine and cancer biology are more and more interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency and self-renewal in stem cells. Pluripotency is maintained by a synergistic interplay between extrinsic stimuli and intrinsic circuitries, which allow sustainment of the undifferentiated and self-renewing state. Nevertheless, even though a lot of efforts have been made in the past years, the precise mechanisms regulating these processes remain unclear. One of the key extrinsic factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) that is largely used for the cultivation and derivation of mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. LIF acts through the LIFR/gp130 receptor and activates STAT3, an important regulator of mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. STAT3 is known to inhibit differentiation into both mesoderm and endoderm lineages by preventing the activation of lineage-specific differentiation programs. However, LIF activates also parallel circuitries like the PI3K-pathway and the MEK/ERK-pathway, but its mechanisms of action remain to be better elucidated. This review article aims at summarizing the actual knowledge on the importance of LIF in the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are overexpressed in a wide range of tumours from a haematological and epithelial origin. Pim genes encode serine/threonine kinases that have been shown to counteract the increased sensitivity to apoptosis induction that is associated with MYC-driven tumorigenesis. Recently, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the pathways of PIM-mediated survival signalling. Given the unique structure of their active site and the minimal phenotype of mice mutant for all Pim family members, these oncogenes might be promising targets for highly specific and selective drugs with favourable toxicity profiles. In this Review, we discuss the physiological functions and oncogenic activities of Pim kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xu H, Lemischka IR, Ma'ayan A. SVM classifier to predict genes important for self-renewal and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:173. [PMID: 21176149 PMCID: PMC3019180 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of a developing blastocyst and can be cultured indefinitely in-vitro. Their distinct features are their ability to self-renew and to differentiate to all adult cell types. Genes that maintain mESCs self-renewal and pluripotency identity are of interest to stem cell biologists. Although significant steps have been made toward the identification and characterization of such genes, the list is still incomplete and controversial. For example, the overlap among candidate self-renewal and pluripotency genes across different RNAi screens is surprisingly small. Meanwhile, machine learning approaches have been used to analyze multi-dimensional experimental data and integrate results from many studies, yet they have not been applied to specifically tackle the task of predicting and classifying self-renewal and pluripotency gene membership. Results For this study we developed a classifier, a supervised machine learning framework for predicting self-renewal and pluripotency mESCs stemness membership genes (MSMG) using support vector machines (SVM). The data used to train the classifier was derived from mESCs-related studies using mRNA microarrays, measuring gene expression in various stages of early differentiation, as well as ChIP-seq studies applied to mESCs profiling genome-wide binding of key transcription factors, such as Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, to the regulatory regions of other genes. Comparison to other classification methods using the leave-one-out cross-validation method was employed to evaluate the accuracy and generality of the classification. Finally, two sets of candidate genes from genome-wide RNA interference screens are used to test the generality and potential application of the classifier. Conclusions Our results reveal that an SVM approach can be useful for prioritizing genes for functional validation experiments and complement the analyses of high-throughput profiling experimental data in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and System Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L, Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Tu ML, Wang HQ, Sun XD, Chen LJ, Peng XC, Yuan YH, Li RM, Ruan XZ, Li DS, Xu YJ, Ke ZJ. Pim-1 is up-regulated by shear stress and is involved in shear stress-induced proliferation of rat mesenchymal stem cells. Life Sci 2010; 88:233-8. [PMID: 21147132 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigation of the response of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to vascular mechanical forces is very important in the field of cardiovascular intervention. Ser/Thr-protein kinase Pim-1 is a novel transducer of cell survival and the cell cycle that promotes signals in the hematopoietic cell system. Current studies aim to foster an understanding of Pim-1 expression and regulation in MSCs in response to different durations and strengths of laminar shear stress (SS) and to investigate the role of Pim-1 in SS-induced cell proliferation. MAIN METHODS A parallel-plate flow chamber was used to control the strength and duration of SS. Proliferation was measured with the BrdU cell proliferation assay. The expressions of Pim-1 mRNA and protein were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. RNA interference was used to knock down the Pim-1 gene. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that SS up-regulation of Pim-1 mRNA and protein was time-dependent. Pim-1 induction was SS strength-dependent, and the expression level reached a maximum at 30 dynes/cm(2). Inhibitors of p38MAPK and ERK attenuated the SS-induced expression of Pim-1. In addition, SS significantly increased BrdU-uptake, which was effectively blocked by the silencing of Pim-1. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated that Pim-1 is expressed in MSCs and plays an important role in the SS-induced proliferation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Tu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tang F, Barbacioru C, Bao S, Lee C, Nordman E, Wang X, Lao K, Surani MA. Tracing the derivation of embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass by single-cell RNA-Seq analysis. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:468-78. [PMID: 20452321 PMCID: PMC2954317 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the transition from the inner cell mass (ICM) cells of blastocysts to pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro, a normal developmental program is replaced in cells that acquire a capacity for infinite self-renewal and pluripotency. We explored the underlying mechanism of this switch by using RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis at the resolution of single cells. We detected significant molecular transitions and major changes in transcript variants, which include genes for general metabolism. Furthermore, the expression of repressive epigenetic regulators increased with a concomitant decrease in gene activators that might be necessary to sustain the inherent plasticity of ESCs. Furthermore, we detected changes in microRNAs (miRNAs), with one set that targets early differentiation genes while another set targets pluripotency genes to maintain the unique ESC epigenotype. Such genetic and epigenetic events may contribute to a switch from a normal developmental program in adult cells during the formation of diseased tissues, including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchou Tang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Catalin Barbacioru
- Genetic Systems, Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Siqin Bao
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ellen Nordman
- Genetic Systems, Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Genetic Systems, Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kaiqin Lao
- Genetic Systems, Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - M. Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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Cottage CT, Bailey B, Fischer KM, Avitabile D, Avitable D, Collins B, Tuck S, Quijada P, Gude N, Alvarez R, Muraski J, Sussman MA. Cardiac progenitor cell cycling stimulated by pim-1 kinase. Circ Res 2010; 106:891-901. [PMID: 20075333 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.208629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardioprotective effects of Pim-1 kinase have been previously reported but the underlying mechanistic basis may involve a combination of cellular and molecular mechanisms that remain unresolved. The elucidation of the mechanistic basis for Pim-1 mediated cardioprotection provides important insights for designing therapeutic interventional strategies to treat heart disease. OBJECTIVE Effects of cardiac-specific Pim-1 kinase expression on the cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) population were examined to determine whether Pim-1 mediates beneficial effects through augmenting CPC activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice created with cardiac-specific Pim-1 overexpression (Pim-wt) exhibit enhanced Pim-1 expression in both cardiomyocytes and CPCs, both of which show increased proliferative activity assessed using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), Ki-67, and c-Myc relative to nontransgenic controls. However, the total number of CPCs was not increased in the Pim-wt hearts during normal postnatal growth or after infarction challenge. These results suggest that Pim-1 overexpression leads to asymmetric division resulting in maintenance of the CPC population. Localization and quantitation of cell fate determinants Numb and alpha-adaptin by confocal microscopy were used to assess frequency of asymmetric division in the CPC population. Polarization of Numb in mitotic phospho-histone positive cells demonstrates asymmetric division in 65% of the CPC population in hearts of Pim-wt mice versus 26% in nontransgenic hearts after infarction challenge. Similarly, Pim-wt hearts had fewer cells with uniform alpha-adaptin staining indicative of symmetrically dividing CPCs, with 36% of the CPCs versus 73% in nontransgenic sections. CONCLUSIONS These findings define a mechanistic basis for enhanced myocardial regeneration in transgenic mice overexpressing Pim-1 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cottage
- San Diego State Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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