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Yang X, Gao H, Cheng Z, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Gao L, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ, Wang Y. A σC-protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for clinical detection of antiavian reovirus antibodies. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104188. [PMID: 39178820 PMCID: PMC11385754 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is the causative agent of avian viral arthritis and causes significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. For clinical diagnosis, detecting ARV-specific antibodies is crucial. We successfully expressed the ARV-σC protein in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system, achieving an expression level of approximately 200 mg/L. We developed an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) using the ARV-σC protein as a coating antigen to detect antibodies against it. The inter-batch and intrabatch coefficients of iELISA variation were less than 10%. Its sensitivity (1:12,800 diluted in serum) was 4 times higher than that of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA; 1:3200 diluted in serum), and it showed no cross-reactivity with antibodies against other common avian viruses (such as Infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus). The practicality of the iELISA was further evaluated using clinical samples. 300 clinical sera from chickens vaccinated with the ARV attenuated vaccine and 20 SPF sera were tested using both the iELISA and the IFA, demonstrating a 100% conformity rate. In conclusion, these results suggest that the iELISA developed in this study is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method that could serve as an effective diagnostic tool for monitoring and controlling avian viral arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Aruwa CE, Sabiu S. Interplay of poultry-microbiome interactions - influencing factors and microbes in poultry infections and metabolic disorders. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38920059 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2356666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
1. The poultry microbiome and its stability at every point in time, either free range or reared under different farming systems, is affected by several environmental and innate factors. The interaction of the poultry birds with their microbiome, as well as several inherent and extraneous factors contribute to the microbiome dynamics. A poor understanding of this could worsen poultry heath and result in disease/metabolic disorders.2. Many diseased states associated with poultry have been linked to dysbiosis state, where the microbiome experiences some perturbation. Dysbiosis itself is too often downplayed; however, it is considered a disease which could lead to more serious conditions in poultry. The management of interconnected factors by conventional and emerging technologies (sequencing, nanotechnology, robotics, 3D mini-guts) could prove to be indispensable in ensuring poultry health and welfare.3. Findings showed that high-throughput technological advancements enhanced scientific insights into emerging trends surrounding the poultry gut microbiome and ecosystem, the dysbiotic condition, and the dynamic roles of intrinsic and exogenous factors in determining poultry health. Yet, a combination of conventional, -omics based and other techniques further enhance characterisation of key poultry microbiome actors, their mechanisms of action, and roles in maintaining gut homoeostasis and health, in a bid to avert metabolic disorders and infections.4. In conclusion, there is an important interplay of innate, environmental, abiotic and biotic factors impacting on poultry gut microbiome homoeostasis, dysbiosis, and overall health. Associated infections and metabolic disorders can result from the interconnected nature of these factors. Emerging concepts (interkingdom or network signalling and neurotransmitter), and future technologies (mini-gut models, cobots) need to include these interactions to ensure accurate control and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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3
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KafiKang M, Abeysiriwardana C, Singh VK, Young Koh C, Prichard J, Mor SK, Hendawi A. Analysis of Emerging Variants of Turkey Reovirus using Machine Learning. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae224. [PMID: 38752857 PMCID: PMC11097603 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses continue to cause disease in turkeys with varied pathogenicity and tissue tropism. Turkey enteric reovirus has been identified as a causative agent of enteritis or inapparent infections in turkeys. The new emerging variants of turkey reovirus, tentatively named turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) and turkey hepatitis reovirus (THRV), are linked to tenosynovitis/arthritis and hepatitis, respectively. Turkey arthritis and hepatitis reoviruses are causing significant economic losses to the turkey industry. These infections can lead to poor weight gain, uneven growth, poor feed conversion, increased morbidity and mortality and reduced marketability of commercial turkeys. To combat these issues, detecting and classifying the types of reoviruses in turkey populations is essential. This research aims to employ clustering methods, specifically K-means and Hierarchical clustering, to differentiate three types of turkey reoviruses and identify novel emerging variants. Additionally, it focuses on classifying variants of turkey reoviruses by leveraging various machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and deep learning algorithms, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The experiments use real turkey reovirus sequence data, allowing for robust analysis and evaluation of the proposed methods. The results indicate that machine learning methods achieve an average accuracy of 92%, F1-Macro of 93% and F1-Weighted of 92% scores in classifying reovirus types. In contrast, the CNN model demonstrates an average accuracy of 85%, F1-Macro of 71% and F1-Weighted of 84% scores in the same classification task. The superior performance of the machine learning classifiers provides valuable insights into reovirus evolution and mutation, aiding in detecting emerging variants of pathogenic TARVs and THRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam KafiKang
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
| | | | - Vikash K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, MN, USA
| | - Chan Young Koh
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
| | - Janet Prichard
- Department of Information Systems and Analytics, Bryant University, Smithfield, 02917, RI, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007, SD, USA
| | - Abdeltawab Hendawi
- Computer Science Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 02881, RI, USA
- Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Gál B, Varga-Kugler R, Ihász K, Kaszab E, Farkas S, Marton S, Martella V, Bányai K. A Snapshot on the Genomic Epidemiology of Turkey Reovirus Infections, Hungary. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3504. [PMID: 38003122 PMCID: PMC10668827 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infections in turkeys are associated with arthritis and lameness. Viral genome sequence data are scarce, which makes an accurate description of the viral evolution and epidemiology difficult. In this study, we isolated and characterized turkey reoviruses from Hungary. The isolates were identified in 2016; these isolates were compared with earlier Hungarian turkey reovirus strains and turkey reoviruses isolated in the 2010s in the United States. Gene-wise sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified the cell-receptor binding protein and the main neutralization antigen, σC, to be the most conserved. The most genetically diverse gene was another surface antigen coding gene, μB. This gene was shown to undergo frequent reassortment among chicken and turkey origin reoviruses. Additional reassortment events were found primarily within members of the homologous turkey reovirus clade. Our data showed evidence for low variability among strains isolated from independent outbreaks, a finding that suggests a common source of turkey reoviruses in Hungarian turkey flocks. Given that commercial vaccines are not available, identification of the source of these founder virus strains would permit a more efficient prevention of disease outbreaks before young birds are settled to fattening facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Gál
- Intervet Hungária Kft, Lechner Odon Fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Renáta Varga-Kugler
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.V.-K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.V.-K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.V.-K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.V.-K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.V.-K.); (K.I.); (E.K.); (S.M.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Dawe WH, Kapczynski DR, Linnemann EG, Gauthiersloan VR, Sellers HS. Analysis of the Immune Response and Identification of Antibody Epitopes Against the Sigma C Protein of Avian Orthoreovirus Following Immunization with Live or Inactivated Vaccines. Avian Dis 2022; 66:465-478. [PMID: 36715481 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses are causative agents of tenosynovitis and viral arthritis in both chickens and turkeys. Current commercial reovirus vaccines do not protect against disease caused by emerging variants. Custom-made inactivated reovirus vaccines are commonly utilized to help protect commercial poultry against disease. Antibody epitopes located on the viral attachment protein, σC, involved in virus neutralization, have not been clearly identified. In this study, the S1133 vaccine strain (Genetic Cluster 1 [GC1], a GC1 field isolate (117816), and a GC5 field isolate (94826) were determined to be genetically and serologically unrelated. In addition, chickens were vaccinated with either a commercial S1133 vaccine, 117816 GC1, or 94826 GC5, and sera were used in peptide microarrays to identify linear B-cell epitopes within the σC protein. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated twice with either: 1) live and live, 2) inactivated and inactivated, or 3) a combination of live and inactivated vaccines. Epitope mapping was performed on individual serum samples from birds in each group using S1133, 117816, and 94826 σC sequences translated into an overlapping peptides and spotted onto microarray chips. Vaccination with a combination of live and inactivated viruses resulted in a greater number of B-cell binding sites on the outer-capsid domains of σC for 117816 and 94826, but not for S1133. In contrast, the S1133-vaccinated birds demonstrated fewer epitopes, and those epitopes were located in the stalk region of the protein. However, within each of the vaccinated groups, the highest virus-neutralization titers were observed in the live/inactivated groups. This study demonstrates differences in antibody binding sites within σC between genetically and antigenically distinct reoviruses and provides initial antigenic characterization of avian orthoreoviruses and insight into the inability of vaccine-induced antibodies to provide adequate protection against variant reovirus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Dawe
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - D R Kapczynski
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605
| | - E G Linnemann
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - V R Gauthiersloan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - H S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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6
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Kumar R, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Porter RE. Infection and transmission dynamics of Turkey arthritis reovirus in different age Turkeys. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105790. [PMID: 36170950 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) has been established as a cause of lameness in meat type turkeys in the past decade. However, no information is available on the age susceptibility of TARV or its transmission dynamics. We conducted this study to determine the age at which turkey poults are susceptible to TARV infection and whether infected birds can horizontally transmit the virus to their non-infected pen mates (sentinels). Five groups of turkeys were orally inoculated with TARV (∼106 TCID50/ml) at 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age (DOA). Two days after each challenge, four uninfected sentinel turkeys of equal age were added to the virus-inoculated groups. At one- and two-weeks post infection, turkeys from each group, including two sentinels, were euthanized followed by necropsy. Inoculated birds in all age groups had TARV replication in the intestine and gastrocnemius tendon with no statistically significant variation at p < 0.5. Furthermore, the inoculated birds at different age groups showed consistently high gastrocnemius tendon histologic lesion scores while birds in the 28-days-old age group had numerically lower lesion scores at 14 days post inoculation (dpi). The sentinels, in turn, also showed virus replication in their intestines and tendons and histologic lesions in gastrocnemius tendons. The findings indicate that turkeys at the age of 28 days or less are susceptible to infection with TARV following oral challenge. It was also found that TARV-infected birds could transmit the infection to naïve sentinel turkeys of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura, U.P, 281001, India
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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7
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Kumar R, Sharafeldin TA, Sobhy NM, Goyal SM, Porter RE, Mor SK. Comparative Pathogenesis of Turkey Reoviruses. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:435-444. [PMID: 35583932 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2079474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTTurkey reoviruses have been implicated in multiple disease syndromes resulting in significant economic losses to the turkey industry. Turkey enteric reovirus (TERV) has been known to be involved in poult enteritis complex for decades, but turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV), the causative agent of tenosynovitis in turkeys, emerged in 2011. Recently in 2019, we isolated reovirus from several cases of hepatitis in turkeys and tentatively named it as turkey hepatitis reovirus (THRV). The comparative pathogenesis of these viruses, and correlation with their genetic make-up (if any), is not known. In this study, we inoculated nine groups of 1-week-old turkey poults with 2 THRV, 5 TARV and 2 TERV via the oral route. A tenth group served as negative control. A subset of birds from each group was euthanized at 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-days post inoculation (dpi). Tissues were collected for histology and real time RT-PCR. All nine viruses were found to be enterotropic; the virus gene copy number in the intestine reached a peak at 5 dpi followed by a sharp decline at 7 dpi. All viruses caused a significant decline in body weight gain of birds as compared to the negative control group. Both TARV and THRV strains replicated in tendons and produced histologic lesions consistent with tenosynovitis. Hepatic lesions were produced by THRV only and the virus was re-isolated from liver and spleen of inoculated birds fulfilling Koch's postulates. The results of this study should be helpful in facilitating diagnosis and designing future mitigation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura, U.P-281001, India
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 44511
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt 44511
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Robert E Porter
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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8
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Kumar R, Porter RE, Mor SK, Goyal SM. Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Vectored Turkey Arthritis Reovirus Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:486. [PMID: 35455235 PMCID: PMC9030058 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We created a recombinant live pichinde virus-vectored bivalent codon optimized subunit vaccine that expresses immunogenic Sigma C and Sigma B proteins of turkey arthritis reovirus. The vaccine virus could be transmitted horizontally immunizing the non-vaccinated pen mates. The vaccine was tested for efficacy against homologous (TARV SKM121) and heterologous (TARV O'Neil) virus challenge. Immunized poults produced serum neutralizing antibodies capable of neutralizing both viruses. The vaccinated and control birds showed similar body weights indicating no adverse effect on feed efficiency. Comparison of virus gene copy numbers in intestine and histologic lesion scores in tendons of vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds showed a decrease in the replication of challenge viruses in the intestine and tendons of vaccinated birds. These results indicate the potential usefulness of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.K.); (R.E.P.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Robert E. Porter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.K.); (R.E.P.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.K.); (R.E.P.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.K.); (R.E.P.); (S.K.M.)
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9
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Kim SW, Choi YR, Park JY, Wei B, Shang K, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Cha SY, Kang M. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Avian Reovirus From Wild Birds in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:794934. [PMID: 35155656 PMCID: PMC8831841 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.794934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and depressed growth in chickens, and these conditions have become increasingly frequent in recent years. Studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of ARVs are insufficient. This study provides information about currently circulating ARVs in wild birds by gene detection using diagnostic RT-PCR, virus isolation, and genomic characterization. In this study, we isolated and identified 10 ARV isolates from 7,390 wild birds' fecal samples, including migratory bird species (bean goose, Eurasian teal, Indian spot-billed duck, and mallard duck) from 2015 to 2019 in South Korea. On comparing the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene, most isolates, except A18-13, shared higher sequence similarity with the commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. However, the A18-13 isolate is similar to live attenuated vaccine av-S1133 and vaccine break isolates (SD09-1, LN09-1, and GX110116). For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, all isolates have identical fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein and nuclear localization signal (SNL) motif to chicken-origin ARVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene revealed that all isolates were belonged to genotypic cluster I. For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. For the σNS-encoding gene, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with the Californian chicken-origin isolate K1600657 and belonged to chicken-origin ARV cluster. Our data indicates that wild birds ARVs were derived from the chicken farms. This finding suggests that wild birds serve as natural carriers of such viruses for domestic poultry.
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Development of a Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Vectored Vaccine against Turkey Arthritis Reovirus and Its Immunological Response Characterization in Vaccinated Animals. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020197. [PMID: 33668435 PMCID: PMC7918942 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination may be an effective way to reduce turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV)-induced lameness in turkey flocks. However, there are currently no commercial vaccines available against TARV infection. Here, we describe the use of reverse genetics technology to generate a recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV) that expresses the Sigma C and/or Sigma B proteins of TARV as antigens. Nine recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccines were developed carrying the wild-type S1 (Sigma C) and/or S3 (Sigma B) genes from three different TARV strains. In addition, three recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccines were produced carrying codon-optimized S1 and/or S3 genes of a TARV strain. The S1 and S3 genes and antigens were found to be expressed in virus-infected cells via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique, respectively. Turkey poults inoculated with the recombinant PICV-based TARV vaccine expressing the bivalent TARV S1 and S3 antigens developed high anti-TARV antibody titers, indicating the immunogenicity (and safety) of this vaccine. Future in vivo challenge studies using a turkey reovirus infection model will determine the optimum dose and protective efficacy of this recombinant virus-vectored candidate vaccine.
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11
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Barrera M, Kumar P, Porter RE, Goyal SM, Mor SK. Retrospective Analysis of Turkey Arthritis Reovirus Diagnostic Submissions in Minnesota. Avian Dis 2020; 63:681-685. [PMID: 31865683 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) causes tenosynovitis in turkeys, resulting in decreased profits for producers due to the increase in morbidity, mortality, and feed conversion ratio. There is limited information on TARV epidemiology, including the dynamics of diagnostic submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 719 cases of lameness in turkeys submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from March 2010 to May 2018. Almost all submissions were tendon pools, which were tested by virus isolation and/or real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Most of the submissions were from Minnesota. We found 52% of the submitted cases to be positive for TARV. The TARV-positive submissions increased considerably in the last few years. There was no statistical evidence that TARV diagnostic submissions were seasonal, although positive submissions were higher in January, April, July, and December. TARV-positive submissions also increased as flocks aged. In summary, we found that TARV submissions have increased in the last few years, have varied over time, and are correlated with age of the bird. This information is important guidance for conducting more studies to understand TARV infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barrera
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108,
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12
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Wang S, Lin F, Cheng X, Wang J, Zhu X, Xiao S, Zheng M, Huang M, Chen S, Chen S. The genomic constellation of a novel duck reovirus strain associated with hemorrhagic necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis in Muscovy ducklings in Fujian, China. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101604. [PMID: 32502523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence of a reovirus, strain NP03 associated with necrotic focus formation in the liver and spleen of Muscovy ducklings in Fujian Province, China in 2009, was determined and compared with sequences of other waterfowl and chicken-origin avian reoviruses (ARVs). Sequencing of the complete genomes of strain NP03 showed that they consisted of 23,418 bp and were divided into 10 segments, ranging from 1191 bp (S4) to 3959 bp (L1) in length, and all segments contained conserved sequences in the 5' non-coding region (GCUUUU) and 3' non-coding region (UCAUC). Pairwise sequence comparisons demonstrated that NP03 strain showed the highest similarity with novel waterfowl origin reoviruses (WRVs). The genome analysis revealed that the S1 segment of novel WRV is a tricistronic gene, encoding the overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) for p10, p18, and σC, similar to the ARV S1 gene, but distinct from classical WRV S4 genome segment, which contained two overlapping ORFs encoding p10 and σC. Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of all 10 segments revealed that NP03 strain was clustered together with other novel WRVs and were distinct from classical WRVs and chicken-origin ARVs. The analyses also showed possible intra-segmental reassortment events in the segments encoding λA, λB, μB, μNS, σA, and σNS between novel and classical WRVs. Potential recombination events detection in segment L1 suggests that NP03 strain may be recombinants of novel WRVs. Based on our genetic analyses, multiple reassortment events, intra-segmental recombination, and accumulation of point mutations have possibly contributed to the emergence of this novel genotype of WRV, identified in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Fengqiang Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Meiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Shaoying Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
| | - Shilong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China; Fujian Animal Diseases Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou, 350013, China.
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13
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Specific-pathogen-free Turkey model for reoviral arthritis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:170-179. [PMID: 31383299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) infections have been recognized since 2011 to cause disease and significant economic losses to the U.S. turkey industry. Reoviral arthritis has been reproduced in commercial-origin turkeys. However, determination of pathogenesis or vaccine efficacy in these turkeys can be complicated by enteric reovirus strains and other pathogens that ubiquitously exist at subclinical levels among commercial turkey flocks. In this study, turkeys from a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) flock were evaluated for use as a turkey reoviral arthritis model. One-day-old or 1-week-old poults were orally inoculated with TARV (O'Neil strain) and monitored for disease onset and progression. A gut isolate of turkey reovirus (MN1 strain) was also tested for comparison. Disease was observed only in TARV-infected birds. Features of reoviral arthritis in SPF turkeys included swelling of hock joints, tenosynovitis, distal tibiotarsal cartilage erosion, and gait defects (lameness). Moreover, TARV infection resulted in a significant depression of body weights during the early times post-infection. Age-dependent susceptibility to TARV infection was unclear. TARV was transmitted to all sentinel birds, which manifested high levels of tenosynovitis and tibiotarsal cartilage erosion. Simulation of stressful conditions by dexamethasone treatment did not affect the viral load or exacerbate the disease. Collectively, the clinical and pathological features of reoviral arthritis in the SPF turkey model generally resembled those induced in commercial turkeys under field and/or experimental conditions. The SPF turkey reoviral arthritis model will be instrumental in evaluation of TARV pathogenesis and reoviral vaccine efficacy.
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Altered Biomechanical Properties of Gastrocnemius Tendons of Turkeys Infected with Turkey Arthritis Reovirus. Vet Med Int 2016; 2016:7829138. [PMID: 28105381 PMCID: PMC5220524 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7829138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) causes lameness and tenosynovitis in commercial turkeys and is often associated with gastrocnemius tendon rupture by the marketing age. This study was undertaken to characterize the biomechanical properties of tendons from reovirus-infected turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults were orally inoculated with O'Neil strain of TARV and observed for up to 16 weeks of age. Lameness was first observed at 8 weeks of age, which continued at 12 and 16 weeks. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, samples were collected from legs. Left intertarsal joint with adjacent gastrocnemius tendon was collected and processed for histological examination. The right gastrocnemius tendon's tensile strength and elasticity modulus were analyzed by stressing each tendon to the point of rupture. At 16 weeks of age, gastrocnemius tendons of TARV-infected turkeys showed significantly reduced (P < 0.05) tensile strength and modulus of elasticity as compared to those of noninfected control turkeys. Gastrocnemius tendons revealed lymphocytic tendinitis/tenosynovitis beginning at 4 weeks of age, continuing through 8 and 12 weeks, and progressing to fibrosis from 12 to 16 weeks of age. We propose that tendon fibrosis is one of the key features contributing to reduction in tensile strength and elasticity of gastrocnemius tendons in TARV-infected turkeys.
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15
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Sellers HS. Current limitations in control of viral arthritis and tenosynovitis caused by avian reoviruses in commercial poultry. Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:152-156. [PMID: 28024855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian reoviruses are the causative agent of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in chickens and turkeys. Clinical signs of disease include swelling of the hock joints accompanied by lesions in the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons causing lameness in addition to hydropericardium. The economic impact is significant as it results in poor weight gain, increased feed conversion ratios and condemnations at the processing plant. Vaccination with both live attenuated and inactivated oil emulsion vaccines have been used successfully for decades to control the disease. Current commercial vaccine strains belong to the same serotype and are antigenically and serologically distinct from circulating variant field viruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis. Since 2012, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of clinical cases of tenosynovitis in commercial poultry and commercial vaccines are unable to provide adequate levels of protection against disease. Producers have elected to use custom inactivated vaccines in the absence of any commercially available homologous vaccines. Identification and selection of field isolates for use in autogenous vaccines can be difficult especially when multiple reoviruses are co-circulating among flocks. In addition, field data suggests that in some cases the custom vaccines are providing adequate protection against disease but as new genetic variants emerge, new vaccines are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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16
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Sharafeldin TA, Mor SK, Sobhy NM, Xing Z, Reed KM, Goyal SM, Porter RE. A Newly Emergent Turkey Arthritis Reovirus Shows Dominant Enteric Tropism and Induces Significantly Elevated Innate Antiviral and T Helper-1 Cytokine Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144085. [PMID: 26659460 PMCID: PMC4684236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly emergent turkey arthritis reoviruses (TARV) were isolated from tendons of lame 15-week-old tom turkeys that occasionally had ruptured leg tendons. Experimentally, these TARVs induced remarkable tenosynovitis in gastrocnemius tendons of turkey poults. The current study aimed to characterize the location and the extent of virus replication as well as the cytokine response induced by TARV during the first two weeks of infection. One-week-old male turkeys were inoculated orally with TARV (O'Neil strain). Copy numbers of viral genes were estimated in intestines, internal organs and tendons at ½, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14 days Post inoculation (dpi). Cytokine profile was measured in intestines, spleen and leg tendons at 0, 4, 7 and 14 dpi. Viral copy number peaked in jejunum, cecum and bursa of Fabricius at 4 dpi. Copy numbers increased dramatically in leg tendons at 7 and 14 dpi while minimal copies were detected in internal organs and blood during the same period. Virus was detected in cloacal swabs at 1-2 dpi, and peaked at 14 dpi indicating enterotropism of the virus and its early shedding in feces. Elevation of IFN-α and IFN-β was observed in intestines at 7 dpi as well as a prominent T helper-1 response (IFN-γ) at 7 and 14 dpi. IFN-γ and IL-6 were elevated in gastrocnemius tendons at 14 dpi. Elevation of antiviral cytokines in intestines occurred at 7dpi when a significant decline of viral replication in intestines was observed. T helper-1 response in intestines and leg tendons was the dominant T-helper response. These results suggest the possible correlation between viral replication and cytokine response in early infection of TARV in turkeys. Our findings provide novel insights which help elucidate viral pathogenesis in turkey tendons infected with TARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A. Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Nader M. Sobhy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xing
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Kent M. Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Porter
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
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17
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Lu H, Tang Y, Dunn PA, Wallner-Pendleton EA, Lin L, Knoll EA. Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011-2014. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14727. [PMID: 26469681 PMCID: PMC4606735 DOI: 10.1038/srep14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infections of broiler and turkey flocks have caused significant clinical disease and economic losses in Pennsylvania (PA) since 2011. Most of the ARV-infected birds suffered from severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis and depressed growth or runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). A high morbidity (up to 20% to 40%) was observed in ARV-affected flocks, and the flock mortality was occasionally as high as 10%. ARV infections in turkeys were diagnosed for the first time in PA in 2011. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 301 ARV isolations were made from affected PA poultry. The molecular characterization of the Sigma C gene of 114 field isolates, representing most ARV outbreaks, revealed that only 21.93% of the 114 sequenced ARV isolates were in the same genotyping cluster (cluster 1) as the ARV vaccine strains (S1133, 1733, and 2048), whereas 78.07% of the sequenced isolates were in genotyping clusters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (which were distinct from the vaccine strains) and represented newly emerging ARV variants. In particular, genotyping cluster 6 was a new ARV genotype that was identified for the first time in 10 novel PA ARV variants of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguang Lu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Yi Tang
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Patricia A. Dunn
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eva A. Wallner-Pendleton
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lin Lin
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eric A. Knoll
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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18
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Sharafeldin TA, Mor SK, Verma H, Bekele AZ, Ismagilova L, Goyal SM, Porter RE. Pathogenicity of newly emergent turkey arthritis reoviruses in chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2369-74. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mor SK, Bekele AZ, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Goyal SM. Efficacy of Five Commonly Used Disinfectants Against Turkey Arthritis Reovirus. Avian Dis 2015; 59:71-3. [PMID: 26292537 DOI: 10.1637/10880-060614-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2009, an unusual problem of reovirus-related lameness has been seen in market-age tom turkeys in the upper Midwest area of the United States. In this study, we determined the efficacy of five commonly used disinfectants (Virocid, Keno X5, Synergize, One Stroke, and Tek Trol) against turkey arthritis reoviruses (TARVs). For comparison, turkey enteric reovirus (TERV) and chicken arthritis reovirus (CARV) were also included. At their recommended concentrations, all five disinfectants were found to be effective virucidals, inactivating 99.99% of all viruses within 10 min. However, oxidizing agents and quaternary ammonium compounds + aldehyde types of disinfectants were more effective, killing the viruses in a shorter time (2-5 min) than the other types of disinfectants. These results indicate that these disinfectants can be an effective tool in the control of these viruses.
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20
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Sharafeldin TA, Mor SK, Bekele AZ, Verma H, Goyal SM, Porter RE. The role of avian reoviruses in turkey tenosynovitis/arthritis. Avian Pathol 2015; 43:371-8. [PMID: 24980420 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.940496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) has been isolated from the gastrocnemius tendons and tibiotarsal joint fluid of lame male turkeys >12 weeks old in the Midwest. Two experiments were conducted to compare the pathogenicity in turkeys of three TARVs (TARV-MN2, TARV-MN4 and TARV-O'Neil), one turkey enteric reovirus (TERV strain MN1) and one chicken arthritis reovirus (CARV strain MN1). Two hundred microlitres of virus were inoculated by the oral, intratracheal, or footpad route into 6-day-old poults placed in isolator units. Poults were necropsied at 1 and 4 weeks post infection in Experiment 1, and at 2 and 4 weeks post infection in Experiment 2. Reovirus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation in tendons of TARV-inoculated poults at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post infection. TARV-O'Neil and TARV-MN2 were detected in tendons of sentinal birds at 1 and 4 weeks and 1 week p.i., respectively. In general, TARVs produced lymphocytic tenosynovitis of the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendon sheaths without inflammation of the tendons proper. In Experiment 1, poults inoculated with TARV-MN2 and TARV-O'Neil had significantly higher gastrocnemius tendon inflammation scores, as determined by histology, than those inoculated with TERV-MN1 or CARV-MN1. In Experiment 2, poults inoculated with TARV-MN2 and TARV-O'Neil had significantly higher gastrocnemius tendon inflammation scores than those inoculated with TARV-MN4 and virus-free medium (negative control group). Koch's postulates was fulfilled when TARV-MN2 and TARV-O'Neil were re-isolated from tendons of poults that had originally been challenged with either of these viruses. Results of these experiments indicate that TARVs have a unique ability to induce gastrocnemius tenosynovitis in turkeys and that administration of TARV-O'Neil through the oral or intratracheal route is a reproducible model to study pathogenesis of TARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A Sharafeldin
- a Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , MN , USA
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21
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Genomic characterization of a broiler reovirus field strain detected in Pennsylvania. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tang Y, Lu H, Sebastian A, Yeh YT, Praul CA, Albert IU, Zheng SY. Genomic characterization of a turkey reovirus field strain by Next-Generation Sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:313-21. [PMID: 25841748 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genome of a turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) field strain (Reo/PA/Turkey/22342/13), isolated from a turkey flock in Pennsylvania (PA) in 2013, has been sequenced using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The genome of the PA TARV field strain was 23,496bp in length with 10 dsRNA segments encoding 12 viral proteins. The lengths of the genomic segments ranged from 1192bp (S4) to 3959bp (L1). The 5' and 3' conserved terminal sequences of the PA TARV field strain were similar to the two Minnesota (MN) TARVs (MN9 and MN10) published recently and avian orthoreovirus (ARV) reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of all 10 genome segments revealed that there was a low to significant nucleotide sequence divergence between the PA TARV field strain and reference TARV and ARV strains. Analysis of the PA TARV sequence indicates that this PA TARV field strain is a unique strain and is different from the TARV MN9 or MN10 in M2 segment genes and ARV S1133 vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yin-Ting Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Craig A Praul
- Genomics Core Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Istvan U Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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23
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Mor SK, Verma H, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Ziegler AF, Noll SL, Goyal SM. Survival of turkey arthritis reovirus in poultry litter and drinking water. Poult Sci 2015; 94:639-42. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Mor SK, Marthaler D, Verma H, Sharafeldin TA, Jindal N, Porter RE, Goyal SM. Phylogenetic analysis, genomic diversity and classification of M class gene segments of turkey reoviruses. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:70-82. [PMID: 25655814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
From 2011 to 2014, 13 turkey arthritis reoviruses (TARVs) were isolated from cases of swollen hock joints in 2-18-week-old turkeys. In addition, two isolates from similar cases of turkey arthritis were received from another laboratory. Eight turkey enteric reoviruses (TERVs) isolated from fecal samples of turkeys were also used for comparison. The aims of this study were to characterize turkey reovirus (TRV) based on complete M class genome segments and to determine genetic diversity within TARVs in comparison to TERVs and chicken reoviruses (CRVs). Nucleotide (nt) cut off values of 84%, 83% and 85% for the M1, M2 and M3 gene segments were proposed and used for genotype classification, generating 5, 7, and 3 genotypes, respectively. Using these nt cut off values, we propose M class genotype constellations (GCs) for avian reoviruses. Of the seven GCs, GC1 and GC3 were shared between the TARVs and TERVs, indicating possible reassortment between turkey and chicken reoviruses. The TARVs and TERVs were divided into three GCs, and GC2 was unique to TARVs and TERVs. The proposed new GC approach should be useful in identifying reassortant viruses, which may ultimately be used in the design of a universal vaccine against both chicken and turkey reoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125 004, India
| | - Robert E Porter
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
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25
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Mor SK, Verma H, Bekele AZ, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Goyal SM. One-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR for the detection of turkey reoviruses. Avian Dis 2015; 58:404-7. [PMID: 25518435 DOI: 10.1637/10779-012314-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During late 2010 and early 2011, an unusual problem of lameness and swollen hock joints in commercial turkeys was reported in the upper Midwest, which continues to this day. The disease caused substantial economic losses to turkey producers. Reovirus was isolated from tendons and joint fluids of lame turkeys submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. This study was undertaken to develop a TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for the early detection of turkey reoviruses (both enteric and lameness strains). A primer probe set was designed from the conserved region of the S4 segment of the turkey reovirus genome. The newly developed rRT-PCR was specific for the detection of turkey reoviruses. The detection limit of this assay was 10 genome copies per reaction. For the TARV-MN4 strain of turkey arthritis reovirus, one 50% tissue culture infectious dose was equivalent to 11.6 +/- 0.2 genome copies. The highest coefficient of variation for intraexperimental and interexperimental variability was 0.08 and 0.06, respectively, indicating the reproducibility of the assay. This new test should be useful for the detection of turkey enteric and arthritis reoviruses.
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Sharafeldin TA, Mor SK, Bekele AZ, Verma H, Noll SL, Goyal SM, Porter RE. Experimentally induced lameness in turkeys inoculated with a newly emergent turkey reovirus. Vet Res 2015; 46:11. [PMID: 25828424 PMCID: PMC4337105 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emergent turkey arthritis reoviruses (TARVs) have been isolated from cases of lameness in male turkeys over 10 weeks of age. In a previous study, experimental inoculation of TARV in one-week-old turkey poults produced lymphocytic tenosynovitis at four weeks post inoculation but without causing clinical lameness. This study was undertaken to determine if TARV infection at an early age can lead to clinical lameness in birds as they age. One-week-old male turkeys were inoculated orally with a TARV (strain TARV-O'Neil) and monitored for the development of gait defects until 16 weeks of age. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age, a subset of birds was euthanized followed by the collection of gastrocnemius tendon, digital flexor tendon, and intestines for virus detection by rRT-PCR and for histologic inflammation scoring. Clinical lameness was first displayed in TARV-infected turkeys at 8 weeks of age and ruptured gastrocnemius tendons with progressive lameness were also seen at 12-16 weeks of age. The virus was detected in gastrocnemius tendon of 4- 8- and 12-week-old turkeys but not in 16-week-old turkeys. Histologic inflammation scores of tendons at each of the four time points were significantly higher in the virus-inoculated group than in the control group (p < 0.01). Lesions began as lymphocytic tenosynovitis with mild synoviocyte hyperplasia at four weeks of age and progressed to fibrosis as the birds aged. These results demonstrate the potential of TARV to infect young turkeys and to produce subclinical tenosynovitis that becomes clinically demonstrable as the turkeys age.
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Woźniakowski G, Niczyporuk JS, Samorek-Salamonowicz E, Gaweł A. The development and evaluation of cross-priming amplification for the detection of avian reovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:528-36. [PMID: 25425151 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate cross-priming amplification (CPA) for the detection of avian reovirus (ARV). METHODS AND RESULTS Five specific primers were designed, on the basis of the σNS sequence of the S1133 ARV strain. Incubation temperature and primer concentrations were determined. The optimal incubation conditions in a water bath were 61.3°C for 45 min. No reverse transcription stage was required. The results were recorded under UV light illumination as a bright, greenish fluorescence in positive samples, and through the lack of this in negative controls and samples. Additionally, the gel electrophoresis performed during analysis showed the presence of ladder-like patterns, formed by hairpin-like CPA products. The developed CPA method was compared to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. Sensitivity of CPA was estimated using seven dilutions of standard S1133 strain and reached 0.05 log10 TCID50 ml(-1). RT-PCR sensitivity reached 2.5 log10 TCID50 ml(-1) and was 1000 times lower than for CPA, whereas real-time RT-PCR sensitivity reached 1.5 log10 TCID50 ml(-1). Analysis of 32 RNAs extracted from field specimens showed the presence of an ARVσNS fragment in 4 (12.5%) samples. Interestingly, the positive samples originated from flocks affected by Marek's disease (MD) or fowl adenovirus (FadV). RT-PCR was unable to detect ARV, due to its lower sensitivity. However, the real-time RT-PCR that was conducted confirmed the CPA study. CONCLUSIONS CPA is a very sensitive and rapid method, which allows ARV detection using simple laboratory equipment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the application of the CPA method for detection of ARV, using simple laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Woźniakowski
- Department of Poultry Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Molecular characterization of L class genome segments of a newly isolated turkey arthritis reovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mor SK, Verma H, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Jindal N, Ziegler A, Goyal SM. Characterization of S class gene segments of a newly isolated turkey arthritis reovirus. Virology 2014; 464-465:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Detection and molecular characterization of a reovirus in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) from Minnesota, USA. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:928-32. [PMID: 25121410 DOI: 10.7589/2014-02-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the Minnesota Rehabilitation Center submitted four dead Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) for necropsy to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. All four chickadees were underweight and dehydrated and their intestinal contents were watery and yellowish. No significant lesions were observed upon histopathologic examination. Viral particles of the family Reoviridae were detected after negative-contrast electron microscopic examination of intestinal contents. Analysis by reverse transcriptase PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of a reovirus. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the chickadee reovirus had 97.1% to 98.3% and 89.4% to 97.8% nucleotide identity with turkey enteric reoviruses from apparently healthy and enteritis-affected turkey poults, respectively. The chickadee reovirus had only 56.5% and 58.5% nucleotide and 54.5% and 56.8% amino acid identity with psittacine reovirus and Tvarminne avian virus, respectively. These results indicate that the chickadee reovirus is closely related to turkey reoviruses.
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Jindal N, Mor SK, Marthaler D, Patnayak DP, Ziegler AF, Goyal SM. Molecular characterization of turkey enteric reovirus S3 gene. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:224-30. [PMID: 24666328 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.904500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular diversity in S3 gene sequences of turkey reovirus (TRV) was determined in poult enteritis syndrome (PES)-affected and apparently healthy turkey poults. Twenty-nine TRV-positive samples (15 from PES-affected flocks and 14 from apparently healthy flocks) were tested using self-designed primers for the S3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TRV S3 sequences of this study clustered in clade III and formed two different groups in this clade. The avian reoviruses from duck and goose formed clade I and those from chickens formed clade II. The clade III TRV sequences had a nucleotide percent identity of 88.9 to 100% among themselves but only of 59.5 to 63.5% and 69.2 to 72.6% with clades I and II, respectively. More amino acid substitutions were present in TRVs from PES-affected flocks than in those from apparently healthy flocks using ATCC VR-818 (AY444912) as a benchmark. All TRVs of this study showed substitutions at positions 244 and 285. The impact of these changes on the virulence of the virus, if any, needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Jindal
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , India
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Abstract
Gut health is very important to get maximum returns in terms of weight gain and egg production. Enteric diseases such as poult enteritis complex (PEC) in turkeys do not allow their production potential to be achieved to its maximum. A number of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been implicated but the primary etiology has not been definitively established. Previously, electron microscopy was used to detect the presence of enteric viruses, which were identified solely on the basis of their morphology. With the advent of rapid molecular diagnostic methods and next generation nucleic acid sequencing, researchers have made long strides in identification and characterization of viruses associated with PEC. The molecular techniques have also helped us in identification of pathogens which were previously not known. Regional and national surveys have revealed the presence of several different enteric viruses in PEC including rotavirus, astrovirus, reovirus and coronavirus either alone or in combination. There may still be unknown pathogens that may directly or indirectly play a role in enteritis in turkeys. This review will focus on the role of turkey coronavirus, rotavirus, reovirus, and astrovirus in turkey enteritis.
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