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Bowden AC, Allbaugh RA, Gall AJ, Costa MDO, Leis M, Sebbag L. Ocular diagnostics, ophthalmic findings, and conjunctival microbiome in the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38880760 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish normative data for selected ocular diagnostic tests and commensal conjunctival microflora and describe the incidence of ocular pathology in Chilean flamingos. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 41 Chilean flamingos were examined at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa. PROCEDURES In 20 flamingos, blink rate was assessed undisturbed in their exhibit, then gentle manual restraint was used to assess palpebral fissure length (PFL), aqueous tear production (phenol red thread test [PRTT] in one eye, endodontic absorbent paper point tear test [EAPPTT] in the other), intraocular pressure (IOP; rebound tonometry), and fluorescein staining. Twenty-one other flamingos were brought to a darkened area for neuro-ophthalmic examination, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Swabs from seven flamingos were used for ocular microbiome evaluation. RESULTS Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (range). Flamingos comprised 23 females/18 males, aged 11 ± 9.1 (0.7-40) years. Test results: blink rate, 3.7 ± 2 (1-9) blinks/min; PFL, 11.2 ± 1.2 (9-14) mm; IOP, 14 ± 3.2 (10-22) mmHg; EAPPT, 10.2 ± 2.8 (9-14) mm/min; PRTT, 6.8 ± 2.5 (3-13) mm/15 s. Dazzle reflex was positive in four birds examined. Pathologies included cataracts (n = 7 birds), corneal fibrosis (n = 3), endothelial pigment (n = 2), uveal cysts (n = 1), lens luxation (n = 1), and uveitis (n = 1). Ocular microbiome showed high diversity of taxa. CONCLUSIONS Baseline ocular parameters and incidence of ophthalmic pathology assist veterinarians with disease screening for Chilean flamingos, while the ocular microbiome showed high diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Catherine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Matheus de O Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Population Clinical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Leis
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Simonis KM, Baron HR, Wernery U, Joseph M, Giannikaki S, Azmanis PN. Characterization of ophthalmic lesions and normal ocular parameters in a flock of captive MacQueen's (houbara) bustards (Chlamydotis macqueenii). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38849703 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine normal ocular parameters of the MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii) and describe ophthalmic lesions in a captive bred population. ANIMALS STUDIED Captive breeding population of 257 Macqueen's bustards. METHODS All birds were screened for ocular abnormalities using direct ophthalmoscopy. Abnormalities were photographed. Normative values for Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), applanation tonometry, aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, fungal culture, and transcorneal ocular ultrasonography were derived from multiple cohorts of clinically normal adult birds. Five birds with ocular pathology also underwent transcorneal ultrasonography. Statistical comparisons for normative values between OD and OS, and males and females were made using a paired t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, with a significance level of p < .05. RESULTS Mean tear production based on Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) was 10.16 ± 4.61 mm/min (3-21 mm/min). Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12.42 ± 4.94 mm Hg (5-26 mm Hg). Staphylococcus species were the most isolated bacteria from the conjunctival surfaces of normal birds (85%). Significant differences were found in transcorneal ultrasonographic measurements between males and females for axial globe length (p = .032), vitreous body depth (p = .049) and lens thickness (p = .0428). Corneal fibrosis was the most observed ocular abnormality amongst eyes with pathological changes (39%). CONCLUSIONS Schirmer tear testing, tonometry and transcorneal ultrasound can easily be utilized in MacQueen's bustards and provide reproducible results. Normal parameters for these tests were determined, and common pathological ocular changes were described in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara M Simonis
- The Unusual Pet Vets, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamish R Baron
- The Unusual Pet Vets, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marina Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Garcés Torres RS, Carter RT, Gafen HB, Liu CC, Lewin AC, MacLean RA. Longitudinal intraocular pressure measurements in Whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Mississippi-Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38174829 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess intraocular pressure (IOP) development in cranes and determine the impact of age, weight, species, head position, and sex. ANIMALS STUDIED Whooping cranes (WC) (Grus americana), and Mississippi-sandhill cranes (MSC) (Grus canadensis pulla). PROCEDURES Chicks were manually restrained on days 1-3, 7, 21, 35, 60, 75, and 120 for routine examinations. IOP was opportunistically measured utilizing the Tonovet Plus® in D setting with the head above the heart (AH) and below the heart (BH). Values were also obtained longitudinally in adults (>120 days old) upon presentation in 1 year. RESULTS Intraocular pressure was highly correlated with age and weight in chicks. For every kilogram gained, IOP increased 2.46 ± 0.08 mmHg in WC and 2.66 ± 0.11 mmHg in MSC. Once hatched, IOP increased 1.13 ± 0.04 mmHg in WC and 0.87 ± 0.04 mmHg in MSC every 10 days. IOP was similar to adults at 120 days of age. In adult WC, mean IOP AH was 24.0 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 27.9 ± 0.4 mmHg, there was a significant difference regarding head positioning and sex, females (25.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg) had lower IOP than males (26.5 ± 0.4 mmHg). In adult MSC, mean IOP AH was 20.7 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 24.6 ± 0.4 mmHg. The difference between head positioning was significant. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the correlation between IOP and weight or age during early development in cranes, as well as the importance of head positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Martinelli L, Foote BC, Zhu X, Johnson JG, Durrett J, Buckner C, Sheldon JD. INTRAOCULAR PRESSURES OF AQUARIUM-HOUSED COWNOSE RAYS ( RHINOPTERA BONASUS) WITH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL OPHTHALMIC EXAMS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:704-712. [PMID: 38251993 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) are common elasmobranchs in zoos and aquaria; however, there is a lack of published information regarding ocular findings in this species. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in a total of 52 cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) from two unrelated aquaria (n = 22 from A1, n = 30 from A2) using a TonoVet rebound tonometer on two settings (dog = D, and unidentified species = P) as part of a full ophthalmologic examination. Adult (n = 38) and juvenile (n = 14) rays were sampled out of water briefly in sternal recumbency. Intraocular pressure (mean ± SD [range]) in the D setting (9.10 ± 2.57 [4-18] mmHg) was higher than the P setting (5.21 ± 2.32 [0-12] mmHg) (P<0.001). Statistical analysis revealed no difference in IOP between right and left eyes, and no correlation between body weight and IOP. No differences in IOP between sex, age group, and location were identified in either setting. However, a significant difference was observed between levels of severity of corneal disease in IOP D setting (P=0.006) and P setting (P=0.024), and levels of severity of intraocular disease in IOP D setting (P=0.034) only. This study provides baseline IOP values using rebound tonometry in aquarium-housed cownose rays with apparent corneal and intraocular lesions and reveals that the D setting may be more sensitive in identifying IOP changes in eyes with intraocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Braidee C Foote
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- The Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA
| | - James G Johnson
- Living Exhibits, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ. 85254
- Animal Health Department, Denver Zoological Foundation, Denver, CO 80205 USA
| | - Jared Durrett
- Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA
| | - Chris Buckner
- Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA
| | - Julie D Sheldon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA,
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Bayram LC, Isler CT, Ekebas G. Determination of reference values for tear production and intraocular pressure in Pygoscelis penguins of the Antarctic Peninsula. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:235. [PMID: 37946185 PMCID: PMC10636934 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature review, this is the first study investigating tear production (TP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the Pygoscelis penguins living in their natural habitat. The study aimed to establish normal values for standard ocular tests in the genus Pygoscelis, namely, the Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua), and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins, in four different islands of Antarctica. Sampling was made by specifically using the left eye of the penguins. The Schirmer's tear test type I (STT-I) and the Tonovet® (rebound tonometer) were used to measure the TP and the IOP, respectively. RESULTS The mean TP and IOP values of 129 Adélie, chinstrap, gentoo, and 120 adult Adélie, gentoo penguins were determined as 10.2 ± 4.0 mm/min and 38.9 ± 13.2 mmHg, respectively. No statistical difference was detected between the penguin species for the mean IOP values, while the difference was determined in all the locations. However, statistical differences in the mean TP values were determined between all locations. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a reference range of Schirmer's tear test (STT) and IOP values in Pygoscelis penguins and show that the IOP is significantly affected by locations. This result can be attributed to the harsh climatic conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula that change very quickly. The described data may help diagnose clinical pathological findings in Pygoscelis penguins. The STT and rebound tonometry appears to be safe and reproducible methods in Pygoscelis penguins, as the results were obtained quickly and were well tolerated by the birds. Based on our results, we propose that similar studies can be initiated in crowded colonies of three penguin species of this genus on the Antarctic Peninsula, the southern Shetland Islands, and other frequently visited islands in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Cakir Bayram
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey.
| | - Cafer Tayer Isler
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Görkem Ekebas
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Turkey
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Rhim H, Jung S, Kim N, Han JI. Application of topical rocuronium bromide dosing by ocular size in four species of wild birds. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e59. [PMID: 37532302 PMCID: PMC10404711 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rocuronium bromide has been evaluated as a mydriatic agent in birds, but the species applied were limited and the dose and effect were variable. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as mydriatics in 4 species according to horizontal palpebral fissure length: Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern boobook (Ninox japonica), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). METHODS A total of 32 birds (8 for each species) were included as pre-releasing examination. Rocuronium bromide was instilled in one randomly selected eye of each bird based on palpebral fissure length criteria (0.5 mg/50 µL for pigeons, 1 mg/100 µL for kestrels and boobook owls, and 2 mg/200 µL for eagle owls). The contralateral eye was used as control and treated with normal saline. After instillation of the drug, pupil diameter, pupillary light reflex, intraocular pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 10 min intervals up to 180 min and at 30 min intervals up to 360 min. RESULTS Statistically significant mydriasis was obtained in all birds (p < 0.001). However, in boobook and eagle owls, marked mydriasis persisted until 360 min. Side effects including corneal erosion and lower eyelid paralysis were common, which was observed in 26/32 birds. Blepharospasm was also noted during this study. No systemic adverse signs were observed. CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium bromide could be a good mydriatics option for 4 species of birds, however, further studies are needed to find lowest effective dose to reduce drug-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Sunjun Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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Bozkan Z, Yaygingul R, Bulut O, Belge A. Measuring the Effects of Detomidine and Medetomidine Alone and in Combination with Ketamine on Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:242-249. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bennett K, Osinchuk S, Bauer B, Rao S, Sadar MJ. Ophthalmic Parameters and Ophthalmoscopy of Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:192-199. [DOI: 10.1647/21-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102987. [PMID: 34680006 PMCID: PMC8532671 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Italy, chickens are used for egg production and as courtyard/domestic animals and consequently veterinarians need to know their general and specialist characteristics. One key area is normal ocular measurements in order to understand any pathological changes affecting the eyes. For an accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in chickens, this paper describes the normal values for the evaluation of ocular tear production, intraocular pressure, and biometric measurements of the eyes and on the microbial and cultural flora normally present in the conjunctival sac in two Italian chicken breeds. Abstract Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.
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Kane LP, Keller KA, Salpeter EM, de Araujo NLLC, Dower N, Welle KR, Martins BDC, Fleming KMS. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in healthy adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Keenan AV, Oster S, McMullen RJ, Shaw GC, Dubielzig RR, Teixeira LBC, Bellah JR, Moore PA, Boveland SD. Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chorioretinal lesions in wild owl species. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:128-139. [PMID: 34590771 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate histopathology and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of wild owls with chorioretinitis and identify any potential correlation with an infectious etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ophthalmic examination and retinal OCT imaging were performed on fifteen great horned (Strix varia) and barred (Bubo virginianus) owls (30 eyes) with chorioretinitis and five owls with normal eyes (10 eyes). Testing to investigate the presence of potential infectious diseases included a complete blood count, biochemistry, protein electrophoresis, West Nile virus (WNV) plaque reduction neutralization test, Toxoplasma gondii modified direct agglutination test, WNV RT-PCR, and Avian Influenza RT-PCR. A necropsy was performed on all owls, including ocular histopathology. RESULTS Fundus lesions included retinal detachment (7/15 owls), depigmented lesions (12/15), pigment clumping (8/15), and retinal tear (4/15). All birds were negative for WNV and Avian Influenza on RT-PCR. Of the owls with chorioretinitis, 3/15 were seropositive for WNV and 7/15 for T. gondii. Optical coherence tomography of 25/30 affected eyes revealed outer retinal lesions (19/25 eyes), retinal detachment (16/25), and retinal tears (3/25). Histopathological examination revealed outer nuclear layer atrophy (19/30 eyes), retinal detachment (18/30), retinal tears (7/30), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (12/30), scleral rupture (3/30), and ossicle fracture (3/30). CONCLUSIONS Although 20% of birds were seropositive for WNV and 46.6% for T. gondii, histopathologic findings supported that the posterior segment lesions in the study group were likely due to blunt ocular trauma rather than an infectious etiology. The results of OCT imaging and histopathology documented retinal changes most consistent with blunt ocular trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra V Keenan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Seth Oster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard J McMullen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Gillian C Shaw
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jamie R Bellah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Phillip A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Shannon D Boveland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Baldotto SB, Somma AT, Lange RR, Machado M, Moore BA, Montiani-Ferreira F. The crested caracara (Caracara plancus) eye: Morphologic observations and results of selected diagnostic tests. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:533-542. [PMID: 34554632 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a descriptive investigation about relevant features of the crested caracara's eye (Caracara plancus) and bony orbit, as well as provide data for ophthalmic tests. METHODS Morphological observations and the following diagnostic tests were performed: Schirmer tear test (STT), conjunctival flora evaluation, corneal touch threshold (CTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), B-mode ocular biometry, palpebral fissure length (PFL), and corneal diameter (CD) in 19 healthy birds, plus two macerated skulls. Not all birds were used for each test. RESULTS STT: 7.84 ± 3.05 mm/min; CTT: 2.46 ± 1.10 cm; IOP: 19.18 ± 3.07 mmHg; CCT: 0.31 ± 0.02 mm; PFL: 13.32 ± 1.06 mm; CD: 10.26 ± 2.43 mm; Axial globe length: 1.89 ± 0.06 cm; Anterior chamber depth: 0.27 ± 0.06 cm; Lens axial length: 4.55 ± 0.06 cm; Vitreous chamber depth: 1.2 ± 0.07 cm. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were Corynebacterium sp. (10/23.8%), Staphylococcus sp. (9/21.42%), Streptococcus sp. (7/16.6%), and E. coli (7/16.66%). The large lateral part of the palatine bone likely plays a role in the ventral protection of the globe against the impact of prey. Observed results are generally reflective of increased body mass compared to other Falconiformes, with values approaching those of similar sized Accipitriformes. CONCLUSIONS These data may help veterinarians recognize peculiar morphologic features and perform a more accurate diagnosis of eye diseases of this avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Berger Baldotto
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - André Tavares Somma
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rogério Ribas Lange
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcello Machado
- Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Bret A Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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Karimi V, Asadi F, Rajaei SM, Golabdar S. Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using Rebound Tonometry in Eight Different Species of Companion Birds. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:338-342. [PMID: 33355410 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine reference interval intraocular pressure (IOP) values in 8 different species of companion birds. One hundred and nineteen companion birds (238 eyes) from a captive colony were examined: 21 pigeons (Columba livia; 18%), 17 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; 14%), 22 common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis; 18%), 24 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus; 20%), 12 zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata; 10%), 9 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus; 8%), 6 domestic canaries (Serinus canaria domestica; 5%), and 8 ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri; 7%). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet) avoiding induced, undesired pressure on the head, neck, or eyes. Mean IOP values varied by species. Mean (± SD) IOP values determined for each species were pigeon (5.42 ± 2.06 mm Hg), African grey parrot (4.93 ± 1.91 mm Hg), common mynah (6.22 ± 2.04 mm Hg), cockatiel (5.08 ± 1.76 mm Hg), zebra finch (5.90 ± 2.11 mm Hg), budgerigar (5.88 ± 2.31mm Hg), canary (5.83 ± 1.60 mm Hg), and ring-necked parakeet (6.25 ± 1.75 mm Hg). No statistically significant differences were found in IOP values between right and left eyes for the species studied (P > .22), with the exception of the ring-necked parakeet (P = .001). The results of this study provide representative IOP values measured using rebound tonometry in 8 different species of companion birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Karimi
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Asadi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran,
| | | | - Salar Golabdar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Westmoreland LSH, Hadfield CA, Clayton LA, Atkins RM, Hyman JA, Rossi BH. Ocular Examinations and Investigation of Intraocular Pressure, Tear Production, Central Corneal Thickness, and Corneal Touch Threshold in a Captive Flock of Atlantic Puffins ( Fratercula arctica). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:123-131. [PMID: 32702951 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular examinations were completed on a group of 10 Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica), 5 males and 5 females that ranged in age from 8 months to older than 30 years. The exams consisted of intraocular pressure/rebound tonometry, tear production/phenol red thread test, central corneal thickness/ultrasound pachymetry, and corneal sensitivity/esthesiometry. On ocular examination, there were no corneal abnormalities observed. Bilateral cataracts were diagnosed in 8 puffins, 6 of which were considered incipient, focal subcapsular opacities. One bird had hypermature cataracts and was removed from the study and excluded from data analysis; the other birds had no evidence of ophthalmic pathology that would interfere with diagnostic results (n = 9). All results for 9 birds were included in the study, with the exception of 1 puffin's tear production, which was too low for accurate assessment and was excluded from data analysis. There were no significant differences between right and left eye measurements for intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, and corneal sensitivity. The median intraocular pressure for both eyes (OU) was 13 mm Hg with an interquartile range [IQR] of 12-15 mm Hg. The median corneal thickness OU was 241 µm, IQR 233-248 µm. The median corneal sensitivity OU was 1.13 cm, IQR 0.81-1.50 cm. There was a significant difference between right and left eye measurements for tear production (right eye median, 7.5 mm/15 s, IQR 6.5-9.3 mm/15 s; and left eye median, 5.0 mm/15 s, IQR 4.0-7.3 mm/15 s) (P= .03), with the right eye producing more tears than the left. However, 1 puffin was determined to be an outlier, and when removed, there was no longer a significant difference (OU median, 7.0 mm/15 s, IQR 4.6-8.0 mm/15 s) (P = .38). There was no significant difference between sex and intraocular pressure, tear production, and corneal sensitivity. However, there was a significant difference between sex and corneal thickness (P = .02), with males (left eye median, 249 µm, IQR 241-249 µm) having thicker corneas than females (left eye median, 236 µm, 234-238 µm). Although sample size precluded statistical testing, there appeared to be an association between opacities and increasing age. There were no associations between age and intraocular pressure, tear production, or corneal thickness. There was a moderate correlation between age and corneal sensitivity, with older birds showing decreased corneal sensitivity (r = -0.57). Although the sample size of 9 birds was small, these findings provide preliminary ranges for ocular parameters of Atlantic puffins.
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Carter RT, Lewin AC. Ophthalmic Evaluation of Raptors Suffering From Ocular Trauma. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:2-27. [PMID: 33892585 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-35.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ocular problems are often associated with traumatic injury in raptors. A comprehensive evaluation, including a complete ophthalmic examination, is vital in determining the patient's overall health and suitability for release. Steps for conducting ocular examination and diagnostic testing in raptors is discussed. Additionally, common clinical findings after trauma, as well as the mechanisms by which ocular injury occurs, are outlined. An overview of medical treatments recommended for commonly diagnosed ocular diseases and the utility of ancillary diagnostic procedures is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA,
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Presby JA, Scott EM, Norman KN, Hoppes SM, Tizard I. Normative ocular data for juvenile and adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:526-533. [PMID: 32100929 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain normative ocular data for Japanese quail as they mature from juveniles to adults. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six captive Japanese quail comprising thirteen males and thirteen females, free of ocular disease, were included in the study. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic reference values were measured in both eyes at 1 and 5 months of age. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, slit lamp biomicroscopy, phenol red thread test (PRTT), rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal diameter measurement, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Ultrasound biomicroscopy measurements of axial globe length, lens thickness, vitreal chamber length, and pecten length were recorded. The depth of the anterior chamber was calculated by subtracting the lens thickness and vitreous length from the axial globe length. Measures of association and descriptive statistics were analyzed using STATA-14 and STATA-15. RESULTS Juvenile and adult females were heavier than age-matched males. Weight, intraocular pressure, horizontal corneal diameter, axial globe length, and lens thickness measurements increased with age. No statistically significant differences were found in the remainder of measurements among individuals in different sex or age-groups. CONCLUSIONS This work provides reference values and clinical findings that can be used in future research on quail and ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Presby
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sharman M Hoppes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Barsotti G, Asti M, Giani E, Ceccherelli R, Briganti A. Effect of topical ophthalmic instillation of rocuronium bromide on the intraocular pressure of kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and little owls (Athene noctuae). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 255:1359-1364. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.12.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lim J, Kang S, Park S, Park E, Nam T, Jeong S, Seo K. Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Rebound Tonometry (TonoVet) in Normal Pigeons ( Columba livia). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 33:46-52. [PMID: 31124611 DOI: 10.1647/2017-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the applicability of a rebound tonometer (TonoVet) in pigeon eyes and established normal reference intraocular pressure (IOP) values in healthy pigeons; 20 eyes of euthanized pigeons were used for calibration of the TonoVet and 48 eyes of 24 adult pigeons were used for measurement of reference IOP. First, IOP of pigeon eyes ex vivo were measured using the 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet and compared to manometric IOP values from 5 to 80 mm Hg. Then, to establish normal reference values, IOP was measured from clinically normal pigeons in vivo. The 'd' and the 'p' modes of the TonoVet showed a strong linear correlation with the manometric IOP (R2 = .996 and .991, respectively). The obtained regression formulas were: y1 = 0.439x + 2.059 and y2 = 0.330x - 0.673, respectively (y1, 'd' mode of TonoVet; y2, 'p' mode of TonoVet; x, manometric IOP). The 'd' and the 'p' modes consistently measured one-half and one-third of the actual IOP, respectively. Therefore, the formula obtained through the 'd' mode was applied to obtain reference values. The calibrated IOP of normal pigeon eyes was 19.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg. The actual IOP could be calculated using the presented formula. Considering the limitations of the 'p' mode, use of the 'd' mode is more appropriate. Therefore, the TonoVet rebound tonometry under the 'd' mode is a reliable method for measuring IOP in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegook Lim
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taekjin Nam
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seowoo Jeong
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK 21 Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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Hwang J, Kang S, Seok S, Ahmed S, Yeon S. Ophthalmic findings in cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus). Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:314-324. [PMID: 31774216 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to provide ophthalmic reference values under normal physiological conditions for Aegypius monachus (cinereous vulture). PROCEDURES Thirty-two eyes of sixteen adult captive cinereous vultures were used for this study. Tear tests and tonometry in conscious and anesthetized states, neuro-ophthalmic tests, measurement of corneal diameter, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and funduscopy were performed. RESULTS Schirmer tear test (STT) value was 11.4 ± 2.6 and 11.5 ± 2.8 mm/min in the right (OD) and left eye (OS), respectively. Phenol red thread test (PRT) values were 22.3 ± 2.1 mm/15 s OD and 22.8 ± 3.0 mm/15 s OS. The results showed a strong correlation between STT and PRT in both eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) values were 32.8 ± 6.9 mm Hg OD and 31.9 ± 7.1 mm Hg OS with TonoVet and 20.7 ± 4.5 mm Hg OD and 19.5 ± 4.1 mm Hg OS with Tono-Pen. There were significant differences in IOPs between rebound and applanation tonometry in both OD and OS. Tear production and IOP values showed significant reductions with general anesthesia in both tear tests and both tonometry (P < .001). Horizontal corneal diameter (mm) was 15.56 ± 0.96 OD and 15.56 ± 0.96 OS. Vertical diameter (mm) was 14.13 ± 0.96 OD and 14.06 ± 1.06 OS. The horizontal diameter was significantly longer than vertical diameter (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ocular morphologic information and normal reference range values for various ophthalmic measurements were obtained in clinically healthy cinereous vultures, which can facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in cinereous vultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research, Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sohail Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research, Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongchan Yeon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research, Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Pelych LN, Shellabarger W, Vassallo M, Noland E, Sledge D, Aquino SE. Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs:
Atelopus zeteki. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:430-439. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica Noland
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Dodd Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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Kovalcuka L, Boiko D, Williams DL. Tear production and intraocular pressure values in clinically normal eyes of whooper swans (C ygnus cygnus). Open Vet J 2018; 8:335-339. [PMID: 30483458 PMCID: PMC6172406 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the normal range of tear production and values of intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal eyes of whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus). A total of 86 birds: 81 cygnets (6-10 weeks old) and 5 moulting - adult swans (3-6 years old) were examined in this study. Both eyes of all birds underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of tear production with the phenol red thread test (PRTT) and the assessment of the IOP by rebound tonometry, employing the TonoVet® device. The mean ± standard deviation of PRTT values were as follows: all cygnets (81) 22.59±3.48 mm/15s, male cygnets (45) 22.64±3.54 mm/15s, female cygnets (36) 22.53±3.44 mm/15s. IOP was as follows: all cygnets 11.30±3.55 mmHg, male cygnets 10.93±3.56 mmHg, female cygnets 11.74±3.50 mmHg. No statistically significant differences between right and left eye and between female and male cygnets were found for IOP and PRTT values. This study provides the reference values for the PRTT and IOP in healthy whooper swan cygnets, showing that PRTT determination of the tear production and rebound tonometry to evaluate the IOP methods are practical methods for ophthalmic examination in swans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Institute, K. Helmaņa iela 8, Jelgava, LV - 3004, Latvia
| | - Dmitrij Boiko
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera 3, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION IN COMMON KESTRELS (FALCO TINNUCULUS) FROM SOUTH KOREA. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:683-687. [PMID: 28920812 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish reference ophthalmic findings in the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Twenty healthy adult kestrels were included in this study. Ophthalmic examinations included slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus exam, Schirmer tear test, conjunctival bacterial culture and isolation, corneal touch threshold, tonometry, and corneal diameter measurement. Mean tear production was 7.4 ± 3.27 mm/min, and mean intraocular pressure measured via applanation tonometry was 10.5 ± 3.15 mm Hg. In addition, the mean corneal touch threshold was 29.8 ± 20.1 mm, and the mean corneal diameter was 9.8 ± 1.1 mm. Of the 25 conjunctival swabs, 23 (92%) yielded bacterial growth. Most of these bacteria were gram positive (69.6%); the most predominant genus was Staphylococcus. This study presents reference values for ophthalmic examinations in common kestrels.
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OCULAR FINDINGS AND SELECT OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN CAPTIVE AMERICAN WHITE PELICANS (PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:675-682. [PMID: 28920779 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0256.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in American white pelicans (Pelecanuserythrorhynchos). Twenty-one zoo-housed American white pelicans were manually restrained for noninvasive ocular diagnostic testing and complete ophthalmic examination. Tear production quantification using the phenol red thread test (PRTT), fluorescein staining, and intraocular pressure (IOP) evaluation were performed. In addition, conjunctival aerobic bacterial culture and culture-independent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed on select eyes. Normal variations and ocular abnormalities detected during complete ophthalmic examination were documented and photographed. Direct pupillary light reflex, menace response, and palpebral reflex were present in all birds. The value (mean ± SD) for PRRT and IOP was 14.9 ± 7.84 mm/15 sec and 9.0 ± 1.41 mm Hg oculus uterque, respectively. Conjunctival culture in nine birds revealed no growth for six birds and Staphylococcus aureus growth in three birds. A high relative abundance of Mycoplasma sp. was detected in all samples based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The normal pelican eye was found to have relative conjunctival hyperemia, absent filoplumes, iris color ranging from light blue to brown, and a subcircular vertically elongated pupil. Ophthalmic abnormalities were noted in 10 of 21 birds. Common findings included corneal fibrosis, cataracts, and asteroid hyalosis. The most common ophthalmic abnormality in this species was cataracts.
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Freeman KS, Fiorello C, Murray M. Comparison of anterior segment health in wild and captive common murres. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:174-181. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; 300 W. Drake Rd. Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Christine Fiorello
- Oiled Wildlife Care Network; School of Veterinary Medicine; One Health Institute; University of California; 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael Murray
- Monterey Bay Aquarium; 886 Cannery Row Monterey CA 93940 USA
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Falcão MS, Monteiro RV, Oriá AP, Galera PD. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.
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Sheldon JD, Adkesson MJ, Allender MC, Jankowski G, Langan J, Cardeña M, Cárdenas-Alayza S. Determination of Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure With Rebound Tonometry in Wild Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti ). J Avian Med Surg 2017; 31:16-23. [PMID: 28358613 DOI: 10.1647/2015-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tear production and intraocular pressures (IOPs) were determined in 38 and 102 wild Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), respectively, from the Punta San Juan Marine Protected Area in Ica, Peru. Tear production was measured by Schirmer tear test, and IOP was measured with a TonoVet rebound tonometer. Adult (n = 90) and chick (n = 12) penguins were sampled from 2 different beaches (north and south facing) during 2 sampling years (2010 and 2011). Results showed a mean ± SD (range) of 9 ± 4 (2-20) mm/min for tear production and 28 ± 9 (3-49) mm Hg for IOP. Tear production in penguins differed between beach and sex, whereas IOP differed between age, year, and beach. The IOPs were negatively correlated with packed cell volume. Tear production and IOP values had greater variation in this population than it has in other avian species. Previous investigations of IOP and tear production in Spheniscus species were conducted with birds housed under professional care in artificial marine and freshwater environments. This is the first study, to our knowledge, investigating tear production and IOP in wild penguins and establishes valuable reference intervals for this species.
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Falcão MSA, Monteiro RV, Carvalho CM, Andrade HHD, Galera PD. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy blue-and-yellow macaws. We investigated a total of 35 adult macaws (70 eyes) of undetermined sex and with an average weight of 1 kg, who were living in captivity in the Federal District, Brazil. Tear production using the Schirmer tear test (STT), normal conjunctival flora, intraocular pressure (IOP) using a rebound tonometer and horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL) were evaluated. In this study, 84.1% of samples were positive for microbial growth. Bacteria, fungi and yeasts were isolated, and Staphylococcus spp. (21.9%) and Bacillus spp. (26.8%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms. The mean value for STT was 7.6±4.6mm/min in the right eye (OD) and 6.6±4.4mm/min in the left eye (OS) (median = 7,11±0,76mm/min). Mean IOP was 11.4±2.5mm Hg OD and 11.6±1.8mm Hg OS (median = 11.49±0.22mm Hg), prior to anesthesia, and 7.6±2.4mm Hg OD and 7.8±1.8mm Hg OS (median 7.71±0.08mmHg) after anesthesia. The IOP was significantly lower when the animals were under anesthesia as compared to when they were conscious (p≤0.05). Horizontal palpebral fissure length was 11.7±0.1mm OD and 11.8±0.1mm OS (median = 11.72±0.07mm). The STT showed a positive correlation with palpebral fissure measurement for this species. These selected ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful in diagnosing pathological changes in the eyes of blue-and-yellow macaws.
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Cannizzo SA, Lewbart GA, Westermeyer HD. Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 20:526-532. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Cannizzo
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Gregory A. Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Hans D. Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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Rajaei SM, Ansari mood M, DVM SSGH. Measurement of Tear Production and Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Captive Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris). J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:324-328. [DOI: 10.1647/2015-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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MEASUREMENT OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN THE DOMESTIC PIGEON (COLUMBIA LIVIA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:935-938. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0102.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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OPHTHALMIC REFERENCE VALUES AND LESIONS IN TWO CAPTIVE POPULATIONS OF NORTHERN OWLS: GREAT GREY OWLS (STRIX NEBULOSA) AND SNOWY OWLS (BUBO SCANDIACUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:244-55. [PMID: 27010284 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study established ophthalmic reference values and characterized ocular lesions in two captive populations of boreal owls, including 46 eyes of 23 great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) and 38 eyes from 19 snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). A complete ophthalmologic exam was conducted, including neuro-ophthalmic reflexes, Schirmer tear test I (STT-I), intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, horizontal corneal measurements using Jameson calipers, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Eyes with an STT of <5 mm/min, outliers, and eyes with severe diseases were excluded from reference value analysis. No statistically significant differences were found between right or left eyes in either species or among individuals in different age groups and sexes. Mean intraocular pressures and Schirmer tear tests were also not statistically significantly different between great grey owls and snowy owls (IOP: 9.6 ± 2.6 mm Hg and 9.1 ± 1.9 mm Hg, respectively, and STT-I: 9.8 ± 2.8 mm/min and 9.8 ± 2.4 mm/min, respectively). However, snowy owls overall had a significantly larger eye than did great grey owls, reflected in corneal diameters (23.4 ± 1 vs. 20.0 ± 0.8 mm, respectively) and sonographic biometry. In both species, the most common ocular lesions included keratitis, cataracts, chorioretinal lesions, and abnormal pecten. Establishment of reference ocular parameters will help wildlife veterinarians and rehabilitators determine an appropriate treatment plan and will aid in correctly identifying the presence of ocular disease.
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McDonald JE, Knollinger AM, Dustin Dees D, MacLaren NE. Comparison of intraocular pressure measurements using rebound (TonoVet®) and applanation (TonoPen-XL®) tonometry in clinically normal alpacas (Vicugña pacos). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:155-159. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Dustin Dees
- Eye Care for Animals; 12419 Metric Blvd Austin TX 78758 USA
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Zouache MA, Eames I, Samsudin A. Allometry and Scaling of the Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humour Flow Rate in Vertebrate Eyes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151490. [PMID: 26990431 PMCID: PMC4798774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, intraocular pressure (IOP) is required to maintain the eye into a shape allowing it to function as an optical instrument. It is sustained by the balance between the production of aqueous humour by the ciliary body and the resistance to its outflow from the eye. Dysregulation of the IOP is often pathological to vision. High IOP may lead to glaucoma, which is in man the second most prevalent cause of blindness. Here, we examine the importance of the IOP and rate of formation of aqueous humour in the development of vertebrate eyes by performing allometric and scaling analyses of the forces acting on the eye during head movement and the energy demands of the cornea, and testing the predictions of the models against a list of measurements in vertebrates collated through a systematic review. We show that the IOP has a weak dependence on body mass, and that in order to maintain the focal length of the eye, it needs to be an order of magnitude greater than the pressure drop across the eye resulting from gravity or head movement. This constitutes an evolutionary constraint that is common to all vertebrates. In animals with cornea-based optics, this constraint also represents a condition to maintain visual acuity. Estimated IOPs were found to increase with the evolution of terrestrial animals. The rate of formation of aqueous humour was found to be adjusted to the metabolic requirements of the cornea, scaling as Vac(0.67), where Vac is the volume of the anterior chamber. The present work highlights an interdependence between IOP and aqueous flow rate crucial to ocular function that must be considered to understand the evolution of the dioptric apparatus. It should also be taken into consideration in the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa A. Zouache
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Eames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN SOUTHERN ROCKHOPPER (EUDYPTES CHRYSOCOME) AND MACARONI PENGUINS (EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS): EVALUATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:223-35. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ansari Mood M, Rajaei SM, Ghazanfari Hashemi S, Williams DL, Sadjadi R. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:53-57. [PMID: 26785687 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to establish a reference value of tear production and intraocular pressure in clinically normal ducks and geese. ANIMAL STUDIED The study population consisted of forty-eight ducks (24 males and 24 females) and fifty-two geese (26 males and 26 females). PROCEDURES Birds were gently physically restrained in dorsoventral position without any pressure to the head and neck. Tear secretion and intraocular pressure were measured using 5-mm-wide Schirmer tear test strips and TonoVet® rebound tonometer, respectively. RESULTS Overall mean ± 2SD STT and IOP values of all eyes were 6.2 ± 2.2 mm/min and 10.2 ± 2.2 mmHg, respectively, for the ducks; 5.5 ± 2.6 mm/min and 9.1 ± 2.0 mmHg, respectively, for the geese. There was no statistically significant difference in IOP between left eye and right eye or between males and females in ducks (P = 0.56, P = 0.63) and geese (P = 0.23, P = 0.22). Analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in the STT and IOP between the breeds in ducks (P = 0.49, P = 0.68) and geese (P = 0.14, P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study may be beneficial for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of ducks and geese affected with Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, glaucoma, and uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneli Ansari Mood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Moazen Blvd, 31485-313, Alborz, Iran
| | - Sohail Ghazanfari Hashemi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Iranian pet hospital, Pasdaran St., Tehran, Iran
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reza Sadjadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Payam Blvd, Sarv Sq, Saadat Abad, Tehran, Iran
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Meekins JM, Stuckey JA, Carpenter JW, Armbrust L, Higbie C, Rankin AJ. Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests and Ocular Findings in a Flock of Captive American Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Avian Med Surg 2015; 29:95-105. [PMID: 26115208 DOI: 10.1647/2014-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen adult captive American flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) (34 eyes) underwent a complete ocular examination, including assessment of menace response, pupillary light reflexes, dazzle reflex, palpebral and corneal reflexes, fluorescein staining, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and direct ophthalmoscopy. Birds were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups for tear production and intraocular pressure measurements. Tear production was measured by modified Schirmer tear test I (n = 9 birds) or phenol red thread test (n = 8 birds), and intraocular pressure was measured indirectly by applanation (Tonopen-XL) (n = 9 birds) or rebound (TonoVet) (n = 8 birds) tonometry. Conjunctival swab samples were taken from one randomly selected eye of all 17 birds to identify surface ocular microbial flora via aerobic bacterial culture. Additionally, 3 of the 17 birds were anesthetized for bilateral B-mode ocular ultrasonography examination to obtain axial globe measurements. Results showed that the menace response and dazzle reflex were absent in all birds. Sixteen of the 17 birds were free of significant ocular disease; a small cataract and pigment on the anterior lens capsule were noted in one eye of one bird. Mean ± SD tear production was 12.3 ± 4.5 mm/min (range, 4-20 mm/min) for modified Schirmer tear test I and 24.2 ± 4.4 mm/15 s (range, 14-30 mm/15 s) for phenol red thread test. Modified Schirmer tear test I measurements were significantly lower than phenol red thread measurements (P < .001). Mean intraocular pressure was 16.1 ± 4.2 mm Hg (range, 7-22 mm Hg) for Tonopen and 9.5 ± 1.7 mm Hg (range, 7-13 mm Hg) for TonoVet. Tonopen measurements were significantly higher than TonoVet measurements (P < .001). An Enterococcus species (9/17 eyes; 53%) and a gram-positive coccus (7/17 eyes; 41%) were the bacteria most commonly isolated from conjunctival swab samples. Mean B-mode ultrasonographic globe measurements of 6 eyes (3 birds) were axial globe length, 13.8 ± 0.16 mm; anterior chamber depth, 1.75 ± 0.05 mm; lens thickness, 4.6 ± 0.06 mm; vitreous body depth, 6.95 ± 0.10 mm; and pecten dimensions, 5.1 ± 0.38 mm length, 2.2 ± 0.14 mm width. In summary, the prevalence of ocular lesions was low in this population of captive American flamingos. Results obtained from 2 types of tear and intraocular pressure measurement tests were significantly different, indicating that a single type of each diagnostic test should be consistently used. A modification of the standard Schirmer tear test or use of phenol red thread test is recommended due to the small flamingo eye.
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN CAPTIVE AMERICAN FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER) AS MEASURED BY REBOUND TONOMETRY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:664-7. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0123r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Beckwith-Cohen B, Horowitz I, Bdolah-Abram T, Lublin A, Ofri R. Differences in ocular parameters between diurnal and nocturnal raptors. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 18 Suppl 1:98-105. [PMID: 24238221 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish and compare normal ocular parameters between and within diurnal and nocturnal raptor groups. ANIMALS STUDIED Eighty-eight ophthalmically normal raptors of six nocturnal and 11 diurnal species were studied. PROCEDURE Tear production was measured using Schirmer tear test (STT) and phenol red thread test (PRTT), and applanation tonometry was conducted. Ultrasonographic measurements of axial length (AL), mediolateral axis (ML), vitreous body (VB), and pecten length (PL) were recorded, and conjunctival cultures were obtained. RESULTS A weak correlation (R = 0.312, P = 0.006) was found between PRTT and STT. Tear production was significantly lower in nocturnal species (P < 0.001), but no difference was observed in intraocular pressure (IOP). VB and PL were significantly longer in diurnals (P < 0.001 and P = 0.021, respectively), and no significant difference was observed in AL and ML. When comparing results within these groups, there was a significant difference between most species for all parameters except IOP. Fifty-one percent of the examined raptors were positive for mycology or bacteriology, either on culture or PCR. The most common infectious agent isolated was Staphylococcus spp. CONCLUSIONS Phenol red thread test and STT are both valid methods to measure tear production; however, a separate baseline must be determined for each species using these methods, as the results of one method cannot be extrapolated to the other. Due to significant differences observed within diurnal and nocturnal species, it appears that a more intricate division should be used when comparing these parameters for raptors, and the classification of diurnal or nocturnal holds little significance in the baseline of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Kuhn SE, Jones MP, Hendrix DVH, Ward DA, Baine KH. Normal Ocular Parameters and Characterization of Ophthalmic Lesions in a Group of Captive Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). J Avian Med Surg 2013; 27:90-8. [DOI: 10.1647/2012-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, Selleri P. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious ferrets (Mustela putorius furo
) by means of rebound tonometry and comparison with applanation tonometry. Vet Rec 2013; 172:396. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Di Girolamo
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
| | - V. Andreani
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - A. Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - P. Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
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Lambert SR, Melia M, Buffenn AN, Chiang MF, Simpson JL, Yang MB. Rebound Tonometry in Children. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:e21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Barsotti G, Briganti A, Spratte JR, Ceccherelli R, Breghi G. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four European species of birds of prey. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:365-9. [PMID: 23173951 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine normal values for Schirmer tear test I and intraocular pressure in four European species of birds of prey. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty birds from each of the following species: Eurasian Tawny owl (Strix aluco), Little owl (Athene noctua), Common buzzard (Buteo buteo), and European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). PROCEDURES Both eyes of all birds (80 eyes) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a Schirmer tear test type I (STT-I) performed with commercially available strips and the assessment of the intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation tonometry, employing the Tonopen-XL(®) device. The animals, which had been taken to a rescue center, were examined for ocular lesions prior to their eventual release into the wild. STT-I readings and IOP values were expressed as means ± standard deviation. RESULTS Schirmer tear test type I readings were as follows: Eurasian Tawny owls: 3.12 ± 1.92 mm/min; Little owls: 3.5 ± 1.96 mm/min; Common buzzards: 12.47 ± 2.66 mm/min; European kestrels: 6.20 ± 3.67 mm/min. IOP values were as follows: Eurasian Tawny owls: 11.21 ± 3.12 mmHg; Little owls: 9.83 ± 3.41 mmHg; Common buzzards: 17.2 ± 3.53 mmHg; European kestrels: 8.53 ± 1.59 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study give representative values for STT-I and IOP in four of the most common species of birds of prey in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barsotti
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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