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Subramanian B, Williams S, Karp S, Hennino MF, Jacas S, Lee M, Riella CV, Alper SL, Higgs HN, Pollak MR. Missense Mutant Gain-of-Function Causes Inverted Formin 2 (INF2)-Related Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.08.598088. [PMID: 38915495 PMCID: PMC11195136 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.08.598088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Inverted formin-2 (INF2) gene mutations are among the most common causes of genetic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with or without Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Recent studies suggest that INF2, through its effects on actin and microtubule arrangement, can regulate processes including vesicle trafficking, cell adhesion, mitochondrial calcium uptake, mitochondrial fission, and T-cell polarization. Despite roles for INF2 in multiple cellular processes, neither the human pathogenic R218Q INF2 point mutation nor the INF2 knock-out allele is sufficient to cause disease in mice. This discrepancy challenges our efforts to explain the disease mechanism, as the link between INF2-related processes, podocyte structure, disease inheritance pattern, and their clinical presentation remains enigmatic. Here, we compared the kidney responses to puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) induced injury between R218Q INF2 point mutant knock-in and INF2 knock-out mouse models and show that R218Q INF2 mice are susceptible to developing proteinuria and FSGS. This contrasts with INF2 knock-out mice, which show only a minimal kidney phenotype. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation analysis of wild-type and mutant INF2 coupled with measurements of cellular actin content revealed that the R218Q INF2 point mutation confers a gain-of-function effect by altering the actin cytoskeleton, facilitated in part by alterations in INF2 localization. Differential analysis of RNA expression in PAN-stressed heterozygous R218Q INF2 point-mutant and heterozygous INF2 knock-out mouse glomeruli showed that the adhesion and mitochondria-related pathways were significantly enriched in the disease condition. Mouse podocytes with R218Q INF2, and an INF2-mutant human patient's kidney organoid-derived podocytes with an S186P INF2 mutation, recapitulate the defective adhesion and mitochondria phenotypes. These results link INF2-regulated cellular processes to the onset and progression of glomerular disease. Thus, our data demonstrate that gain-of-function mechanisms drive INF2-related FSGS and explain the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of this disease.
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Kang HM, Kim DS, Kim YK, Shin K, Ahn SJ, Jung CR. Guidelines for Manufacturing and Application of Organoids: Kidney. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:141-146. [PMID: 38764433 PMCID: PMC11170122 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in organoid technology have led to a vigorous movement towards utilizing it as a substitute for animal experiments. Organoid technology offers versatile applications, particularly in toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals or chemical substances. However, for the practical use in toxicity testing, minimal guidance is required to ensure reliability and relevance. This paper aims to provide minimal guidelines for practical uses of kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells as a toxicity evaluation model in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Organoid Standards Initiative
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kunyoo Shin
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Ahn
- Organoid Standards Initiative
- Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Organoid Standards Initiative
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Pahuja A, Goux Corredera I, Moya-Rull D, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Engineering physiological environments to advance kidney organoid models from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102306. [PMID: 38194750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the mammalian kidney arises because of reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), driving UB branching and nephron induction. These morphogenetic processes involve a series of cellular rearrangements that are tightly controlled by gene regulatory networks and signaling cascades. Here, we discuss how kidney developmental studies have informed the definition of procedures to obtain kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Moreover, bioengineering techniques have emerged as potential solutions to externally impose controlled microenvironments for organoid generation from hPSCs. Next, we summarize some of these advances with major focus On recent works merging hPSC-derived kidney organoids (hPSC-kidney organoids) with organ-on-chip to develop robust models for drug discovery and disease modeling applications. We foresee that, in the near future, coupling of different organoid models through bioengineering approaches will help advancing to recreate organ-to-organ crosstalk to increase our understanding on kidney disease progression in the human context and search for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Pahuja
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iphigénie Goux Corredera
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Yasuda M, Kato T, Okano M, Yamashita H, Matsuoka Y, Shirouzu Y, Fujioka T, Hattori F, Tsuji S, Kaneko K, Hitomi H. Efficient protocol for the differentiation of kidney podocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells, involving the inhibition of mTOR. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20010. [PMID: 37973990 PMCID: PMC10654390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes. However, the role of mTOR in podocytes remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of mTOR in podocyte differentiation from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and to establish an efficient differentiation protocol for human podocytes. We generated podocytes from hiPSCs by modifying protocol. The expression of the podocyte-specific slit membrane components nephrin and podocin was measured using PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunostaining; and the role of mTOR was evaluated using inhibitors of the mTOR pathway. Nephrin and podocin were found to be expressed in cells differentiated from hiPSCs, and their expression was increased by mTOR inhibitor treatment. S6, a downstream component of the mTOR pathway, was also found to be involved in podocyte differentiation. we evaluated its permeability to albumin, urea, and electrolytes. The induced podocytes were permeable to the small molecules, but only poorly permeable to albumin. We have shown that the mTOR pathway is involved in podocyte differentiation. Our monolayer podocyte differential protocol, using an mTOR inhibitor, provides a novel in vitro model for studies of kidney physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasuda
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kato
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Okano
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Shirouzu
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujioka
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hitomi
- Department of iPS Stem Cell Regenerative Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
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Stevenson MJ, Phanor SK, Patel U, Gisselbrecht SS, Bulyk ML, O'Brien LL. Altered binding affinity of SIX1-Q177R correlates with enhanced WNT5A and WNT pathway effector expression in Wilms tumor. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050208. [PMID: 37815464 PMCID: PMC10668032 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumors present as an amalgam of varying proportions of tissues located within the developing kidney, one being the nephrogenic blastema comprising multipotent nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). The recurring missense mutation Q177R in NPC transcription factors SIX1 and SIX2 is most correlated with tumors of blastemal histology and is significantly associated with relapse. Yet, the transcriptional regulatory consequences of SIX1/2-Q177R that might promote tumor progression and recurrence have not been investigated extensively. Utilizing multiple Wilms tumor transcriptomic datasets, we identified upregulation of the gene encoding non-canonical WNT ligand WNT5A in addition to other WNT pathway effectors in SIX1/2-Q177R mutant tumors. SIX1 ChIP-seq datasets from Wilms tumors revealed shared binding sites for SIX1/SIX1-Q177R within a promoter of WNT5A and at putative distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs). We demonstrate colocalization of SIX1 and WNT5A in Wilms tumor tissue and utilize in vitro assays that support SIX1 and SIX1-Q177R activation of expression from the WNT5A CREs, as well as enhanced binding affinity within the WNT5A promoter that may promote the differential expression of WNT5A and other WNT pathway effectors associated with SIX1-Q177R tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stevenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sabrina K. Phanor
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Urvi Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen S. Gisselbrecht
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martha L. Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lori L. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Yoshimura Y, Muto Y, Omachi K, Miner JH, Humphreys BD. Elucidating the Proximal Tubule HNF4A Gene Regulatory Network in Human Kidney Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1672-1686. [PMID: 37488681 PMCID: PMC10561821 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HNF4 genes promote proximal tubule differentiation in mice, but their function in human nephrogenesis is not fully defined. This study uses human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived kidney organoids as a model to investigate HNF4A and HNF4G functions. The loss of HNF4A , but not HNF4G , impaired reabsorption-related molecule expression and microvilli formation in human proximal tubules. Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) sequencing and CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) further confirm that HNF4A directly regulates its target genes. Human kidney organoids provide a good model for studying transcriptional regulation in human kidney development. BACKGROUND The proximal tubule plays a major role in electrolyte homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that HNF4A regulates reabsorption-related genes and promotes proximal tubule differentiation during murine kidney development. However, the functions and gene regulatory mechanisms of HNF4 family genes in human nephrogenesis have not yet been investigated. METHODS We generated HNF4A -knock out (KO), HNF4G -KO, and HNF4A/4G -double KO human pluripotent stem cell lines, differentiated each into kidney organoids, and used immunofluorescence analysis, electron microscopy, and RNA-seq to analyze them. We probed HNF4A-binding sites genome-wide by cleavage under targets and release using nuclease sequencing in both human adult kidneys and kidney organoid-derived proximal tubular cells. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-mediated transcriptional activation validated HNF4A and HNF4G function in proximal tubules during kidney organoid differentiation. RESULTS Organoids lacking HNF4A , but not HNF4G , showed reduced expression of transport-related, endocytosis-related, and brush border-related genes, as well as disorganized brush border structure in the apical lumen of the organoid proximal tubule. Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease revealed that HNF4A primarily bound promoters and enhancers of genes that were downregulated in HNF4A -KO, suggesting direct regulation. Induced expression of HNF4A or HNF4G by CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation drove increased expression of selected target genes during kidney organoid differentiation. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals regulatory mechanisms of HNF4A and HNF4G during human proximal tubule differentiation. The experimental strategy can be applied more broadly to investigate transcriptional regulation in human kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yoshiharu Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kohei Omachi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Nishinakamura R. Advances and challenges toward developing kidney organoids for clinical applications. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1017-1027. [PMID: 37541208 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids have enabled modeling of human development and disease. While methods of generating the nephron lineage are well established, new protocols to induce another lineage, the ureteric bud/collecting duct, have been reported in the past 5 years. Many reports have described modeling of various hereditary kidney diseases, with polycystic kidney disease serving as the archetypal disease, by using patient-derived or genome-edited kidney organoids. The generation of more organotypic kidneys is also becoming feasible. In this review, I also discuss the significant challenges for more sophisticated disease modeling and for realizing the ambitious goal of generating transplantable synthetic kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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Uzarski JS, Beck EC, Russell EE, Vanderslice EJ, Holzner ML, Wadhera V, Adamson D, Shapiro R, Davidow DS, Ross JJ, Florman SS. Sustained in vivo perfusion of a re-endothelialized tissue engineered kidney graft in a human-scale animal model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1184408. [PMID: 37388767 PMCID: PMC10307518 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1184408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Despite progress in whole-organ decellularization and recellularization, maintaining long-term perfusion in vivo remains a hurdle to realizing clinical translation of bioengineered kidney grafts. The objectives for the present study were to define a threshold glucose consumption rate (GCR) that could be used to predict in vivo graft hemocompatibility and utilize this threshold to assess the in vivo performance of clinically relevant decellularized porcine kidney grafts recellularized with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Materials and methods: Twenty-two porcine kidneys were decellularized and 19 were re-endothelialized using HUVECs. Functional revascularization of control decellularized (n = 3) and re-endothelialized porcine kidneys (n = 16) was tested using an ex vivo porcine blood flow model to define an appropriate metabolic glucose consumption rate (GCR) threshold above which would sustain patent blood flow. Re-endothelialized grafts (n = 9) were then transplanted into immunosuppressed pigs with perfusion measured using angiography post-implant and on days 3 and 7 with 3 native kidneys used as controls. Patent recellularized kidney grafts underwent histological analysis following explant. Results: The glucose consumption rate of recellularized kidney grafts reached a peak of 39.9 ± 9.7 mg/h at 21 ± 5 days, at which point the grafts were determined to have sufficient histological vascular coverage with endothelial cells. Based on these results, a minimum glucose consumption rate threshold of 20 mg/h was set. The revascularized kidneys had a mean perfusion percentage of 87.7% ± 10.3%, 80.9% ± 33.1%, and 68.5% ± 38.6% post-reperfusion on Days 0, 3 and 7, respectively. The 3 native kidneys had a mean post-perfusion percentage of 98.4% ± 1.6%. These results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that human-scale bioengineered porcine kidney grafts developed via perfusion decellularization and subsequent re-endothelialization using HUVEC can maintain patency with consistent blood flow for up to 7 days in vivo. These results lay the foundation for future research to produce human-scale recellularized kidney grafts for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C. Beck
- Miromatrix Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, United States
| | | | | | - Matthew L. Holzner
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vikram Wadhera
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dylan Adamson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ron Shapiro
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jeff J. Ross
- Miromatrix Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, United States
| | - Sander S. Florman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, New York, NY, United States
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The "3Ds" of Growing Kidney Organoids: Advances in Nephron Development, Disease Modeling, and Drug Screening. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040549. [PMID: 36831216 PMCID: PMC9954122 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A kidney organoid is a three-dimensional (3D) cellular aggregate grown from stem cells in vitro that undergoes self-organization, recapitulating aspects of normal renal development to produce nephron structures that resemble the native kidney organ. These miniature kidney-like structures can also be derived from primary patient cells and thus provide simplified context to observe how mutations in kidney-disease-associated genes affect organogenesis and physiological function. In the past several years, advances in kidney organoid technologies have achieved the formation of renal organoids with enhanced numbers of specialized cell types, less heterogeneity, and more architectural complexity. Microfluidic bioreactor culture devices, single-cell transcriptomics, and bioinformatic analyses have accelerated the development of more sophisticated renal organoids and tailored them to become increasingly amenable to high-throughput experimentation. However, many significant challenges remain in realizing the use of kidney organoids for renal replacement therapies. This review presents an overview of the renal organoid field and selected highlights of recent cutting-edge kidney organoid research with a focus on embryonic development, modeling renal disease, and personalized drug screening.
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Tubuloid culture enables long-term expansion of functional human kidney tubule epithelium from iPSC-derived organoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216836120. [PMID: 36724260 PMCID: PMC9963523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216836120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have proven valuable for studies of kidney development, disease, and therapeutic screening. However, specific applications have been hampered by limited expansion capacity, immaturity, off-target cells, and inability to access the apical side. Here, we apply recently developed tubuloid protocols to purify and propagate kidney epithelium from d7+18 (post nephrogenesis) iPSC-derived organoids. The resulting 'iPSC organoid-derived (iPSCod)' tubuloids can be exponentially expanded for at least 2.5 mo, while retaining expression of important tubular transporters and segment-specific markers. This approach allows for selective propagation of the mature tubular epithelium, as immature cells, stroma, and undesirable off-target cells rapidly disappeared. iPSCod tubuloids provide easy apical access, which enabled functional evaluation and demonstration of essential secretion and electrolyte reabsorption processes. In conclusion, iPSCod tubuloids provide a different, complementary human kidney model that unlocks opportunities for functional characterization, disease modeling, and regenerative nephrology.
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Romero-Guevara R, Nicolaou O, Petracca B, Shaheed S, Sutton C, Frangou E, Afami M, Kyriacou K, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Patient-derived podocyte spheroids reveal new insights into the etiopathogenesis of Alport syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1111424. [PMID: 36936689 PMCID: PMC10018139 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1111424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is a rare disease characterized by defective glomerular basement membranes, caused by mutations in COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5, which synthesize collagen type IV. Patients present with progressive proteinuria, hematuria and podocyte loss. There is currently no cure for Alport syndrome, and this is mainly due to its complex and variable pathogenesis, as well as the lack of models that can faithfully mimic the human phenotype. Here we have developed a novel human culture model of Alport syndrome and used it to study the effects of different mutations on podocyte development and biology. First, we established a differentiation protocol that allowed us to generate podocyte spheroids from patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We have then carried out discovery proteomics and demonstrated that a total of 178 proteins were differentially expressed between Alport (AS1 and AS3) and control (LT) podocytes. GO analysis indicated alterations in several metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, RNA maturation, chromatin condensation, and proliferation. Although functional assays showed no changes in lactate production and mitochondrial potential compared to healthy controls, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analysis showed key morphological changes related to the phenotypical maturation of Alport podocytes. Moreover, the studied mutations led to persistent proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the concomitant expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ (PPARα and PPARγ) in podocytes. These data on patient-derived podocytes provide evidence that collagen mutations, in addition to playing a central role in the defective development of the glomerular filtration barrier, cause significant alterations in podocyte development and metabolism very early in development, even before the formation of the filtering apparatus. In conclusion, our study provides a new methodological platform for the differentiation of podocytes and to study human podocytopathies in a personalized manner, and reveals new insights into the etiopathogenesis and pathobiology of Alport syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Romero-Guevara
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Orthodoxia Nicolaou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics, and Ultrastructural Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Benedetta Petracca
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research “Mario Negri”, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sadr Shaheed
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Sutton
- School of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Frangou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Nephrology, Limassol General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marina Afami
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics, and Ultrastructural Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Adonis Ioannides
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Organ Regeneration, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research “Mario Negri”, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Christodoulos Xinaris, ,
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12
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Yamatani Y, Nakai K. Comprehensive comparison of gene expression diversity among a variety of human stem cells. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac087. [PMCID: PMC9706419 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several factors, including tissue origins and culture conditions, affect the gene expression of undifferentiated stem cells. However, understanding the basic identity across different stem cells has not been pursued well despite its importance in stem cell biology. Thus, we aimed to rank the relative importance of multiple factors to gene expression profile among undifferentiated human stem cells by analyzing publicly available RNA-seq datasets. We first conducted batch effect correction to avoid undefined variance in the dataset as possible. Then, we highlighted the relative impact of biological and technical factors among undifferentiated stem cell types: a more influence on tissue origins in induced pluripotent stem cells than in other stem cell types; a stronger impact of culture condition in embryonic stem cells and somatic stem cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, we found that a characteristic gene module, enriched in histones, exhibits higher expression across different stem cell types that were annotated by specific culture conditions. This tendency was also observed in mouse stem cell RNA-seq data. Our findings would help to obtain general insights into stem cell quality, such as the balance of differentiation potentials that undifferentiated stem cells possess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Yamatani
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 3 5449 5131; Fax: +81 3 5449 5133;
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13
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Buvall L, Menzies RI, Williams J, Woollard KJ, Kumar C, Granqvist AB, Fritsch M, Feliers D, Reznichenko A, Gianni D, Petrovski S, Bendtsen C, Bohlooly-Y M, Haefliger C, Danielson RF, Hansen PBL. Selecting the right therapeutic target for kidney disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971065. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a complex disease with several different etiologies and underlying associated pathophysiology. This is reflected by the lack of effective treatment therapies in chronic kidney disease (CKD) that stop disease progression. However, novel strategies, recent scientific breakthroughs, and technological advances have revealed new possibilities for finding novel disease drivers in CKD. This review describes some of the latest advances in the field and brings them together in a more holistic framework as applied to identification and validation of disease drivers in CKD. It uses high-resolution ‘patient-centric’ omics data sets, advanced in silico tools (systems biology, connectivity mapping, and machine learning) and ‘state-of-the-art‘ experimental systems (complex 3D systems in vitro, CRISPR gene editing, and various model biological systems in vivo). Application of such a framework is expected to increase the likelihood of successful identification of novel drug candidates based on strong human target validation and a better scientific understanding of underlying mechanisms.
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14
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Dorison A, Forbes TA, Little MH. What can we learn from kidney organoids? Kidney Int 2022; 102:1013-1029. [PMID: 35970244 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate 3-dimensional models of the developing human kidney via the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells-termed kidney organoids-has been hailed as a major advance in experimental nephrology. Although these provide an opportunity to interrogate human development, model-specific kidney diseases facilitate drug screening and even deliver bioengineered tissue; most of these prophetic end points remain to be realized. Indeed, at present we are still finding out what we can learn and what we cannot learn from this approach. In this review, we will summarize the approaches available to generate models of the human kidney from stem cells, the existing successful applications of kidney organoids, their limitations, and remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Kalejaiye TD, Barreto AD, Musah S. Translating Organoids into Artificial Kidneys. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2022; 9:276-286. [PMID: 36311696 PMCID: PMC9592871 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-022-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Kidney disease affects more than 13% of the world population, and current treatment options are limited to dialysis and organ transplantation. The generation of kidney organoids from human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells could be harnessed to engineer artificial organs and help overcome the challenges associated with the limited supply of transplantable kidneys. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in kidney organoid generation and transplantation and highlight some existing challenges in the field. We also examined possible improvements that could help realize the potential of organoids as artificial organs or alternatives for kidney transplantation therapy. Recent Findings Organoids are useful for understanding the mechanisms of kidney development, and they provide robust platforms for drug screening, disease modeling, and generation of tissues for organ replacement therapies. Efforts to design organoids rely on the ability of cells to self-assemble and pattern themselves into recognizable tissues. While existing protocols for generating organoids result in multicellular structures reminiscent of the developing kidney, many do not yet fully recapitulate the complex cellular composition, structure, and functions of the intact kidney. Recent advances toward achieving these goals include identifying cell culture conditions that produce organoids with improved vasculature and cell maturation and functional states. Still, additional improvements are needed to enhance tissue patterning, specialization, and function, and avoid tumorigenicity after transplantation. Summary This report focuses on kidney organoid studies, advancements and limitations, and future directions for improvements towards transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilola D. Kalejaiye
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Amanda D. Barreto
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Samira Musah
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA ,Affiliate Faculty of the Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke Regeneration Center, and Duke MEDx Initiative, Durham, NC USA
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16
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5943. [PMID: 36209212 PMCID: PMC9547573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Discovery of anti-Formin-like 1 protein (FMNL1) antibodies in membranous nephropathy and other glomerular diseases. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13659. [PMID: 35953506 PMCID: PMC9372176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that podocyte-directed autoantibodies can cause membranous nephropathy (MN). In the present work we investigated sera of MN patients using a high-density peptide array covering the whole coding sequences of the human genome encompassing 7,499,126 tiled peptides. A panel of 21 proteins reactive to MN sera were identified. We focused our attention on Formin-like 1 (FMNL1), a protein expressed by macrophages in MN patients tissues. High levels of anti-FMNL1 IgG4 were demonstrated in sera of MN patients with an orthogonal methodology (ELISA) contemporary demonstrating FMNL1 positive cells in kidney co-staining with CD68 in glomeruli. High levels of circulating anti-FMNL1 IgG4 were associated with lack of remission of proteinuria, potentially indicating that autoantibodies directed against cells other than podocytes, involved in tissue repair, might play a role in MN disease progression. High serum levels of anti-FMNL1 IgGs were also observed in other non-autoimmune glomerolonephrites, i.e. idiopathic and genetic FSGS, IgAGN. These findings are suggestive of a broader role of those autoantibodies in other glomerular disease conditions.
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18
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Tran T, Song CJ, Nguyen T, Cheng SY, McMahon JA, Yang R, Guo Q, Der B, Lindström NO, Lin DCH, McMahon AP. A scalable organoid model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease for disease mechanism and drug discovery. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1083-1101.e7. [PMID: 35803227 PMCID: PMC11088748 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids are models for human development and disease. We report a modified human kidney organoid system that generates thousands of similar organoids, each consisting of 1-2 nephron-like structures. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and immunofluorescence validation highlighted patterned nephron-like structures utilizing similar pathways, with distinct morphogenesis, to human nephrogenesis. To examine this platform for therapeutic screening, the polycystic kidney disease genes PKD1 and PKD2 were inactivated by gene editing. PKD1 and PKD2 mutant models exhibited efficient and reproducible cyst formation. Cystic outgrowths could be propagated for months to centimeter-sized cysts. To shed new light on cystogenesis, 247 protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) were screened in a live imaging assay identifying compounds blocking cyst formation but not overall organoid growth. Scaling and further development of the organoid platform will enable a broader capability for kidney disease modeling and high-throughput drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Cheng Jack Song
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shun-Yang Cheng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel C-H Lin
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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19
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.10.14.464320. [PMID: 35665006 PMCID: PMC9164445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T. Lawlor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E. Howden
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Author for correspondence: M.H.L.: +61 3 9936 6206;
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20
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Jansen J, van den Berge BT, van den Broek M, Maas RJ, Daviran D, Willemsen B, Roverts R, van der Kruit M, Kuppe C, Reimer KC, Di Giovanni G, Mooren F, Nlandu Q, Mudde H, Wetzels R, den Braanker D, Parr N, Nagai JS, Drenic V, Costa IG, Steenbergen E, Nijenhuis T, Dijkman H, Endlich N, van de Kar NCAJ, Schneider RK, Wetzels JFM, Akiva A, van der Vlag J, Kramann R, Schreuder MF, Smeets B. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids for personalized congenital and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome modeling. Development 2022; 149:275031. [PMID: 35417019 PMCID: PMC9148570 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by severe proteinuria as a consequence of kidney glomerular injury due to podocyte damage. In vitro models mimicking in vivo podocyte characteristics are a prerequisite to resolve NS pathogenesis. The detailed characterization of organoid podocytes resulting from a hybrid culture protocol showed a podocyte population that resembles adult podocytes and was superior compared with 2D counterparts, based on single-cell RNA sequencing, super-resolution imaging and electron microscopy. In this study, these next-generation podocytes in kidney organoids enabled personalized idiopathic nephrotic syndrome modeling, as shown by activated slit diaphragm signaling and podocyte injury following protamine sulfate, puromycin aminonucleoside treatment and exposure to NS plasma containing pathogenic permeability factors. Organoids cultured from cells of a patient with heterozygous NPHS2 mutations showed poor NPHS2 expression and aberrant NPHS1 localization, which was reversible after genetic correction. Repaired organoids displayed increased VEGFA pathway activity and transcription factor activity known to be essential for podocyte physiology, as shown by RNA sequencing. This study shows that organoids are the preferred model of choice to study idiopathic and congenital podocytopathies. Summary: Kidney organoid podocytes generated from human pluripotent stem cells using a hybrid differentiation protocol allow podocyte pathophysiology modeling that leads to congenital as well as idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitske Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bartholomeus T van den Berge
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van den Broek
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Maas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deniz Daviran
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brigith Willemsen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rona Roverts
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marit van der Kruit
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Katharina C Reimer
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Gianluca Di Giovanni
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fieke Mooren
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Quincy Nlandu
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helmer Mudde
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Wetzels
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk den Braanker
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Parr
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James S Nagai
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Achen 52062, Germany.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | | | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Achen 52062, Germany.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Eric Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Dijkman
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Endlich
- NIPOKA, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole C A J van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F M Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Biochemistry, Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc Technology Center Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 29, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52062, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Nunez-Nescolarde AB, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Combes AN. Human Kidney Organoids and Tubuloids as Models of Complex Kidney Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:738-749. [PMID: 35181335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells and epithelial organoids derived from adult tissue (tubuloids) have been used to study various kidney disorders with a strong genetic component, such as polycystic kidney disease, Wilms tumor, and congenital nephrotic syndrome. However, complex disorders without clear genetic associations, such as acute kidney injury and many forms of chronic kidney disease, are only just beginning to be investigated using these in vitro approaches. Although organoids are a reductionist model, they contain clinically relevant cell populations that may help to elucidate human-specific pathogenic mechanisms. Thus, organoids may complement animal disease models to accelerate the translation of laboratory proof-of-concept research into clinical practice. This review discusses whether kidney organoids and tubuloids are suitable models for the study of complex human kidney disease and highlights their advantages and limitations compared with monolayer cell culture and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Nunez-Nescolarde
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Valverde MG, Mille LS, Figler KP, Cervantes E, Li VY, Bonventre JV, Masereeuw R, Zhang YS. Biomimetic models of the glomerulus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:241-257. [PMID: 35064233 PMCID: PMC9949601 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomimetic models of the glomerulus has the potential to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and to enable progress in therapeutics. Current in vitro models comprise organ-on-a-chip, scaffold-based and organoid approaches. Glomerulus-on-a-chip designs mimic components of glomerular microfluidic flow but lack the inherent complexity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Scaffold-based 3D culture systems and organoids provide greater microenvironmental complexity but do not replicate fluid flows and dynamic responses to fluidic stimuli. As the available models do not accurately model the structure or filtration function of the glomerulus, their applications are limited. An optimal approach to glomerular modelling is yet to be developed, but the field will probably benefit from advances in biofabrication techniques. In particular, 3D bioprinting technologies could enable the fabrication of constructs that recapitulate the complex structure of the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration barrier. The next generation of in vitro glomerular models must be suitable for high(er)-content or/and high(er)-throughput screening to enable continuous and systematic monitoring. Moreover, coupling of glomerular or kidney models with those of other organs is a promising approach to enable modelling of partial or full-body responses to drugs and prediction of therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Valverde
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luis S Mille
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kianti P Figler
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ernesto Cervantes
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Y Li
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Doi K, Kimura H, Matsunaga YT, Fujii T, Nangaku M. Glomerulus-on-a-Chip: Current Insights and Future Potential Towards Recapitulating Selectively Permeable Filtration Systems. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2022; 15:85-101. [PMID: 35299832 PMCID: PMC8922329 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s344725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerulopathy, characterized by a dysfunctional glomerular capillary wall, results in proteinuria, leading to end-stage renal failure and poor clinical outcomes, including renal death and increased overall mortality. Conventional glomerulopathy research, including drug discovery, has mostly relied on animal experiments because in-vitro glomerulus models, capable of evaluating functional selective permeability, was unavailable in conventional in-vitro cell culture systems. However, animal experiments have limitations, including time- and cost-consuming, multi-organ effects, unstable reproducibility, inter-species reliability, and the social situation in the EU and US, where animal experiments have been discouraged. Glomerulus-on-a-chip, a new in-vitro organ model, has recently been developed in the field of organ-on-a-chip research based on microfluidic device technology. In the glomerulus-on-a-chip, the podocytes and endothelial cells are co-cultured in a microfluidic device with physical stimuli that mimic the physiological environment to enhance cell function to construct a functional filtration barrier, which can be assessed by permeability assays using fluorescently labeled molecules including inulin and albumin. A combination of this glomerulus-on-a chip technology with the culture technology to induce podocytes and endothelial cells from the human pluripotent stem cells could provide an alternative organ model and solve the issue of animal experiments. Additionally, previous experiments have verified the difference in the leakage of albumin using differentiated podocytes derived from patients with Alport syndrome, such that it could be applied to intractable hereditary glomerulopathy models. In this review, we provide an overview of the features of the existing glomerulus-on-a-chip systems, focusing on how they can address selective permeability verification tests, and the challenges they involved. We finally discuss the future approaches that should be developed for solving those challenges and allow further improvement of glomerulus-on-a-chip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Doi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Liu M, Cardilla A, Ngeow J, Gong X, Xia Y. Studying Kidney Diseases Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845401. [PMID: 35309912 PMCID: PMC8927804 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing over the last few decades, owing to the global increase in diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Dialysis greatly compromises the life quality of patients, while demand for transplantable kidney cannot be met, underscoring the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to stop or reverse CKD progression. Our understanding of kidney disease is primarily derived from studies using animal models and cell culture. While cross-species differences made it challenging to fully translate findings from animal models into clinical practice, primary patient cells quickly lose the original phenotypes during in vitro culture. Over the last decade, remarkable achievements have been made for generating 3-dimensional (3D) miniature organs (organoids) by exposing stem cells to culture conditions that mimic the signaling cues required for the development of a particular organ or tissue. 3D kidney organoids have been successfully generated from different types of source cells, including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), adult/fetal renal tissues, and kidney cancer biopsy. Alongside gene editing tools, hPSC-derived kidney organoids are being harnessed to model genetic kidney diseases. In comparison, adult kidney-derived tubuloids and kidney cancer-derived tumoroids are still in their infancy. Herein, we first summarize the currently available kidney organoid models. Next, we discuss recent advances in kidney disease modelling using organoid models. Finally, we consider the major challenges that have hindered the application of kidney organoids in disease modelling and drug evaluation and propose prospective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelysia Cardilla
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ximing Gong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
| | - Yun Xia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Ximing Gong, ; Yun Xia,
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25
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Yu P, Duan Z, Liu S, Pachon I, Ma J, Hemstreet GP, Zhang Y. Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity Assessment in 3D Cellular Models. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010003. [PMID: 35056167 PMCID: PMC8780064 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are often involved in adverse effects and toxicity caused by exposure to foreign compounds, chemicals, and drugs. Early predictions of these influences are essential to facilitate new, safe drugs to enter the market. However, in current drug treatments, drug-induced nephrotoxicity accounts for 1/4 of reported serious adverse reactions, and 1/3 of them are attributable to antibiotics. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is driven by multiple mechanisms, including altered glomerular hemodynamics, renal tubular cytotoxicity, inflammation, crystal nephropathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Although the functional proteins expressed by renal tubules that mediate drug sensitivity are well known, current in vitro 2D cell models do not faithfully replicate the morphology and intact renal tubule function, and therefore, they do not replicate in vivo nephrotoxicity. The kidney is delicate and complex, consisting of a filter unit and a tubular part, which together contain more than 20 different cell types. The tubular epithelium is highly polarized, and maintaining cellular polarity is essential for the optimal function and response to environmental signals. Cell polarity depends on the communication between cells, including paracrine and autocrine signals, as well as biomechanical and chemotaxis processes. These processes affect kidney cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. For drug disposal research, the microenvironment is essential for predicting toxic reactions. This article reviews the mechanism of drug-induced kidney injury, the types of nephrotoxicity models (in vivo and in vitro models), and the research progress related to drug-induced nephrotoxicity in three-dimensional (3D) cellular culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yu
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Fourth Department of Liver Disease, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (P.Y.); (Z.D.); (S.L.)
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ivan Pachon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | | | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-336-713-1189
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26
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Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids toward clinical implementations. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Dissecting nephron morphogenesis using kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:22-29. [PMID: 34781071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During kidney development the emergence of complex multicellular shapes such as the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) rely on spatiotemporally coordinated developmental programs. These involve gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and mechanical forces, that work in concert to shape and form the nephron(s). The generation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells now represent an unprecedented experimental set up to study these processes. Here we discuss the potential applications of kidney organoids to advance our knowledge of how mechanical forces and cell fate specification spatiotemporally interact to orchestrate nephron patterning and morphogenesis in humans. Progress in innovative techniques for quantifying and perturbing these processes in a controlled manner will be crucial. A mechanistic understanding of the multicellular dynamic processes occurring during nephrogenesis will pave the way to unveil new mechanisms of human kidney disease.
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28
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Liu W, Huang G, Rui H, Geng J, Hu H, Huang Y, Huo G, Liu B, Xu A. Course monitoring of membranous nephropathy: Both autoantibodies and podocytes require multidimensional attention. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:102976. [PMID: 34757091 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A variety of podocyte antigens have been identified in human membranous nephropathy (MN), which is divided into various antigen-dominated subtypes, confirming the concept that MN is the common pattern of glomerular injury in multiple autoimmune responses. The detection of autoantibodies has been widely used, which promoted the clinical practice of MN toward personalized precision medicine. However, given the potential risks of immunosuppressive therapy, more autoantibodies and biomarkers need to be identified to predict the prognosis and therapeutic response of MN more accurately. In this review, we attempted to summarize the autoantigens/autoantibodies and autoimmune mechanisms that can predict disease states based on the current understanding of MN pathogenesis, especially the podocyte injury manifestations. In conclusion, both the autoimmune response and podocyte injury require multidimensional attention in the disease course of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haikun Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guiyang Huo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Anlong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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29
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Al-Rabadi LF, Caza T, Trivin-Avillach C, Rodan AR, Andeen N, Hayashi N, Williams B, Revelo MP, Clayton F, Abraham J, Lin E, Liou W, Zou CJ, Ramkumar N, Cummins T, Wilkey DW, Kawalit I, Herzog C, Storey A, Edmondson R, Sjoberg R, Yang T, Chien J, Merchant M, Arthur J, Klein J, Larsen C, Beck LH. Serine Protease HTRA1 as a Novel Target Antigen in Primary Membranous Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1666-1681. [PMID: 33952630 PMCID: PMC8425645 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of target antigens PLA2R, THSD7A, NELL1, or Semaphorin-3B can explain the majority of cases of primary membranous nephropathy (MN). However, target antigens remain unidentified in 15%-20% of patients. METHODS A multipronged approach, using traditional and modern technologies, converged on a novel target antigen, and capitalized on the temporal variation in autoantibody titer for biomarker discovery. Immunoblotting of human glomerular proteins followed by differential immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analysis was complemented by laser-capture microdissection followed by mass spectrometry, elution of immune complexes from renal biopsy specimen tissue, and autoimmune profiling on a protein fragment microarray. RESULTS These approaches identified serine protease HTRA1 as a novel podocyte antigen in a subset of patients with primary MN. Sera from two patients reacted by immunoblotting with a 51-kD protein within glomerular extract and with recombinant human HTRA1, under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Longitudinal serum samples from these patients seemed to correlate with clinical disease activity. As in PLA2R- and THSD7A- associated MN, anti-HTRA1 antibodies were predominantly IgG4, suggesting a primary etiology. Analysis of sera collected during active disease versus remission on protein fragment microarrays detected significantly higher titers of anti-HTRA1 antibody in active disease. HTRA1 was specifically detected within immune deposits of HTRA1-associated MN in 14 patients identified among three cohorts. Screening of 118 "quadruple-negative" (PLA2R-, THSD7A-, NELL1-, EXT2-negative) patients in a large repository of MN biopsy specimens revealed a prevalence of 4.2%. CONCLUSIONS Conventional and more modern techniques converged to identify serine protease HTRA1 as a target antigen in MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Farah Al-Rabadi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Claire Trivin-Avillach
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nicole Andeen
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Norifumi Hayashi
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Brandi Williams
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica P. Revelo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Fred Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jo Abraham
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edwin Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Willisa Liou
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chang-Jiang Zou
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tim Cummins
- Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel W. Wilkey
- Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Issa Kawalit
- International Renal Care Association, Amman, Jordan
| | - Christian Herzog
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Aaron Storey
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Rick Edmondson
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ronald Sjoberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Davis, California
| | - Michael Merchant
- Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - John Arthur
- Nephrology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jon Klein
- Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Laurence H. Beck
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Djenoune L, Tomar R, Dorison A, Ghobrial I, Schenk H, Hegermann J, Beverly-Staggs L, Hidalgo-Gonzalez A, Little MH, Drummond IA. Autonomous Calcium Signaling in Human and Zebrafish Podocytes Controls Kidney Filtration Barrier Morphogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1697-1712. [PMID: 33911000 PMCID: PMC8425667 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocytes are critical to maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier, and mutations in nephrotic syndrome genes are known to affect podocyte calcium signaling. However, the role of calcium signaling during podocyte development remains unknown. METHODS We undertook live imaging of calcium signaling in developing podocytes, using zebrafish larvae and human kidney organoids. To evaluate calcium signaling during development and in response to channel blockers and genetic defects, the calcium biosensor GCaMP6s was expressed in zebrafish podocytes. We used electron microscopy to evaluate filtration barrier formation in zebrafish, and Fluo-4 to detect calcium signals in differentiating podocytes in human kidney organoids. RESULTS Immature zebrafish podocytes (2.5 days postfertilization) generated calcium transients that correlated with interactions with forming glomerular capillaries. Calcium transients persisted until 4 days postfertilization, and were absent after glomerular barrier formation was complete. We detected similar calcium transients in maturing human organoid glomeruli, suggesting a conserved mechanism. In both models, inhibitors of SERCA or IP3 receptor calcium-release channels blocked calcium transients in podocytes, whereas lanthanum was ineffective, indicating the calcium source is from intracellular podocyte endoplasmic-reticulum stores. Calcium transients were not affected by blocking heartbeat or by blocking development of endothelium or endoderm, and they persisted in isolated glomeruli, suggesting podocyte-autonomous calcium release. Inhibition of expression of phospholipase C-γ1, but not nephrin or phospholipase C-ε1, led to significantly decreased calcium activity. Finally, blocking calcium release affected glomerular shape and podocyte foot process formation, supporting the critical role of calcium signaling in glomerular morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish podocyte cell-autonomous calcium signaling as a prominent and evolutionarily conserved feature of podocyte differentiation and demonstrate its requirement for podocyte foot process formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ritu Tomar
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Aude Dorison
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Ghobrial
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heiko Schenk
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lynne Beverly-Staggs
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | | | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Aging, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
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31
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Rizki-Safitri A, Traitteur T, Morizane R. Bioengineered Kidney Models: Methods and Functional Assessments. FUNCTION 2021; 2:zqab026. [PMID: 35330622 PMCID: PMC8788738 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations into bioengineering kidneys have been extensively conducted owing to their potential for preclinical assays and regenerative medicine. Various approaches and methods have been developed to improve the structure and function of bioengineered kidneys. Assessments of functional properties confirm the adequacy of bioengineered kidneys for multipurpose translational applications. This review is to summarize the studies performed in kidney bioengineering in the past decade. We identified 84 original articles from PubMed and Mendeley with keywords of kidney organoid or kidney tissue engineering. Those were categorized into 5 groups based on their approach: de-/recellularization of kidney, reaggregation of kidney cells, kidney organoids, kidney in scaffolds, and kidney-on-a-chip. These models were physiologically assessed by filtration, tubular reabsorption/secretion, hormone production, and nephrotoxicity. We found that bioengineered kidney models have been developed from simple cell cultures to multicellular systems to recapitulate kidney function and diseases. Meanwhile, only about 50% of these studies conducted functional assessments on their kidney models. Factors including cell composition and organization are likely to alter the applicability of physiological assessments in bioengineered kidneys. Combined with recent technologies, physiological assessments importantly contribute to the improvement of the bioengineered kidney model toward repairing and refunctioning the damaged kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astia Rizki-Safitri
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamara Traitteur
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Przepiorski A, Crunk AE, Espiritu EB, Hukriede NA, Davidson AJ. The Utility of Human Kidney Organoids in Modeling Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2021; 40:188-198. [PMID: 32303281 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of three-dimensional kidney tissue (organoids) from human pluripotent stem cell lines provides a valuable tool to examine kidney function in an in vitro model and could be used for regenerative medicine approaches. Kidney organoids have the potential to model kidney diseases and congenital defects, be used for drug development, and to further our understanding of acute kidney injury, fibrosis, and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we examine the current stage of pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoid technology, challenges, shortcomings, and regenerative potential of kidney organoids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Przepiorski
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Amanda E Crunk
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eugenel B Espiritu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the mesangial identity and species diversity of glomerular cell transcriptomes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2141. [PMID: 33837218 PMCID: PMC8035407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of the individual cell types in human kidney as well as model organisms are critical in defining organ function and understanding translational aspects of biomedical research. Previous studies have uncovered gene expression profiles of several kidney glomerular cell types, however, important cells, including mesangial (MCs) and glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs), are missing or incompletely described, and a systematic comparison between mouse and human kidney is lacking. To this end, we use Smart-seq2 to profile 4332 individual glomerulus-associated cells isolated from human living donor renal biopsies and mouse kidney. The analysis reveals genetic programs for all four glomerular cell types (podocytes, glomerular endothelial cells, MCs and PECs) as well as rare glomerulus-associated macula densa cells. Importantly, we detect heterogeneity in glomerulus-associated Pdgfrb-expressing cells, including bona fide intraglomerular MCs with the functionally active phagocytic molecular machinery, as well as a unique mural cell type located in the central stalk region of the glomerulus tuft. Furthermore, we observe remarkable species differences in the individual gene expression profiles of defined glomerular cell types that highlight translational challenges in the field and provide a guide to design translational studies. The molecular identity of renal glomerular cells is poorly characterized and rodent glomerulopathy models translate poorly to humans. Here, the authors show molecular signatures of glomerulus-associated cells using single cell RNA sequencing and highlight differences between mouse and human cells.
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34
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Howden SE, Wilson SB, Groenewegen E, Starks L, Forbes TA, Tan KS, Vanslambrouck JM, Holloway EM, Chen YH, Jain S, Spence JR, Little MH. Plasticity of distal nephron epithelia from human kidney organoids enables the induction of ureteric tip and stalk. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:671-684.e6. [PMID: 33378647 PMCID: PMC8026527 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During development, distinct progenitors contribute to the nephrons versus the ureteric epithelium of the kidney. Indeed, previous human pluripotent stem-cell-derived models of kidney tissue either contain nephrons or pattern specifically to the ureteric epithelium. By re-analyzing the transcriptional distinction between distal nephron and ureteric epithelium in human fetal kidney, we show here that, while existing nephron-containing kidney organoids contain distal nephron epithelium and no ureteric epithelium, this distal nephron segment alone displays significant in vitro plasticity and can adopt a ureteric epithelial tip identity when isolated and cultured in defined conditions. "Induced" ureteric epithelium cultures can be cryopreserved, serially passaged without loss of identity, and transitioned toward a collecting duct fate. Cultures harboring loss-of-function mutations in PKHD1 also recapitulate the cystic phenotype associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia.
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Lakshi Starks
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason R Spence
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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35
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Shimizu T, Yamagata K, Osafune K. Kidney organoids: Research in developmental biology and emerging applications. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:166-177. [PMID: 33569792 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have drastically changed the field of stem cell research on human kidneys within a few years. They are self-organizing multicellular structures that contain nephron components such as glomeruli and renal tubules in most cases, but hPSC-derived ureteric buds, the progenitors of collecting ducts and ureters, can also form three-dimensional organoids. Today's challenges facing human kidney organoids are further maturation and anatomical integrity in order to achieve a complete model of the developing kidneys and ultimately a complete adult organ. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and impaired kidney function are an increasing burden on public health worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments for various renal conditions. In this regard, hPSC-derived kidney organoids may impact medicine by providing new translational approaches. The unique ability of kidney organoids derived from disease-specific hPSCs to reproduce human diseases caused by genetic alterations may help provide the next generation of kidney disease models. Recent advances in the field of kidney organoid research have been generally accompanied by progress in developmental biology and other technological breakthroughs. In this review, we consider the current trends in kidney organoid technology, especially focusing on the relationship to the study of human kidney development, and discuss the remaining hurdles and prospects in regenerating human kidney structures beyond organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Shimizu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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36
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Dembele M, Delafosse M, Yousfi N, Debiec H, Ngo K, Plaisier E, Ronco P, Perry G. [Models of glomerular filtration barrier : New developments]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:242-248. [PMID: 33739271 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the latest innovations to generate in vitro models of the glomerular filtration barrier. There is currently a growing interest for such model systems that allow to reduce the use of animal models. Methodologies to improve their physiological relevance have taken advantage of the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and of bioengineering, particularly tissue engineering. Here, we first introduce the methods to overcome the limitations of the currently used glomerular cells based on the use of stem cells. The different approaches to obtain podocytes, the most important cells in the glomerulus, are presented. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the glomerular microenvironment in maintaining the glomerular cell phenotype, which can be achieved by co-culturing different glomerular cells, integration of biomaterials mimicking the extracellular matrix and introduction of flows with microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadou Dembele
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Marion Delafosse
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Nadhir Yousfi
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Hanna Debiec
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Kieu Ngo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire interfaces et systèmes électrochimiques, LISE, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Plaisier
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Perry
- Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Maladies rénales fréqunentes et rares (CoRaKiD), UMRS 1155, Hôpital Tenon, Bâtiment recherche, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France - CNRS, Sorbonne université, Laboratoire de génie électrique et électronique de Paris, GeePs, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris, France
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37
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Impaired NEPHRIN localization in kidney organoids derived from nephrotic patient iPS cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3982. [PMID: 33597637 PMCID: PMC7890052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the NPHS1 gene, which encodes NEPHRIN, cause congenital nephrotic syndrome, resulting from impaired slit diaphragm (SD) formation in glomerular podocytes. We previously reported NEPHRIN and SD abnormalities in the podocytes of kidney organoids generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with an NPHS1 missense mutation (E725D). However, the mechanisms underlying the disease may vary depending on the mutations involved, and thus generation of iPSCs from multiple patients is warranted. Here we established iPSCs from two additional patients with different NPHS1 mutations and examined the podocyte abnormalities in kidney organoids derived from these cells. One patient had truncating mutations, and NEPHRIN was undetectable in the resulting organoids. The other patient had a missense mutation (R460Q), and the mutant NEPHRIN in the organoids failed to accumulate on the podocyte surface to form SD precursors. However, the same mutant protein behaved normally when overexpressed in heterologous cells, suggesting that NEPHRIN localization is cell context-dependent. The localization of another SD-associated protein, PODOCIN, was impaired in both types of mutant organoids in a cell domain-specific manner. Thus, the new iPSC lines and resultant kidney organoids will be useful resources for dissecting the disease mechanisms, as well as for drug development for therapies.
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38
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Agarwal S, Sudhini YR, Reiser J, Altintas MM. From Infancy to Fancy: A Glimpse into the Evolutionary Journey of Podocytes in Culture. KIDNEY360 2020; 2:385-397. [PMID: 35373019 PMCID: PMC8740988 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006492020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are critical components of the filtration barrier and responsible for maintaining healthy kidney function. An assault on podocytes is generally associated with progression of chronic glomerular diseases. Therefore, podocyte pathophysiology is a favorite research subject for nephrologists. Despite this, podocyte research has lagged because of the unavailability of techniques for culturing such specialized cells ex vivo in quantities that are adequate for mechanistic studies. In recent years, this problem was circumvented by the efforts of researchers, who successfully developed several in vitro podocyte cell culture model systems that paved the way for incredible discoveries in the field of nephrology. This review sets us on a journey that provides a comprehensive insight into the groundbreaking breakthroughs and novel technologic advances made in the field of podocyte cell culture so far, beginning from its inception, evolution, and progression. In this study, we also describe in detail the pros and cons of different models that are being used to culture podocytes. Our extensive and exhaustive deliberation on the status of podocyte cell culture will facilitate researchers to choose wisely an appropriate model for their own research to avoid potential pitfalls in the future.
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39
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Little MH. Returning to kidney development to deliver synthetic kidneys. Dev Biol 2020; 474:22-36. [PMID: 33333068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the development of transplantable synthetic kidneys could improve the outcome for the many millions of people worldwide suffering from chronic kidney disease. Substantial progress has been made in the last 6 years in the generation of kidney tissue from stem cells. However, the limited scale, incomplete cellular complexity and functional immaturity of such structures suggests we are some way from this goal. While developmental biology has successfully guided advances to date, these human kidney models are limited in their capacity for ongoing nephrogenesis and lack corticomedullary definition, a unified vasculature and a coordinated exit path for urinary filtrate. This review will reassess our developmental understanding of how the mammalian embryo manages to create kidneys, how this has informed our progress to date and how both engineering and developmental biology can continue to guide us towards a synthetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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40
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Romero-Guevara R, Ioannides A, Xinaris C. Kidney Organoids as Disease Models: Strengths, Weaknesses and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2020; 11:563981. [PMID: 33250772 PMCID: PMC7672034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.563981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major global health problem, as it affects 10% of the global population and kills millions of patients every year. It is therefore of the utmost importance to develop models that can help us to understand the pathogenesis of CKD and improve our therapeutic strategies. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and, more recently, the development of methods for the generation of 3D organoids, have opened the way for modeling human kidney development and disease in vitro, and testing new drugs directly on human tissue. In this review we will discuss the most recent advances in the field of kidney organoids for modeling disease, as well as the prospective applications of these models for drug screening. We will also emphasize the impact of CRISPR/cas9 genome engineering on the field, point out the current limitations of the existing organoid technologies, and discuss a set of technical developments that may help to overcome limitations and facilitate the incorporation of these exciting tools into basic biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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41
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Meng P, Zhu M, Ling X, Zhou L. Wnt signaling in kidney: the initiator or terminator? J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1511-1523. [PMID: 32939578 PMCID: PMC7591426 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is a key organ in the human body that excretes toxins and sustains the water-electrolyte balance. During embryonic development and disease progression, the kidney undergoes enormous changes in macrostructure, accompanied by a variety of microstructural histological changes, such as glomerular formation and sclerosis, tubule elongation and atrophy, interstitial establishment, and fibrosis progression. All of these rely on the frequent occurrence of cell death and growth. Notably, to overcome disease, some cells regenerate through self-repair or progenitor cell differentiation. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying kidney development and regeneration have not been elucidated. Recently, Wnt signaling has been noted to play an important role. Although it is a well-known developmental signal, the role of Wnt signaling in kidney development and regeneration is not well recognized. In this review, we review the role of Wnt signaling in kidney embryonic development, tissue repair, cell division, and progenitor cell differentiation after injury. Moreover, we briefly highlight advances in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of Wnt signaling in mediating cellular senescence in kidney parenchymal and stem cells, an irreversible arrest of cell proliferation blocking tissue repair and regeneration. We also highlight the therapeutic targets of Wnt signaling in kidney diseases and provide important clues for clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, China
| | - Xian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
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42
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Kuraoka S, Tanigawa S, Taguchi A, Hotta A, Nakazato H, Osafune K, Kobayashi A, Nishinakamura R. PKD1-Dependent Renal Cystogenesis in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Ureteric Bud/Collecting Duct Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2355-2371. [PMID: 32747355 PMCID: PMC7609014 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease leading to renal failure, wherein multiple cysts form in renal tubules and collecting ducts derived from distinct precursors: the nephron progenitor and ureteric bud (UB), respectively. Recent progress in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology has enabled cyst formation in nephron progenitor-derived human kidney organoids in which PKD1 or PKD2, the major causative genes for ADPKD, are deleted. However, cysts have not been generated in UB organoids, despite the prevalence of collecting duct cysts in patients with ADPKD. METHODS CRISPR-Cas9 technology deleted PKD1 in human iPSCs and the cells induced to differentiate along pathways leading to formation of either nephron progenitor or UB organoids. Cyst formation was investigated in both types of kidney organoid derived from PKD1-deleted iPSCs and in UB organoids generated from iPSCs from a patient with ADPKD who had a missense mutation. RESULTS Cysts formed in UB organoids with homozygous PKD1 mutations upon cAMP stimulation and, to a lesser extent, in heterozygous mutant organoids. Furthermore, UB organoids generated from iPSCs from a patient with ADPKD who had a heterozygous missense mutation developed cysts upon cAMP stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Cysts form in PKD1 mutant UB organoids as well as in iPSCs derived from a patient with ADPKD. The organoids provide a robust model of the genesis of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kuraoka
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanigawa
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Taguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakazato
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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43
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Fujimoto D, Kuwabara T, Hata Y, Umemoto S, Kanki T, Nishiguchi Y, Mizumoto T, Hayata M, Kakizoe Y, Izumi Y, Takahashi S, Mukoyama M. Suppressed ER-associated degradation by intraglomerular cross talk between mesangial cells and podocytes causes podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:15577-15590. [PMID: 32996639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000078rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial lesions and podocyte injury are essential manifestations of the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although cross-communication between mesangial cells (MCs) and podocytes has recently been suggested by the results of single-nucleus RNA sequencing analyses, the molecular mechanisms and role in disease progression remain elusive. Our cDNA microarray data of diabetic mouse glomeruli suggested the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in DKD pathophysiology. In vitro experiments revealed the suppression of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and induction of apoptosis in podocytes that were stimulated with the supernatant of MCs cultured in high glucose conditions. In diabetic mice, ERAD inhibition resulted in exacerbated albuminuria, increased apoptosis in podocytes, and reduced nephrin expression associated with the downregulation of ERAD-related biomolecules. Flow cytometry analysis of podocytes isolated from MafB (a transcription factor known to be expressed in macrophages and podocytes)-GFP knock-in mice revealed that ERAD inhibition resulted in decreased nephrin phosphorylation. These findings suggest that an intraglomerular cross talk between MCs and podocytes can inhibit physiological ERAD processes and suppress the phosphorylation of nephrin in podocytes, which thereby lead to podocyte injury under diabetic conditions. Therapeutic intervention of the ERAD pathway through the cross talk between these cells is potentially a novel strategy for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashige Kuwabara
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuro Umemoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kanki
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nishiguchi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Mizumoto
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayata
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kakizoe
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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44
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Kido J, Nakamura K, Era T. Role of induced pluripotent stem cells in lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103540. [PMID: 32828964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolism inborn errors caused by defective enzymes in the lysosome, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded substrates. Many characteristic cell features have been revealed in LSDs, including abnormal autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) dramatically boosted research on LSDs, particularly regarding novel opportunities to clarify the disease etiology based on the storage of macromolecules, such as sphingolipids in lysosomes. iPSCs made from LSD patients (LSD-iPSCs) have been differentiated into neurons, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages, with each cell type closely resembling the primary disease phenotypes, providing new tools to probe the disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies. Abnormally accumulated substrates impaired autophagy and mitochondrial and synapse functions in LSD-iPSC-derived neurons. Reducing the accumulation with the treatment of drug candidates improved LSD-iPSC-derived neuron functions. Additionally, iPSC technology can help probe the gene expressions, proteomics, and metabolomics of LSDs. Further, gene repair and the generation of new mutations in causative genes in LSD-iPSCs can be used to understand both the specific roles of causative genes and the contributions of other genetic factors to these phenotypes. Moreover, the development of iPSC-derived organoids as disease models has bridged the gap between studies using cell lines and in vivo animal models. There are some reproducibility issues in iPSC research, however, including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal abnormalities, DNA mutations, and gene modifications via methylation. In this review, we present the disease and treatment concepts gathered using selected LSD-iPSCs, discuss iPSC research limitations, and set our future research visions. Such studies are expected to further inform and generate insights into LSDs and are important in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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45
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Pleniceanu O, Harari-Steinberg O, Omer D, Gnatek Y, Lachmi BE, Cohen-Zontag O, Manevitz-Mendelson E, Barzilai A, Yampolsky M, Fuchs Y, Rosenzweig B, Eisner A, Dotan Z, Fine LG, Dekel B, Greenberger S. Successful Introduction of Human Renovascular Units into the Mammalian Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2757-2772. [PMID: 32753400 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapies aimed at replenishing renal parenchyma have been proposed as an approach for treating CKD. However, pathogenic mechanisms involved in CKD such as renal hypoxia result in loss of kidney function and limit engraftment and therapeutic effects of renal epithelial progenitors. Jointly administering vessel-forming cells (human mesenchymal stromal cells [MSCs] and endothelial colony-forming cells [ECFCs]) may potentially result in in vivo formation of vascular networks. METHODS We administered renal tubule-forming cells derived from human adult and fetal kidneys (previously shown to exert a functional effect in CKD mice) into mice, alongside MSCs and ECFCs. We then assessed whether this would result in generation of "renovascular units" comprising both vessels and tubules with potential interaction. RESULTS Directly injecting vessel-forming cells and renal tubule-forming cells into the subcutaneous and subrenal capsular space resulted in self-organization of donor-derived vascular networks that connected to host vasculature, alongside renal tubules comprising tubular epithelia of different nephron segments. Vessels derived from MSCs and ECFCs augmented in vivo tubulogenesis by the renal tubule-forming cells. In vitro coculture experiments showed that MSCs and ECFCs induced self-renewal and genes associated with mesenchymal-epithelial transition in renal tubule-forming cells, indicating paracrine effects. Notably, after renal injury, renal tubule-forming cells and vessel-forming cells infused into the renal artery did not penetrate the renal vascular network to generate vessels; only administering them into the kidney parenchyma resulted in similar generation of human renovascular units in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Combined cell therapy of vessel-forming cells and renal tubule-forming cells aimed at alleviating renal hypoxia and enhancing tubulogenesis holds promise as the basis for new renal regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Pleniceanu
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dorit Omer
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yehudit Gnatek
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Bat-El Lachmi
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Osnat Cohen-Zontag
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Matan Yampolsky
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Barak Rosenzweig
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alon Eisner
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zohar Dotan
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Leon G Fine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute and Pediatric Nephrology Division, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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46
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Yamamura T, Horinouchi T, Adachi T, Terakawa M, Takaoka Y, Omachi K, Takasato M, Takaishi K, Shoji T, Onishi Y, Kanazawa Y, Koizumi M, Tomono Y, Sugano A, Shono A, Minamikawa S, Nagano C, Sakakibara N, Ishiko S, Aoto Y, Kamura M, Harita Y, Miura K, Kanda S, Morisada N, Rossanti R, Ye MJ, Nozu Y, Matsuo M, Kai H, Iijima K, Nozu K. Development of an exon skipping therapy for X-linked Alport syndrome with truncating variants in COL4A5. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2777. [PMID: 32488001 PMCID: PMC7265383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no treatments for Alport syndrome, which is the second most commonly inherited kidney disease. Here we report the development of an exon-skipping therapy using an antisense-oligonucleotide (ASO) for severe male X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS). We targeted truncating variants in exon 21 of the COL4A5 gene and conducted a type IV collagen α3/α4/α5 chain triple helix formation assay, and in vitro and in vivo treatment efficacy evaluation. We show that exon skipping enabled trimer formation, leading to remarkable clinical and pathological improvements including expression of the α5 chain on glomerular and the tubular basement membrane. In addition, the survival period was clearly prolonged in the ASO treated mice group. This data suggests that exon skipping may represent a promising therapeutic approach for treating severe male XLAS cases. Alport syndrome is a progressive inherited nephritis accompanied by sensorineural loss of hearing and ocular abnormalities, for which there is currently no effective therapy. Here, the authors develop an exon-skipping therapy using an antisense-oligonucleotide and show it is effective in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yamamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoko Horinouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomomi Adachi
- Rare Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Terakawa
- Rare Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaoka
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kohei Omachi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Kiyosumi Takaishi
- Rare Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shoji
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Onishi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kanazawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Koizumi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Aki Sugano
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akemi Shono
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shogo Minamikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - China Nagano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nana Sakakibara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishiko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuya Aoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Misato Kamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Harita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kanda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Morisada
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rini Rossanti
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ming Juan Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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47
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Little MH, Quinlan C. Advances in our understanding of genetic kidney disease using kidney organoids. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:915-926. [PMID: 31065797 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of kidney disease presenting in childhood is likely genetic in origin with a growing number of genes implicated in its development. However, many children may have changes in previously undescribed or unrecognised genes. The recent development of methods for generating human kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells has the potential to substantially change the rate of diagnosis and the development of new treatments for some forms of genetic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss how accurately a kidney organoid models the human kidney, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these potentially patient-derived models of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC, Australia
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48
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Yousef Yengej FA, Jansen J, Rookmaaker MB, Verhaar MC, Clevers H. Kidney Organoids and Tubuloids. Cells 2020; 9:E1326. [PMID: 32466429 PMCID: PMC7349753 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived kidney organoids and adult stem or progenitor cell (ASC)-based kidney tubuloids have emerged as advanced in vitro models of kidney development, physiology, and disease. PSC-derived organoids mimic nephrogenesis. After differentiation towards the kidney precursor tissues ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme, their reciprocal interaction causes self-organization and patterning in vitro to generate nephron structures that resemble the fetal kidney. ASC tubuloids on the other hand recapitulate renewal and repair in the adult kidney tubule and give rise to long-term expandable and genetically stable cultures that consist of adult proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct epithelium. Both organoid types hold great potential for: (1) studies of kidney physiology, (2) disease modeling, (3) high-throughput screening for drug efficacy and toxicity, and (4) regenerative medicine. Currently, organoids and tubuloids are successfully used to model hereditary, infectious, toxic, metabolic, and malignant kidney diseases and to screen for effective therapies. Furthermore, a tumor tubuloid biobank was established, which allows studies of pathogenic mutations and novel drug targets in a large group of patients. In this review, we discuss the nature of kidney organoids and tubuloids and their current and future applications in science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute—Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 24, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Geert Grooteplein 24, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.R.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute—Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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49
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Tran T, Lindström NO, Ransick A, De Sena Brandine G, Guo Q, Kim AD, Der B, Peti-Peterdi J, Smith AD, Thornton M, Grubbs B, McMahon JA, McMahon AP. In Vivo Developmental Trajectories of Human Podocyte Inform In Vitro Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Podocytes. Dev Cell 2020; 50:102-116.e6. [PMID: 31265809 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The renal corpuscle of the kidney comprises a glomerular vasculature embraced by podocytes and supported by mesangial myofibroblasts, which ensure plasma filtration at the podocyte-generated slit diaphragm. With a spectrum of podocyte-expressed gene mutations causing chronic disease, an enhanced understanding of podocyte development and function to create relevant in vitro podocyte models is a clinical imperative. To characterize podocyte development, scRNA-seq was performed on human fetal kidneys, identifying distinct transcriptional signatures accompanying the differentiation of functional podocytes from progenitors. Interestingly, organoid-generated podocytes exhibited highly similar, progressive transcriptional profiles despite an absence of the vasculature, although abnormal gene expression was pinpointed in late podocytes. On transplantation into mice, organoid-derived podocytes recruited the host vasculature and partially corrected transcriptional profiles. Thus, human podocyte development is mostly intrinsically regulated and vascular interactions refine maturation. These studies support the application of organoid-derived podocytes to model disease and to restore or replace normal kidney functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Tran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nils O Lindström
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew Ransick
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Guilherme De Sena Brandine
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Albert D Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad-CIRM Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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50
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Abstract
There are now many reports of human kidney organoids generated via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) based on an existing understanding of mammalian kidney organogenesis. Such kidney organoids potentially represent tractable tools for the study of normal human development and disease with improvements in scale, structure, and functional maturation potentially providing future options for renal regeneration. The utility of such organotypic models, however, will ultimately be determined by their developmental accuracy. While initially inferred from mouse models, recent transcriptional analyses of human fetal kidney have provided greater insight into nephrogenesis. In this review, we discuss how well human kidney organoids model the human fetal kidney and how the remaining differences challenge their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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