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Bilbao C, Carrera A, Otin S, Piñero DP. Eye Tracking-Based Characterization of Fixations during Reading in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Brain Sci 2024; 14:750. [PMID: 39199445 PMCID: PMC11352645 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient mode of evaluation for eye movements is the use of objective eye tracking systems combined with subjective tests (NSUCO or DEM), which are easily applicable across all age groups and in eye care clinical settings. The objective of this study was to characterize fixations during reading in two groups: a group of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDG, 24 children, age: 6-12 years) and a group of children with oculomotor anomalies but without NDD (OAG, 24 children, age: 6-12 years). The results obtained were compared with those from a control group (CG, 20 children, age: 6-12 years). Specifically, the outcomes obtained with two subjective score systems, the Northeastern State University College of Optometry's Oculomotor (NSUCO) test and the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test, were compared with the objective analysis obtained through a commercially available eye tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden). Specialized analysis software, namely Clinical Eye Tracker 2020 (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK), was used. It was found that children with NDD had impaired oculomotor skills. A higher number of regressions, more fixations, and longer durations of fixations appear to be characteristic signs of this population group. Additionally, children with NDD took longer to complete the DEM test, as well as exhibiting more errors. The use of objective videoculographic systems for eye tracking and subjective tests like the NSUCO or DEM are good tools to assess saccadic movements, allowing the detection of oculomotor abnormalities in children with NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bilbao
- Department of Optometry, Hospital Quirón, 22003 Huesca, Spain; (C.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Alba Carrera
- Department of Optometry, Hospital Quirón, 22003 Huesca, Spain; (C.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Sofia Otin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - David P. Piñero
- Group of Optics and Visual Perception, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, San Vicente de Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ophtalmology, Vithas Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain
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Alexander RG, Venkatakrishnan A, Chanovas J, Ferguson S, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S. Why did Rubens add a parrot to Titian's The Fall of Man? A pictorial manipulation of joint attention. J Vis 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38558160 PMCID: PMC10996941 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost 400 years ago, Rubens copied Titian's The Fall of Man, albeit with important changes. Rubens altered Titian's original composition in numerous ways, including by changing the gaze directions of the depicted characters and adding a striking red parrot to the painting. Here, we quantify the impact of Rubens's choices on the viewer's gaze behavior. We displayed digital copies of Rubens's and Titian's artworks-as well as a version of Rubens's painting with the parrot digitally removed-on a computer screen while recording the eye movements produced by observers during free visual exploration of each image. To assess the effects of Rubens's changes to Titian's composition, we directly compared multiple gaze parameters across the different images. We found that participants gazed at Eve's face more frequently in Rubens's painting than in Titian's. In addition, gaze positions were more tightly focused for the former than for the latter, consistent with different allocations of viewer interest. We also investigated how gaze fixation on Eve's face affected the perceptual visibility of the parrot in Rubens's composition and how the parrot's presence versus its absence impacted gaze dynamics. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Rubens's critical deviations from Titian's painting have powerful effects on viewers' oculomotor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Alexander
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashwin Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jordi Chanovas
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen L Macknik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Habibi M, Oertel WH, White BJ, Brien DC, Coe BC, Riek HC, Perkins J, Yep R, Itti L, Timmermann L, Best C, Sittig E, Janzen A, Munoz DP. Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol 2022; 269:4920-4938. [PMID: 35501501 PMCID: PMC9363304 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study (1) describes and compares saccade and pupil abnormalities in patients with manifest alpha-synucleinopathies (αSYN: Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) and a tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)); (2) determines whether patients with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of αSYN, already have abnormal responses that may indicate a risk for developing PD or MSA. METHODS Ninety (46 RBD, 27 PD, 17 MSA) patients with an αSYN, 10 PSP patients, and 132 healthy age-matched controls (CTRL) were examined with a 10-min video-based eye-tracking task (Free Viewing). Participants were free to look anywhere on the screen while saccade and pupil behaviours were measured. RESULTS PD, MSA, and PSP spent more time fixating the centre of the screen than CTRL. All patient groups made fewer macro-saccades (> 2◦ amplitude) with smaller amplitude than CTRL. Saccade frequency was greater in RBD than in other patients. Following clip change, saccades were temporarily suppressed, then rebounded at a slower pace than CTRL in all patient groups. RBD had distinct, although discrete saccade abnormalities that were more marked in PD, MSA, and even more in PSP. The vertical saccade rate was reduced in all patients and decreased most in PSP. Clip changes produced large increases or decreases in screen luminance requiring pupil constriction or dilation, respectively. PSP elicited smaller pupil constriction/dilation responses than CTRL, while MSA elicited the opposite. CONCLUSION RBD patients already have discrete but less pronounced saccade abnormalities than PD and MSA patients. Vertical gaze palsy and altered pupil control differentiate PSP from αSYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Habibi
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Brian J White
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Julia Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laurent Itti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Best
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sittig
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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