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Mahajna M, Abu Fanne R, Odeh M, Berkovitch M, Tannous E, Eyal S, Vinker S, Green I, Matok I. Influence of cytochrome P450 2D6*10/*10 genotype on the risk for tramadol associated adverse effects: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1358549. [PMID: 38440181 PMCID: PMC10910298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1358549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Tramadol is primarily metabolized by the highly polymorphic CYP2D6 enzyme, leading to a large spectrum of adverse events and clinical response. Ample evidence pointed a reduced CYPD26 activity score in individuals harboring the CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype, nevertheless, there is scarce studies on the impact of CYP2D6*10/*10 genetic polymorphism on long-term tramadol's adverse effects. Aim: To test the correlation between CYP2D6*10/*10 expression and the risk for tramadol-associated adverse effects. Method: Using a database of Leumit Healthcare Services in Israel, we retrospectively assessed the occurrence of adverse events in patients who were prescribed tramadol. A binary logistic regression model was applied to model the relationship between CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype and the occurrence of adverse effects. Results: Data from four hundred ninety-three patients were included in this study. Only 25 (5.1%) patients were heterozygous for the CYP2D6*10 variant, while 56 patients (11%) were tested positive to the CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype. Compared to carriers of other variants, patients with the CYP2D6*10/*10 variant exhibited a higher occurrence of adverse events (odds ratio [OR] = 6.14, 95% confidence interval 3.18-11.83); the odds ratio for central nervous system adverse events and gastrointestinal adverse events were 5.13 (95% CI 2.84-9.28), and 3.25 (95% CI 1.78-5.93), respectively. Conclusion: Among the different CYP2D6 genotypes, CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype carries the higher risk of tramadol related adverse events. Appreciating the frequency of this specific allele it seems prudent to pharmacogenetically screen patients considered for long term tramadol treatment for better tolerability and efficacy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Mahajna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Rami Abu Fanne
- Department of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
- Leumit Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shamir Medical Center Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elias Tannous
- Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Matok
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yu X, Wang M, cen J, Ye M, Li S, Wang Y, Su Q, Chen H, Xu R, Zhang S, Wang S, Yu Y, Deng Z, Chen Z. Advice for smokers in smoking cessation clinic: a review. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:374-379. [PMID: 38223627 PMCID: PMC10782343 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco dependence has become a global public health concern. We chose to investigate the modifiable factors and motivations during the period of smoking cessation based on the mechanism of nicotine addiction. Methods We selected emotion, sleep, alcohol, caffeine beverages, mental activities after dinner, exercise and CYP2A6 genotype as influencing factors, and provided corresponding recommendations for smokers based on these factors. Based on these characteristics, we reviewed literature and summarized the relationship between these factors and nicotine dependence or smoking. Results Different emotion, sleep deficiency, caffeine intake, alcohol consumption, mental activities after dinner, physical exercises and CYP2A6 genotype have an effect on daily smoking and nicotine dependence. Conclusion These suggestions related literature-derived factors may increase the success rate of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechan Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo ninth Hospital No.68, Xiangbei Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Jie cen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ningbo ninth Hospital, No.68, Xiangbei Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Mianzhi Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Younuo Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315020
| | - Qingwen Su
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315020
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Ruyi Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315020
| | - Yiming Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Zaichun Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
| | - Zhongbo Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University No.247, Renmin Road, Jiangbei District Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, 315010
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Chongtham J, Pandey N, Sharma LK, Mohan A, Srivastava T. SNP rs9387478 at ROS1-DCBLD1 Locus is Significantly Associated with Lung Cancer Risk and Poor Survival in Indian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3553-3561. [PMID: 36308382 PMCID: PMC9924343 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.10.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are relevant therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung cancer. Germline susceptibility variants that influence these RTKs may provide new insights into their regulation. rs9387478 is located in the genomic interval between two RTK-genes ROS1/DCBLD1, of which ROS1 alterations are implicated in lung carcinogenesis and treatment response while the latter remains poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Venous blood was drawn from 100 control and 231 case subjects. Genotype was scored by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), PCR amplification followed by HindIII digestion. Logistic regression was applied to compare the association between variables. Survival curve was plotted to draw a correlation between the genotype and overall survival. Also, eQTL and chromatin state changes were analyzed and correlated with the survival of patients using available datasets. RESULTS In our population smoking correlated significantly with lung cancer [OR= 2.607] with the presence of the minor allele 'A' enhancing the nicotine dependence [CA (OR=3.23)]. Individuals with homozygous risk allele 'A' had a higher chance of developing lung cancer [OR=2.65] than individuals with CA/CC implying a recessive model of association. Patients with CC/CA genotype had better overall survival than patients with AA genotype [161 days/142 days vs 54 days, p=0.005]. The homozygous risk allele was significantly associated with increased DCBLD1 and ROS1 expression in lung cancer, with enriched active histone marks due to the polymorphism. Interestingly, increased DCBLD1 expression was associated with poor outcomes in lung cancer. CONCLUSION Overall, our study provides strong evidence that rs9387478 is significantly associated with both nicotine dependence and lung cancer in our North Indian cohort. The association of the SNP with prognostic genes, DCBLD1 and ROS1 make rs9387478 a promising prognostic marker in the North Indian population. The results obtained are significant, however, the study needs to be performed in a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonita Chongtham
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
| | - Namita Pandey
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,Current affiliation: Clinical Genomic Knowledgebase, PerianDx, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Tapasya Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.,For Correspondence:
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Deciphering Structural Alterations Associated with Activity Reductions of Genetic Polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450 2A6 Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810119. [PMID: 34576282 PMCID: PMC8469730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 is a monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous chemicals, such as nicotine and therapeutic drugs. The genetic polymorphisms in CYP2A6 are a cause of individual variation in smoking behavior and drug toxicities. The enzymatic activities of the allelic variants of CYP2A6 were analyzed in previous studies. However, the three-dimensional structures of the mutants were not investigated, and the mechanisms underlying activity reduction remain unknown. In this study, to investigate the structural changes involved in the reduction in enzymatic activities, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for ten allelic mutants of CYP2A6. For the calculated wild type structure, no significant structural changes were observed in comparison with the experimental structure. On the other hand, the mutations affected the interaction with heme, substrates, and the redox partner. In CYP2A6.44, a structural change in the substrate access channel was also observed. Those structural effects could explain the alteration of enzymatic activity caused by the mutations. The results of simulations provide useful information regarding the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, Rule AM, Wilson K, Tanski SE, Collaco JM, Klein JD. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-1346. [PMID: 32047098 PMCID: PMC7049940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine-containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Julie Gorzkowski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Judith A. Groner
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Wilson
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Pazoki R, Evangelou E, Mosen-Ansorena D, Pinto RC, Karaman I, Blakeley P, Gill D, Zuber V, Elliott P, Tzoulaki I, Dehghan A. GWAS for urinary sodium and potassium excretion highlights pathways shared with cardiovascular traits. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3653. [PMID: 31409800 PMCID: PMC6692500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary sodium and potassium excretion are associated with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The exact biological link between these traits is yet to be elucidated. Here, we identify 50 loci for sodium and 13 for potassium excretion in a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) on urinary sodium and potassium excretion using data from 446,237 individuals of European descent from the UK Biobank study. We extensively interrogate the results using multiple analyses such as Mendelian randomization, functional assessment, co localization, genetic risk score, and pathway analyses. We identify a shared genetic component between urinary sodium and potassium expression and cardiovascular traits. Ingenuity pathway analysis shows that urinary sodium and potassium excretion loci are over-represented in behavioural response to stimuli. Our study highlights pathways that are shared between urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Pazoki
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David Mosen-Ansorena
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Rui Climaco Pinto
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ibrahim Karaman
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Blakeley
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, ITMAT Data Science Group, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Verena Zuber
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, W2 1NY, UK
- Health Data Research UK-London, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary's campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Sugiyama S, Uno Y, Amano T, Kitazawa T, Teraoka H. Genetic diversity of cytochrome P450 2A with different metabolic activities in domestic cats. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:983-985. [PMID: 31118352 PMCID: PMC6656804 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP), the most important xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme, is very limited in cats. Preliminarily, we investigated genetic polymorphisms
in CYP2A13, one of the major CYP isoforms in the liver and lung. Four synonymous and three non-synonymous polymorphic variants were identified in feline CYP2A13 in domestic cats in Japan,
without an obvious major type. Metabolic parameters, Km and Vmax, of coumarin hydroxylation of CYP2A13 were shown to range within two times for the identified non-synonymous polymorphic
variants by using heterologous coexpression system in Escherichia coli. The results confirmed the polymorphic nature of CYP2A13 as a basis for effective application of
medicines and prevention of adverse reactions in treatment of domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souta Sugiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoko Amano
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Ezzeldin N, El-Lebedy D, Darwish A, El Bastawisy A, Abd Elaziz SH, Hassan MM, Saad-Hussein A. Association of genetic polymorphisms CYP2A6*2 rs1801272 and CYP2A6*9 rs28399433 with tobacco-induced lung Cancer: case-control study in an Egyptian population. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:525. [PMID: 29724170 PMCID: PMC5934827 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have reported the role of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphisms in smoking and lung cancer risk with some contradictory results in different populations. The purpose of the current study is to assess the contribution of the CYP2A6*2 rs1801272 and CYP2A6*9 rs28399433 gene polymorphisms and tobacco smoking in the risk of lung cancer in an Egyptian population. Methods A case-control study was conducted on 150 lung cancer cases and 150 controls. All subjects were subjected to blood sampling for Extraction of genomic DNA and Genotyping of the CYP2A6 gene SNPs (CYP2A6*2 (1799 T > A) rs1801272 and CYP2A6*9 (− 48 T > G) rs28399433 by Real time PCR. Results AC and CC genotypes were detected in CYP2A6*9; and AT genotype in CYP2A6*2. The frequency of CYP2A6*2 and CYP2A6*9 were 0.7% and 3.7% respectively in the studied Egyptian population. All cancer cases with slow metabolizer variants were NSCLC. Non-smokers represented 71.4% of the CYP2A6 variants. There was no statistical significant association between risk of lung cancer, smoking habits, heaviness of smoking and the different polymorphisms of CYP2A6 genotypes. Conclusion The frequency of slow metabolizers CYP2A6*2 and CYP2A6*9 are poor in the studied Egyptian population. Our findings did not suggest any association between CYP2A6 genotypes and risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Ezzeldin
- Chest Diseases, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amira Darwish
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. .,National Cancer Institute (NCI), Fom-Elkhalig Square, P.O.Box: 11796, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed El Bastawisy
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental Health & Preventive Medicine, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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