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Ryba-Stanisławowska M. Unraveling Th subsets: insights into their role in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00992-0. [PMID: 39325360 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) cell subsets play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses within the tumor microenvironment, influencing both tumor progression and anti-tumor immunity. Among these subsets, Th1 cells promote cytotoxic responses through the production of IFN-γ, while Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert immunosuppressive effects that support tumor growth. Th9 and Th17 cells have context-dependent roles, contributing to both pro-inflammatory and regulatory processes in tumor immunity. Tumor antigen-specific T cells within the tumor microenvironment often exhibit a dysfunctional phenotype due to increased expression of inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, leading to reduced antitumor activity. Monoclonal antibodies that block these inhibitory signals-collectively known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-can reactivate these T cells, enhancing their ability to target and destroy cancer cells. Recent advancements have highlighted the critical role of T helper subsets in modulating responses to ICIs, with their interactions remaining a focus of ongoing research. Both positive and negative effects of ICIs have been reported in relation to Th cell subsets, with some effects depending on the type of tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the crucial roles of different T helper cell subsets in tumor immunity and their complex relationship with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ryba-Stanisławowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland.
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Nakajima T, Kanno T, Ueda Y, Miyako K, Endo T, Yoshida S, Yokoyama S, Asou HK, Yamada K, Ikeda K, Togashi Y, Endo Y. Fatty acid metabolism constrains Th9 cell differentiation and antitumor immunity via the modulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01209-y. [PMID: 39187636 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells are interleukin 9 (IL-9)-producing cells that have diverse functions ranging from antitumor immune responses to allergic inflammation. Th9 cells differentiate from naïve CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β); however, our understanding of the molecular basis of their differentiation remains incomplete. Previously, we reported that the differentiation of another subset of TGF-β-driven T helper cells, Th17 cells, is highly dependent on de novo lipid biosynthesis. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that lipid metabolism may also be important for Th9 cell differentiation. We therefore investigated the differentiation and function of mouse and human Th9 cells in vitro under conditions of pharmacologically or genetically induced deficiency of the intracellular fatty acid content and in vivo in mice genetically deficient in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), an important enzyme for fatty acid biosynthesis. Both the inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and the deprivation of environmental lipids augmented differentiation and IL-9 production in mouse and human Th9 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that the increase in Th9 cell differentiation was mediated by the retinoic acid receptor and the TGF-β-SMAD signaling pathways. Upon adoptive transfer, ACC1-inhibited Th9 cells suppressed tumor growth in murine models of melanoma and adenocarcinoma. Together, our findings highlight a novel role of fatty acid metabolism in controlling the differentiation and in vivo functions of Th9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Toshio Kanno
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyako
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takeru Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Souta Yoshida
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hikari K Asou
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yamada
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan.
- Department of Omics Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Liu Y, Xie Y, Han X, Li P, Zhou J, Hu X, Wang Q. Th9/IL-9 may participate in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Int J Lab Hematol 2024; 46:322-328. [PMID: 38058269 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research is aimed to evaluate the correlation between Th9-associated cytokine levels in MM patients, clinical features, and therapy. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were taken in 52 MM patients and 20 healthy volunteers matched by sex and age. The patients with MM were separated into two groups: the untreated group (27) and the remission group (25). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the IL-9 plasma levels. The levels of Th9-associated cytokines' mRNA expression (IL-9, PU.1, and IRF4) were measured in RT-qPCR. We also analyzed the correlations between the IL-9 plasma levels and the clinical parameters of newly diagnosed MM patients. RESULTS The IL-9 plasma levels and the Th9-associated cytokines (IL-9, PU.1, and IRF4) mRNA levels in newly diagnosed MM patients were significantly elevated than those in healthy volunteers and significantly decreased after achieving remission. Moreover, PU.1 and IRF4 had a positive correlation with the IL-9 mRNA expression. Then, we found that the upregulation of IL-9 plasma levels correlates with the severity of anemia and decreased albumin Levels. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that Th9/IL-9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of MM and is correlated with worse patient conditions such as lower hemoglobin and serum albumin. More work is necessary to confirm whether they might serve as a useful therapeutic target and prognostic marker for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Xie
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyao Han
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Roostaee A, Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Jafarinia M. Regulatory role of T helper 9/interleukin-9: Transplantation view. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26359. [PMID: 38420400 PMCID: PMC10900956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells, a subset of CD4+ T helper cells, have emerged as a valuable target for immune cell therapy due to their potential to induce immunomodulation and tolerance. The Th9 cells mainly produce interleukin (IL)-9 and are known for their defensive effects against helminth infections, allergic and autoimmune responses, and tumor suppression. This paper explores the mechanisms involved in the generation and differentiation of Th9 cells, including the cytokines responsible for their polarization and stabilization, the transcription factors necessary for their differentiation, as well as the role of Th9 cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer immunotherapies. Recent research has shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells is coregulated by the transcription factors transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-4, and PU.1, which are also known to secrete IL-10 and IL-21. Multiple cell types, such as T and B cells, mast cells, and airway epithelial cells, are influenced by IL-9 due to its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Roostaee
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarinia
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 PMCID: PMC10277291 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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Andreu-Sanz D, Kobold S. Role and Potential of Different T Helper Cell Subsets in Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061650. [PMID: 36980536 PMCID: PMC10046829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, CD8+ T cells have been considered the most relevant effector cells involved in the immune response against tumors and have therefore been the focus of most cancer immunotherapy approaches. However, CD4+ T cells and their secreted factors also play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and can orchestrate both pro- and antitumoral immune responses. Depending on the cytokine milieu to which they are exposed, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several phenotypically different subsets with very divergent effects on tumor progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the different T helper subsets in the immune system, with special emphasis on their implication in antitumoral immune responses. Furthermore, we also summarize therapeutic applications of each subset and its associated cytokines in the adoptive cell therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Andreu-Sanz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Zhang Q, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang M, Jin Z. Interleukin-35 Suppresses Interleukin-9-Secreting CD4 + T Cell Activity in Patients With Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645835. [PMID: 34177894 PMCID: PMC8222719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection induces dysfunction of immune response and chronic liver damage. However, the mechanisms that account for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. The aim of present study was to investigate the modulatory role of interleukin (IL)-35, an immunosuppressive cytokine, to IL-9-secreting T cells in hepatitis B-related HCC. Twenty-two HBV-related HCC patients, twenty-seven chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and eleven controls were enrolled. Serum IL-35 and IL-9 concentration was measured by ELISA. Peripheral and liver-infiltrating non-specific and HBV-specific Th9 and Tc9 cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The regulatory activity of IL-35 to peripheral and liver-infiltrating Th9 cells was assessed in co-culture system between CD8+ T cells and HepG2.2.15 cells. Serum IL-35 was up-regulated, while IL-9 was down-regulated in HBV-related HCC patients compared with in CHB patients and controls. Peripheral non-specific and HBV-specific Th9 cells, but not Tc9 cells, were decreased in HBV-related HCC patients. Liver-infiltrating non-specific and HBV-specific Th9 cells were also reduced in HCC tumor sites. CD8+ T cells from CHB and HBV-related HCC patients revealed decreased cytotoxicity compared with those from controls. Autologous Th9 cells mediated the elevation of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, and this process was depending on IL-9 secretion. Recombinant IL-35 stimulation inhibited IL-9 secretion and PU.1 mRNA expression in non-specific and HBV-specific Th9 cells, leading to the suppression of Th9-mediated CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity in CHB and HBV-related HCC patients. Our current data indicated that IL-35 might dampen non-specific and HBV-specific Th9 cells activity in HBV-related HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chen H, Gao F, Bao Y, Zheng J, Sun L, Tang W, Zou J, Shi Y. Blimp-1 inhibits Th9 cell differentiation and attenuates diabetic coronary heart disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107510. [PMID: 33706054 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic coronary heart disease (DM-CHD) poses a major threat to the world. The newly described T cell subset-Th9 cells and related cytokine interleukin (IL)-9 play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and atherosclerosis. B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) has been indicated to negatively regulate Th9 development in allergic asthma, but its role in DM-CHD remains unclear. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the role of Blimp-1 in DM-CHD and to elucidate whether the mechanism was associated with regulation of Th9 cell differentiation. Our results showed that serum Blimp-1 mRNA level was decreased whereas proportion of Th9 cells (IL-9+ CD4+ T cells) and serum level of Th9-related IL-9 were increased in DM-CHD patients. Furthermore, serum Blimp-1 mRNA level was negatively correlated with IL-9 level in DM-CHD patients. Importantly, administration of lentiviruses expressing Blimp-1 (LV-Blimp-1) significantly inhibited Th9 cell differentiation and alleviated the severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and coronary artery, dyslipidemia, inflammation, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in DM-CHD model rats. Collectively, Blimp-1 exerts a protective effect in DM-CHD rats and the mechanism might involve inhibition of Th9 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Health Toxicology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Yongquan Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Dong L, He Y, Cao Y, Wang Y, Jia A, Wang Y, Yang Q, Li W, Bi Y, Liu G. Functional differentiation and regulation of follicular T helper cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunology 2020; 163:19-32. [PMID: 33128768 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (TFH ) cells are specialized T cells that support B cells, which are essential for humoral immunity. TFH cells express the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR) 5, the surface receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), the cytokine IL-21 and other molecules. The activation, proliferation and differentiation of TFH cells are closely related to dynamic changes in cellular metabolism. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the development and functional differentiation of TFH cells. Specifically, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of TFH cell functional differentiation, including regulatory signalling pathways and the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of TFH cells. In addition, TFH cells are closely related to immune-associated diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Anna Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Saeki M, Kaminuma O, Hiroi T. [A new mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness revealed by murine Th9 cell-transferred asthma model]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:375-380. [PMID: 33132253 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex disease involving various inflammatory cells and tissue constituent cells. The spread of inhaled corticosteroids is changing asthma into a controllable disease, though the existence of intractable patients implies new mechanisms for the development and deterioration of asthma. Based on the difference in the pathological condition (phenotypes) and molecular mechanism (endotypes), subdivision of disease understanding is recently progressing. Accordingly, various T cell subsets other than Th2 cells, which have been considered to play a major role for many years, are being implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Therefore, we aimed to deepen the understanding of the complex mechanisms of intractable asthma by reviewing the characteristics of allergic inflammation mediated by each T cell subset and the trend of therapeutic strategies targeting their representative functional molecules. Among them, recently identified Th9 cells were reported to induce asthma-like eosinophilic inflammation with bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). These phenotypes resemble to Th2 cells-mediated airway inflammation, though we found that Th9 but not Th2 cell-dependent asthma model develops eosinophil-independent and steroid-resistant BHR. Here, we would like to introduce our recent findings and an approach to elucidate a new mechanism of BHR, based on antigen-specific T cell subset-transferred mouse models we have established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Saeki
- Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science.,Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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Xu W, Tian K, Li X, Zhang S. IL-9 blockade attenuates inflammation in a murine model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:133-140. [PMID: 31942919 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important etiology of pneumonia. Interleukin (IL)-9 is a T helper 9 (Th9) cytokine and participates in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here, we investigated the role of IL-9 by using an MRSA pneumonia animal model. The BALB/c mice underwent nasal inhalation with an ST239 MRSA strain to establish the mouse model of MRSA pneumonia, and a subset of mice were intravenously injected with IL-9 neutralizing antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) G. At 3 and 8 days postinfection, the peripheral blood, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were collected. The frequencies of Th9 cells and the levels of cytokines in peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues were determined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The colony counts of MRSA in BALF and lung tissue were detected. The lung pathological changes were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data from flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA showed that MRSA-infected mice exhibited higher frequency of Th9 cells and higher IL-9 mRNA and protein levels in the peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues of mice. In contrast, the neutralization of IL-9 abrogated MRSA inoculation-induced Th9 cell generation and IL-9 production in BALF and lung tissues. Furthermore, bacterial counting and histological examination showed that the numbers of bacteria in BALF and lungs and the lung pathological scores induced by MRSA inoculation were attenuated by the neutralization of IL-9. Moreover, cell counting and ELISA results demonstrated that IL-9 neutralization diminished the MRSA inoculation-induced count of neutrophils and macrophages and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF. Collectively, IL-9 neutralization attenuated inflammation of MRSA pneumonia by regulating Th9/IL-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Keyin Tian
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
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Niu X, Xu X, Luo Z, Wu D, Tang J. The expression of Th9 and Th22 cells in rats with cerebral palsy after hUC-MSC transplantation. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:60-66. [PMID: 31904741 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the expression of Th9 and Th22 cells in rats with cerebral palsy (CP) after human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) transplantation. METHODS First, hUC-MSCs were isolated from fresh umbilical cords and identified. Rats were divided into the normal group, CP group, and hUC-MSC transplantation group. The Morris water maze and balance beam tests were performed to evaluate the neurobehavioral ability of the rats. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-22 in rat brain tissues were detected by ELISA. Th9 and Th22 proportions in brain tissues were detected by flow cytometric analysis. The mRNA levels of IL-9, IL-22, PU.1, and AHR in brain tissues were determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS hUC-MSC transplantation enhanced the neurobehavioral ability of CP rats. Furthermore, Th9 and Th22 proportions were decreased in brain tissues from CP rats after hUC-MSC transplantation. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), Th9-related IL-9 and PU.1, and Th22-related IL-22 and AHR were markedly higher in brain tissues from CP rats than in brain tissues from control rats, but their levels were significantly decreased after hUC-MSC transplantation. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Th9 and Th22 proportions are decreased in CP rats after hUC-MSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Niu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhihua Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - De Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiulai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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IL-9 and Th9 Cells in Tumor Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1240:35-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Blood endotyping distinguishes the profile of vitiligo from that of other inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:2095-2107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shen H, Shi LZ. Metabolic regulation of T H17 cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:81-87. [PMID: 30903829 PMCID: PMC7059830 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-17-producing TH17 cells have been associated with autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis (Han et al., 2015), many of which lack effective therapies. Identifying effective approaches to selectively suppress TH17 cell development and function represents a legitimate strategy to cure these autoimmune disorders. TH17 cell differentiation requires rewiring of their metabolic program, transition from the oxidative phosphorylation-dominant catabolic phenotype in quiescent naïve T cells to glucose metabolism-orchestrated anabolic phenotype including lipogenesis. Here, we provide a focused review on the glycolytic-lipogenic pathway in TH17 development and pathogenicity. These studies reveal several metabolic checkpoints with specific regulation of TH17 cells (but not other T cell lineages), manifesting potential therapeutic opportunities to TH17 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States
| | - Lewis Zhichang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States; Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States; Programs in Immunology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, United States.
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Toor D, Sharma N. T cell subsets: an integral component in pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Immunol Res 2019; 66:18-30. [PMID: 29170852 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a consequence of pharyngeal infection of group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. Carditis is the most common manifestation of ARF which occurs in 30-45% of the susceptible individuals. Overlooked ARF cases might further progress towards rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in susceptible individuals, which ultimately leads to permanent heart valve damage. Molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and human proteins is the most widely accepted theory to describe the pathogenesis of RHD. In the recent past, various subsets of T cells have been reported to play an imperative role in the pathogenesis of RHD. Alterations in various T cell subsets, viz. Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, and their signature cytokines influence the immune responses and are associated with pathogenesis of RHD. Association of other T cell subsets (Th3, Th9, Th22, and TFH) is not defined in context of RHD. Several investigations have confirmed the up-regulation of adhesion molecules and thus infiltration of T cells into the heart tissues. T cells secrete both Th type 1 and type 2 cytokines and these auto-reactive T cells play a key role in progression of heart valve damage. In this review, we are going to discuss about the role of T cell subsets and their corresponding cytokines in the pathogenesis of RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Toor
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
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