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Alshevskaya AA, Lopatnikova JA, Zhukova JV, Perik-Zavodskaia OY, Alrhmoun S, Obleukhova IA, Matveeva AK, Savenkova DA, Imatdinov IR, Yudkin DV, Sennikov SV. TNFR1 Absence Is Not Crucial for Different Types of Cell Reaction to TNF: A Study of the TNFR1-Knockout Cell Model. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:15. [PMID: 38651368 PMCID: PMC11036270 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the mechanisms regulating the biological activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in cells is the co-expression of TNFR1/TNFR2 receptors. A model with a differential level of receptor expression is required to evaluate the contribution of these mechanisms. AIM The development of a cellular model to compare the effects of TNF on cells depending on the presence of both receptors and TNFR2 alone. METHODS TNFR1 absence modifications of ZR-75/1 and K-562 cell lines were obtained by TNFR1 knockout. The presence of deletions was confirmed by Sanger sequencing, and the absence of cell membrane receptor expression was confirmed by flow cytometry. The dose-dependent effect of TNF on intact and knockout cells was comparatively evaluated by the effect on the cell cycle, the type of cell death, and the profile of expressed genes. RESULTS Knockout of TNFR1 resulted in a redistribution of TNFR2 receptors with an increased proportion of TNFR2+ cells in both lines and a multidirectional change in the density of expression in the lines (increased in K562 and decreased in ZR75/1). The presence of a large number of cells with high TNFR2 density in the absence of TNFR1 in the K562 cells was associated with greater sensitivity to TNF-stimulating doses and increased proliferation but did not result in a significant change in cell death parameters. A twofold increase in TNFR2+ cell distribution in this cell line at a reduced expression density in ZR75/1 cells was associated with a change in sensitivity to low cytokine concentrations in terms of proliferation; an overall increase in cell death, most pronounced at standard stimulating concentrations; and increased expression of the lymphocyte-activation gene groups, host-pathogen interaction, and innate immunity. CONCLUSIONS The absence of TNFR1 leads to different variants of compensatory redistribution of TNFR2 in cellular models, which affects the type of cell response and the threshold level of sensitivity. The directionality of cytokine action modulation and sensitivity to TNF levels depends not only on the fraction of cells expressing TNFR2 but also on the density of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Alshevskaya
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (J.A.L.); (J.V.Z.); (S.A.)
| | - Julia A. Lopatnikova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (J.A.L.); (J.V.Z.); (S.A.)
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
| | - Julia V. Zhukova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (J.A.L.); (J.V.Z.); (S.A.)
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
| | - Olga Y. Perik-Zavodskaia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
| | - Saleh Alrhmoun
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (J.A.L.); (J.V.Z.); (S.A.)
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
| | - Irina A. Obleukhova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
| | - Anna K. Matveeva
- Genome Research Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (FBRI SRC VB “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor), 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (A.K.M.); (D.A.S.); (I.R.I.); (D.V.Y.)
| | - Darya A. Savenkova
- Genome Research Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (FBRI SRC VB “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor), 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (A.K.M.); (D.A.S.); (I.R.I.); (D.V.Y.)
| | - Ilnaz R. Imatdinov
- Genome Research Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (FBRI SRC VB “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor), 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (A.K.M.); (D.A.S.); (I.R.I.); (D.V.Y.)
| | - Dmitry V. Yudkin
- Genome Research Department, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being (FBRI SRC VB “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor), 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (A.K.M.); (D.A.S.); (I.R.I.); (D.V.Y.)
| | - Sergey V. Sennikov
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (J.A.L.); (J.V.Z.); (S.A.)
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia (I.A.O.)
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Kundu A, Ghosh P, Bishayi B. Vitexin along with verapamil downregulates efflux pump P-glycoprotein in macrophages and potentiate M1 to M2 switching via TLR4-NF-κB-TNFR2 pathway in lipopolysaccharide treated mice. Immunobiology 2024; 229:152767. [PMID: 38103391 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide, a microbial toxin, is one of the major causative agents of sepsis. P-gp expression and its functions are altered during inflammation. LPS has been known to impair the functions of P-gp, an efflux transporter. But the effect of LPS on P-gp expression in murine peritoneal macrophages is poorly understood. Molecular docking studies reveal that vitexin is a potent substrate and verapamil a potent inhibitor of P-gp. In the present experimental study, the curative potential of vitexin as a fruit component and verapamil treated as a control inhibitor of P-gp was examined in a murine LPS sepsis model. The effects of vitexin and verapamil on P-gp expression in macrophages correlating with changes in macrophage polarization and associated functional responses during LPS induced sepsis were studied. Peritoneal macrophages of LPS (10 mg/kg body weight) challenged mice exhibited elevated levels of H2O2, superoxide, and NO in parallel with lower antioxidant activity. LPS treatment increased P-gp expression through increased TLR4/expression. However, LPS challenged mice treated with vitexin (5 mg/kg body weight) + verapamil (5 mg/kg body weight) showed higher anti-oxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT and GRx) resulting in reduced oxidative stress. This combination treatment also elevated TNFR2, concomitant with down-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB and P-gp expression in murine peritoneal macrophages, resulting in a switch from M1 to M2 polarisation of macrophages and reduced inflammatory responses. In conclusion, combined vitexin and verapamil treatment could be used as a promising therapy to regulate P-gp expression and protection against LPS mediated sepsis and inflammatory damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayantika Kundu
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratiti Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700009, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Jafari M, Rahimi N, Jami MS, Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M, Elahian F, Mirzaei SA. Silencing of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase in the gastric cancer cells amplified cell death and attenuated migration, while the multidrug resistance remained unchanged. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:255-264. [PMID: 34816536 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the elevated level of the α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase enzyme (encoded by the NAGA gene) is a well-recognized feature of cancer cells; little research works have been undertaken on the cancer malignancy mechanisms. The effects of NAGA gene downregulation on cancer cells' features such as drug resistance, impaired programmed cell death, and migration were analyzed in this study. The cells grew exponentially with a doubling time of 30 h in an optimal condition. Toxicity of daunorubicin chemotherapy drug on NAGA-transfected EPG85.257RDB cells was evaluated in comparison to control cells and no significant change was recorded. Quantitative transcript analyses and protein levels revealed that the MDR1 pump almost remained unchanged during the study. Moreover, the NAGA gene downregulation enhanced the late apoptosis rate in EPG85.257RDB cells at 24 h posttransfection. The investigated expression level of genes and proteins involved in the TNFR2 signaling pathway, related to cancer cell apoptosis, showed considerable alterations after NAGA silencing as well. MAP3K14 and CASP3 genes were downregulated while IL6, RELA, and TRAF2 experienced an upregulation. Also, NAGA silencing generally diminished the migration ability of EPG85.257RDB cells and the MMP1 gene (as a critical gene in metastasis) expression decreased significantly. The expression of the p-FAK protein, which is located in the downstream of the α2 β1 integrin signaling pathway, was reduced likewise. It could be concluded that despite drug resistance, NAGA silencing resulted in augmentative and regressive effects on cell death and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbube Jafari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Rahimi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Walters A, Keeton R, Labuschagné A, Hsu NJ, Jacobs M. TNFRp75-dependent immune regulation of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. Immunology 2020; 162:220-234. [PMID: 33020922 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF signalling through TNFRp55 and TNFRp75, and receptor shedding is important for immune activation and regulation. TNFRp75 deficiency leads to improved control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, but the effects of early innate immune events in this process are unclear. We investigated the role of TNFRp75 on cell activation and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG infection. We found increased microbicidal activity against M. tuberculosis occurred independently of IFNy and NO generation, and displayed an inverse correlation with alveolar macrophages (AMs) apoptosis. Both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG induced higher expression of MHC-II in TNFRp75-/- AMs; however, M bovis BCG infection did not alter AM apoptosis in the absence of TNFRp75. Pulmonary concentrations of CCL2, CCL3 and IL-1β were increased in TNFRp75-/- mice during M, bovis BCG infection, but had no effect on neutrophil responses. Thus, TNFRp75-dependent regulation of mycobacterial replication is virulence dependent and occurs independently of early alveolar macrophage apoptosis and neutrophil responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril Walters
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne Keeton
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Labuschagné
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Hoffmann K, Nagel AJ, Tanabe K, Fuchs J, Dehlke K, Ghamarnejad O, Lemekhova A, Mehrabi A. Markers of liver regeneration-the role of growth factors and cytokines: a systematic review. BMC Surg 2020; 20:31. [PMID: 32050952 PMCID: PMC7017496 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-019-0664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure contributes significantly to postoperative mortality after liver resection. The prediction of the individual risk for liver failure is challenging. This review aimed to provide an overview of cytokine and growth factor triggered signaling pathways involved in liver regeneration after resection. METHODS MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched without language restrictions for articles from the time of inception of the databases till March 2019. All studies with comparative data on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on liver regeneration in animals and humans were included. RESULTS Overall 3.353 articles comprising 40 studies involving 1.498 patients and 101 animal studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria. All included trials on humans were retrospective cohort/observational studies. There was substantial heterogeneity across all included studies with respect to the analyzed cytokines and growth factors and the described endpoints. CONCLUSION High-level evidence on serial measurements of growth factors and cytokines in blood samples used to predict liver regeneration after resection is still lacking. To address the heterogeneity of patients and potential markers, high throughput serial analyses may offer a method to predict an individual's regenerative potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Johannes Nagel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kazukata Tanabe
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Karolin Dehlke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omid Ghamarnejad
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Lemekhova
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 110 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Exclusive expression of transmembrane TNF aggravates acute glomerulonephritis despite reduced leukocyte infiltration and inflammation. Kidney Int 2018; 95:75-93. [PMID: 30389199 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a cytokine mediating inflammatory kidney diseases such as immune complex glomerulonephritis. Its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, play distinct roles in this process, with TNFR2 strongly required for induction of disease. In contrast to soluble TNF (sTNF), transmembrane TNF robustly activates TNFR2. Thus, we examined the functional role of transmembrane TNF by inducing heterologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis in wild-type and transgenic TNFΔ1-9,K11E knock-in mice expressing transmembrane TNF but no sTNF (memTNF mice). Compared to wild-type, nephritis was exacerbated in memTNF mice on day 5, indicated by increased albuminuria, higher serum urea levels, and more pronounced glomerular deposits, together with higher numbers of dying and proliferating glomerular cells. This was associated with greater loss of glomerular endothelial cells, increased podocyte stress, and signs of augmented necroptosis in memTNF kidneys. Aggravation of nephritis was dependent on transmembrane TNF expression in parenchymal cells, but not leukocytes. Surprisingly, increased kidney injury was associated with reduced renal leukocyte infiltration in memTNF mice, which correlated with decreased renal mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This effect was also present in isolated memTNF glomeruli stimulated with interleukin-1β in vitro. Thus, uncleaved transmembrane TNF is an important mediator of renal tissue damage characterized by increased renal cell death and loss of glomerular endothelial cells in murine glomerulonephritis. In contrast, sTNF predominantly mediates renal leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. These findings highlight the importance of transmembrane TNF in inflammatory kidney disease as a possible therapeutic target.
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Muller J, Baeyens A, Dustin ML. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily in T Cell Priming and Effector Function. Adv Immunol 2018; 140:21-57. [PMID: 30366518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and their ligands mediate lymphoid tissue development and homeostasis in addition to key aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. T cells of the adaptive immune system express a number of TNFRSF members that are used to receive signals at different instructive stages and produce several tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members as effector molecules. There is also one example of a TNFRSF member serving as a ligand for negative regulatory checkpoint receptors. In most cases, the ligands in afferent and efferent phases are membrane proteins and thus the interaction with TNFRSF members must take place in immunological synapses and other modes of cell-cell interaction. A particular feature of the TNFRSF-mediated signaling is the prominent use of linear ubiquitin chains as scaffolds for signaling complexes that activate nuclear factor κ-B and Fos/Jun transcriptional regulators. This review will focus on the signaling mechanisms triggered by TNFRSF members in their role as costimulators of early and late phases of T cell instruction and the delivery mechanism of TNFSF members through the immunological synapses of helper and cytotoxic effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Muller
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Immunology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Sheng Y, Li F, Qin Z. TNF Receptor 2 Makes Tumor Necrosis Factor a Friend of Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 29892300 PMCID: PMC5985372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is widely accepted as a tumor-suppressive cytokine via its ubiquitous receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). The other receptor, TNFR2, is not only expressed on some tumor cells but also on suppressive immune cells, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 diverts the tumor-inhibiting TNF into a tumor-advocating factor. TNFR2 directly promotes the proliferation of some kinds of tumor cells. Also activating immunosuppressive cells, it supports immune escape and tumor development. Hence, TNFR2 may represent a potential target of cancer therapy. Here, we focus on expression and role of TNFR2 in the tumor microenvironment. We summarize the recent progress in understanding how TNFR2-dependent mechanisms promote carcinogenesis and tumor growth and discuss the potential value of TNFR2 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Sheng
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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The Hepatoprotection by Oleanolic Acid Preconditioning: Focusing on PPAR α Activation. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:3180396. [PMID: 29805439 PMCID: PMC5901823 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3180396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have characterized the hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of oleanolic acid (OA). This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of OA hepatoprotection in concanavalin A- (ConA-) induced acute liver injury. Materials and Methods ConA (20 mg/kg) was intravenously injected to induce acute liver injury in Balb/C mice. OA pretreatment (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once daily for 3 consecutive days prior to treatment with ConA; 2, 8, and 24 h after ConA injection, the levels of serum liver enzymes and the histopathology of major factors and inflammatory cytokines were determined. Results OA reduced the release of serum liver enzymes and inflammatory factors and prevented ConA mediated damage to the liver. OA elevated the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusion OA exhibits anti-inflammatory properties during ConA-induced acute liver injury by attenuating apoptosis and autophagy through activation of PPARα and downregulation of JNK signaling.
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Ye LL, Wei XS, Zhang M, Niu YR, Zhou Q. The Significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type II in CD8 + Regulatory T Cells and CD8 + Effector T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:583. [PMID: 29623079 PMCID: PMC5874323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. The biological functions of TNF are mediated by two receptors, TNF receptor type I (TNFR1) and TNF receptor type II (TNFR2). TNFR1 is expressed universally on almost all cell types and has been extensively studied, whereas TNFR2 is mainly restricted to immune cells and some tumor cells and its role is far from clarified. Studies have shown that TNFR2 mediates the stimulatory activity of TNF on CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+Foxp3+ Tregs, and is involved in the phenotypic stability, proliferation, activation, and suppressive activity of Tregs. TNFR2 can also be expressed on CD8+ effector T cells (Teffs), which delivers an activation signal and cytotoxic ability to CD8+ Teffs during the early immune response, as well as an apoptosis signal to terminate the immune response. TNFR2-induced abolition of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) degradation may play an important role in these processes. Consequently, due to the distribution of TNFR2 and its pleiotropic effects, TNFR2 appears to be critical to keeping the balance between Tregs and Teffs, and may be an efficient therapeutic target for tumor and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of TNFR2 expressed on CD8+Foxp3+ Tregs and CD8+ Teffs, and highlight how TNF uses TNFR2 to coordinate the complex events that ultimately lead to efficient CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Ran Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Peixoto MS, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:32-48. [PMID: 28865791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to various complex mixtures of particulate matter (PM) from different sources. Long-term exposure to high levels of these particulates has been linked to a diverse range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that have resulted in hospital admission. The evaluation of the effects of PM exposure on the mechanisms related to cell death has been a challenge for many researchers. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the effects of airborne PM exposure on mechanisms related to cell death. For this purpose, we have compiled literature data on PM sources, the effects of exposure, and the assays and models used for evaluation, in order to establish comparisons between various studies. The analysis of this collected data suggested divergent responses to PM exposure that resulted in different cell death types (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis). In addition, PM induced oxidative stress within cells, which appeared to be an important factor in the determination of cell fate. When the levels of reactive oxygen species were overpowering, the cellular fate was directed toward cell death. This may be the underlying mechanism of the development or exacerbation of respiratory diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In addition, PM was shown to cause DNA damage and the resulting mutations increased the risk of cancer. Furthermore, several conditions should be considered in the assessment of cell death in PM-exposed models, including the cell culture line, PM composition, and the interaction of the different cells types in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simões Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Molino Y, Jabès F, Bonnet A, Gaudin N, Bernard A, Benech P, Khrestchatisky M. Gene expression comparison reveals distinct basal expression of HOX members and differential TNF-induced response between brain- and spinal cord-derived microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:290. [PMID: 27832801 PMCID: PMC5105278 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The heterogeneity of endothelial cell types underlies their remarkable ability to sub-specialize and provide specific requirements for a given vascular bed. Here, we compared rat microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) derived from the brain and spinal cord in both basal and inflammatory conditions. Methods We used whole rat genome microarrays to compare, at different time points, basal and TNF-α-induced gene expression of rat MECs from in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Validation at both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels was performed on freshly extracted microvessels (MVs) from the brain and spinal cord (BMVs and SCMVs, respectively), as these were considered the closest in vivo tissues to cultured MECs. Results Most of the genes encoding adhesion/tight junction molecules and known endothelial markers were similarly expressed in brain and spinal cord MECs (BMECs and SCMECs, respectively). However, one striking finding was the higher expression of several Hox genes, which encode transcription factors involved in positional identity. The differential expression of Hoxa9 and Hoxb7 at the mRNA levels as well as protein levels was confirmed in BMVs and SCMVs. Although the TNF-α response was in general higher in BMECs than in SCMECs at 12 h, the opposite was observed at 48 h. Furthermore, we found that expression of Tnfrsf1a and Tnfrsf1b encoding the TNF receptor super-family member 1a/TNFR1 and 1b/TNFR2, respectively, were constitutively higher in BMVs compared to SCMVs. However, only Tnfrsf1b was induced in SCMECs in response to TNF-α at 24 and 48 h. Conclusions Our results support a role for HOX members in defining the positional identities of MECs in vivo. Our data also suggest that the delayed transcriptional activation upon TNF-α treatment in SCMECs results from the requirement of the TNF-induced expression of Tnfrsf1b. In contrast, its high basal expression in BMECs might be sufficient to confer an immediate and efficient TNF-α response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0749-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Molino
- Vect-Horus SAS, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Nord, 51 Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Françoise Jabès
- Vect-Horus SAS, Faculté de Médecine - Secteur Nord, 51 Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | - Anne Bernard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, NICN, Marseille, France
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Activation of TNFR2 sensitizes macrophages for TNFR1-mediated necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2375. [PMID: 27899821 PMCID: PMC5059883 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages express TNFR1 as well as TNFR2 and are also major producers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), especially upon contact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Consequently, TNF not only acts as a macrophage-derived effector molecule but also regulates the activity and viability of macrophages. Here, we investigated the individual contribution of TNFR1 and TNFR2 to TNF-induced cell death in macrophages. Exclusive stimulation of TNFR1 showed no cytotoxic effect whereas selective stimulation of TNFR2 displayed mild cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, the latter was strongly enhanced by the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. The strong cytotoxic activity of TNFR2 in the presence of zVAD-fmk was reversed by necrostatin-1, indicating necroptotic cell death. TNFR1- and TNF-deficient macrophages turned out to be resistant against TNFR2-induced cell death. In addition, the cIAP-depleting SMAC mimetic BV6 also enforced TNF/TNFR1-mediated necroptotic cell death in the presence of zVAD-fmk. In sum, our data suggest a model in which TNFR2 sensitizes macrophages for endogenous TNF-induced TNFR1-mediated necroptosis by the known ability of TNFR2 to interfere with the survival activity of TRAF2-cIAP1/2 complexes.
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15
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TRAF2 multitasking in TNF receptor-induced signaling to NF-κB, MAP kinases and cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Li Y, Sheng K, Chen J, Wu Y, Zhang F, Chang Y, Wu H, Fu J, Zhang L, Wei W. Regulation of PGE2 signaling pathways and TNF-alpha signaling pathways on the function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and the effects of CP-25. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:8-21. [PMID: 26415983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate PGE2 and TNF-alpha signaling pathway involving in the maturation and activation of bone marrow dendritic cells (DCs) and the effect of CP-25. Bone marrow DCs were isolated and stimulated by PGE2 and TNF-alpha respectively. The markers of maturation and activation expressed on DCs, such as CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-II, and the ability of antigen uptake of DCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proliferation of T cells co-cultured with DCs, the signaling pathways of PGE2-EP4-cAMP and TNF-alpha-TRADD-TRAF2-NF-κB in DCs were analyzed. The results showed that both PGE2 and TNF-alpha up-regulated the expressions of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC-II, decreased the antigen uptake of DCs, and DCs stimulated by PGE2 or TNF-alpha could increase T cell proliferation. CP-25 (10(-5), 10(-6), and 10(-7)mol/l) decreased significantly the expressions of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86 and MHC-II, increased the antigen uptake of DCs, and suppressed T cell proliferation induced by DCs. PGE2 increased the expressions of EP4, NF-κB and down-regulated cAMP level of DCs. TNF-alpha could also up-regulate TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, and NF-κB expression of DCs. CP-25 (10(-5), 10(-6), and 10(-7)mol/l) decreased the expressions of EP4 and NF-κB, increased cAMP level in DCs stimulated by PGE2. CP-25 (10(-5), 10(-6), and 10(-7)mol/l) also could down-regulate significantly TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, and NF-κB expression in DCs stimulated by TNF-alpha. These results demonstrate that PGE2 and TNF-alpha could enhance DCs functions by mediating PGE2-EP4-cAMP pathway, TNF-alpha-TNFR1-TRADD-TRAF2-NF-κB pathway respectively. CP-25 might inhibit the function of DCs through regulating PGE2-EP4-cAMP and TNF-alpha-TNFR1-TRADD-TRAF2-NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jingjing Fu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China.
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Zhao ZJ, Ren HY, Yang F, Wang J, Wu GP, Mi XY. Expression, correlation, and prognostic value of TRAF2 and TRAF4 expression in malignant plural effusion cells in human breast cancer. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:897-903. [PMID: 26331901 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRAF2 and TRAF4, members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor family of intracellular signal transduction proteins, are associated with breast cancer progression and metastasis. METHODS We collected malignant serous effusion cells from the patients with breast cancer (n = 46). Cell blocks prepared from plural effusions (n = 46) and primary breast cancer (n = 50), lymph node metastases (n = 50), and normal breast tissue specimens (n = 30). The immunohistochemistry was performed for the detection of TRAF2 and TRAF4 expression with the correlation of their expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival rate analyzed. RESULTS Compared with normal breast tissues, TRAF2 expression was upregulated, and nuclear TRAF4 expression was downregulated in malignant pleural effusion cells, primary tumors, and lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed TRAF2 expression in pleural effusions was associated with the molecular/pathological type, venous invasion, and lymph node metastasis, while nuclear TRAF4 expression was associated with age, tumor size, venous invasion, and lymph node metastasis, clinical staging, molecular/pathological subtype and p53 status (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between TRAF2 and TRAF4 expression levels in malignant pleural effusion cells (r = 0.937; P < 0.01). Kaplan-Meire analysis demonstrated a close correlation of TRAF2 and TRAF4 expression in malignant pleural effusion cells with cumulative overall survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION TRAF2 and nuclear TRAF4 expression in malignant pleural effusion cells may represent potential prognostic factors and biomarkers of invasion and metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hua-Yan Ren
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Mi
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Vy Tran AH, Hahm SH, Han SH, Chung JH, Park GT, Han YS. Functional interaction between hMYH and hTRADD in the TNF-α-mediated survival and death pathways of HeLa cells. Mutat Res 2015; 777:11-19. [PMID: 25912078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway is a classical immune system pathway that plays a key role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis. The TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD) protein is recruited to the death domain of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), where it interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) for the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation. In this study, we found that the human MutY homolog (hMYH) interacted with human TRADD (hTRADD) via the C-terminal domain of hMYH. Moreover, under conditions promoting TNF-α-induced cell death or survival in HeLa cells, this interaction was weakened or enhanced, respectively. The interaction between hMYH and hTRADD was important for signaling pathways mediated by TNF-α. Our results also suggested that the hTRADD-hMYH association was involved in the nuclear translocation of NFκB and formation of the TNFR1-TRADD complex. Thus, this study identified a novel mechanism through which the hMYH-hTRADD interaction may affect the TNF-α signaling pathway. IMPLICATIONS In HeLa cells, the hTRADD-hMYH interaction functioned in both cell survival and apoptosis pathways following TNF-α stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Hue Vy Tran
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Hahm
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Han
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 463-836, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ye Sun Han
- College of Global Integrated Studies, Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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TRAF-mediated modulation of NF-kB AND JNK Activation by TNFR2. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2658-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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