1
|
Chan KC, Basavaraj P, Tsai JC, Viehoever J, Hsieh BY, Li XY, Huang GJ, Huang WC. Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Hispidin on Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7857. [PMID: 39063105 PMCID: PMC11277327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, prolonged ADT inevitably results in therapy resistance with the emergence of the castration-resistant PCa phenotype (CRPC). Hence, there is an urgent need to explore new treatment options capable of delaying PCa progression. Hispidin (HPD) is a natural polyketide primarily derived from plants and fungi. HPD has been shown to have a diverse pharmacological profile, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cardiovascular and neuro-protective activities. However, there is currently no research regarding its properties in the context of PCa treatment. This research article seeks to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of HPD and determine the underlying molecular basis in both androgen-sensitive PCa and CRPC cells. Cell growth, migration, and invasion assays were performed via the MTS method, a wound healing assay and the transwell method. To investigate if HPD affected the expression of proteins, Western blot analysis was conducted. Furthermore, apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Western blot analyses. HPD exhibited a favorable pharmaceutical profile to inhibit cell growth; disrupt the cell cycle; attenuate wound healing, migration and invasion; and induce apoptosis in PCa cells in vitro. The mechanistic results demonstrated that HPD reduced AR, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activated the caspase-related pathway, leading to programmed cell death in PCa cells. We showed the anti-cancer effect of HPD on PCa cells and confirmed its feasibility as a novel therapeutic agent. This study provides significant insights into the delineation of the molecular mechanism of HPD in PCa cells and the development of an effective and safe therapy using HPD to eliminate PCa progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Cheng Chan
- Graduate Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Praveenkumar Basavaraj
- Graduate Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jui-Chen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (J.-C.T.); (B.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Jonathan Viehoever
- International Master’s Program of Biomedical, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Bing-Yan Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (J.-C.T.); (B.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (J.-C.T.); (B.-Y.H.); (X.-Y.L.)
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Nutrition and Healthy Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.B.)
- International Master’s Program of Biomedical, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang L, Lou J, Zhao J, Geng Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Tao Z, Li Y, Qi J, Chen J, Yang L, Zhou K. Underlying Mechanism of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization in CNS Injury: A Literature Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04290-6. [PMID: 38888836 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a crucial role in various intracellular pathways as their final destination. Various stressors, whether mild or severe, can induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), resulting in the release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm. LMP not only plays a pivotal role in various cellular events but also significantly contributes to programmed cell death (PCD). Previous research has demonstrated the participation of LMP in central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, the mechanisms underlying LMP in CNS injuries are poorly understood. The occurrence of LMP leads to the activation of inflammatory pathways, increased levels of oxidative stress, and PCD. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest findings regarding LMP and highlight its functions in cellular events and PCDs (lysosome-dependent cell death, apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy). In addition, we consolidate the most recent insights into LMP in CNS injury by summarizing and exploring the latest advances. We also review potential therapeutic strategies that aim to preserve LMP or inhibit the release of enzymes from lysosomes to alleviate the consequences of LMP in CNS injury. A better understanding of the role that LMP plays in CNS injury may facilitate the development of strategic treatment options for CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Junsheng Lou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiayi Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yibo Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yuzhe Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yinuo Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhichao Tao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241001, China.
| | - Jiaoxiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Liangliang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benarous K, Serseg T, Mermer A, Tahmasebifar A, Boulebd H, Linani A. Exploring the Anti-Cancer Potential of Hispidin: A Comprehensive in Silico and in Vitro Study on Human Osteosarcoma Saos2 Cells. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301833. [PMID: 38456582 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Hispidin was initially discovered in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst and this extraordinary compound possesses immense potency and can be extracted from the wild mushroom through specialized bioreactor cultivation techniques. In our study, we isolated it from Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst., with a yield of 3.6 %. We identified and characterized hispidin through the implementation of spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, NMR, and MS. Additionally, we utilized Thermogravimetric Analysis for thermal characterization of the compound. Computational studies based on DFT were performed to investigate the molecular structure, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of hispidin. PASS analysis for hispidin demonstrated that 19 of them are anti-neoplastic activities. The Pharmacology prediction of hispidin confirm that it is not toxic, non-carcinogenesis with a good human intestinal absorption. The effect of hispidin on the viability of bone cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed that hispidin significantly reduced SaoS2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking was carried out using five targets related to bone cancer to determine the interactions between hispidin and the studied proteins. The results demonstrate that hispidin is a good inhibitor for the five targets. Dynamic simulation shows a good stability of the complex hispidin-protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Benarous
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Talia Serseg
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
- Laboratoire de sciences appliquées et didactiques, Ecole Normale Supérieure de, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Arif Mermer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Experimental Medicine Application and Research Center, Validebag Research Park, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aydin Tahmasebifar
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Experimental Medicine Application and Research Center, Validebag Research Park, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Houssem Boulebd
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Exact Science, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, 25000, Algeria
| | - Abderahmane Linani
- Fundamental sciences laboratory, Amar Telidji University, Laghouat, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan W, Yuan W, Zhou R, Lv G, Sun M, Zhao Y, Zheng W. Production of hispidin polyphenols from medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus vaninii in submerged cultures. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
|
5
|
Lai MC, Liu WY, Liou SS, Liu IM. Hispidin in the Medicinal Fungus Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from JNK Activation-Regulated Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis in an MPP +-Induced In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030549. [PMID: 36771255 PMCID: PMC9920671 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative diseases of the brain include Parkinson's disease (PD), which is associated with moveable signs and is still incurable. Hispidin belongs to polyphenol and originates primarily from the medicinal fungi Inonotus and Phellinus, with distinct biological effects. In the study, MES23.5 cells were induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to build a cell model of PD in order to detect the protective effect of hispdin and to specify the underlying mechanism. Pretreatment of MES23.5 cells with 1 h of hispdin at appropriate concentrations, followed by incubation of 24 h with 2 μmol/L MPP+ to induce cell damage. MPP+ resulted in reactive oxygen species production that diminished cell viability and dopamine content. Mitochondrial dysfunction in MS23.5 cells exposed to MPP+ was observed, indicated by inhibition of activity in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, the collapse of potential in mitochondrial transmembrane, and the liberation of mitochondrial cytochrome c. Enabling C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), reducing Bcl-2/Bax, and enhancing caspase-9/caspase-3/PARP cleavage were also seen by MPP+ induction associated with increased DNA fragmentation. All of the events mentioned above associated with MPP+-mediated mitochondrial-dependent caspases cascades were attenuated under cells pretreatment with hispidin (20 µmol/L); similar results were obtained during cell pretreatment with pan-JNK inhibitor JNK-IN-8 (1 µmol/L) or JNK3 inhibitor SR3576 (25 µmol/L). The findings show that hispidin has neuroprotection against MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular apoptosis and suggest that hispidin can be seen as an assist in preventing PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chou Lai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - Wayne-Young Liu
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406053, Taiwan
| | - Shorong-Shii Liou
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7624002
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boudagga S, Bouslama L, Papetti A, Colombo R, Arous F, Jaouani A. Antiviral activity of Inonotusin A an active compound isolated from Boletus bellinii and Boletus subtomentosus. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022; 77:3645-3655. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
7
|
How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070868. [PMID: 35890166 PMCID: PMC9320176 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a “core” from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.
Collapse
|
8
|
Palkina KA, Ipatova DA, Shakhova ES, Balakireva AV, Markina NM. Therapeutic Potential of Hispidin-Fungal and Plant Polyketide. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050323. [PMID: 33922000 PMCID: PMC8143579 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large number of bioactive polyketides well-known for their anticancer, antibiotic, cholesterol-lowering, and other therapeutic functions, and hispidin is among them. It is a highly abundant secondary plant and fungal metabolite, which is investigated in research devoted to cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and viral diseases. This review summarizes over 20 years of hispidin studies of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antiviral, and anti-cancer cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia A. Palkina
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.P.); (D.A.I.); (E.S.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Ipatova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.P.); (D.A.I.); (E.S.S.); (A.V.B.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S. Shakhova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.P.); (D.A.I.); (E.S.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Balakireva
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.P.); (D.A.I.); (E.S.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M. Markina
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.P.); (D.A.I.); (E.S.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Planta LLC, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-9161342855
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo J, Liu X, Li Y, Ji H, Liu C, Zhou L, Huang Y, Bai C, Jiang Z, Wu X. Screening for proteins related to the biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives in Phellinus igniarius using iTRAQ proteomic analysis. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:81. [PMID: 33711926 PMCID: PMC7953727 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hispidin (HIP) and its derivatives, a class of natural fungal metabolites, possess complex chemical structures with extensive pharmacological activities. Phellinus igniarius, the most common source of HIP, can be used as both medicine and food. However, the biosynthetic pathway of HIP in P. igniarius remains unclear and we have a limited understanding of the regulatory mechanisms related to HIP. In this work, we sought to illustrate a biosynthesis system for hispidin and its derivatives at the protein level. Results We found that tricetolatone (TL) is a key biosynthetic precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of hispidin and that its addition led to increased production of hispidin and various hispidin derivatives. Based on the changes in the concentrations of precursors and intermediates, key timepoints in the biosynthetic process were identified. We used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to study dynamic changes of related proteins in vitro. The 270 differentially expressed proteins were determined by GO enrichment analysis to be primarily related to energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and environmental stress responses after TL supplementation. The differentially expressed proteins were related to ATP synthase, NAD binding protein, oxidoreductase, and other elements associated with electron transfer and dehydrogenation reactions during the biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) technology was used to selectively verify the iTRAQ results, leading us to screen 11 proteins that were predicted to be related to the biosynthesis pathways. Conclution These findings help to clarify the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis of hispidin and its derivatives and may serve as a foundation for future strategies to identify new hispidin derivatives. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02134-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Changcai Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao Y, Zheng W. Deciphering the antitumoral potential of the bioactive metabolites from medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113321. [PMID: 32877719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The crude extracts of the medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus have been used as an effective traditional medicine to treat malicious tumors, gastritis, gastric ulcers, and other inflammatory conditions in Russia and most Baltic countries. AIM OF THIS REVIEW Deciphering the antitumoral potential of the bioactive metabolites from I. obliquus and addressing its possibility to be used as effective agents for tumor treatment, restoration of compromised immunity and protection of gastrointestinal damage caused by chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the current achievements and dilemma in tumor chemo- or immunotherapy. In this context, we searched the published literatures on I. obliquus covering from 1990 to 2020, and summarized the activities of antitumor, antioxidation, and immunomodulation by the polysaccharides, triterpenoids, small phenolic compounds, and hispidin polyphenols. By comparing the merits and shortcomings of current and traditional methodology for tumor treatment, we further addressed feasibility for the use of I. obliquus as an effective natural drug for tumor treatment and prevention. RESULTS The diverse bioactive metabolites confer I. obliquus great potential to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Its antitumor activities are achieved either through suppressing multiple oncogenic signals including but not limited to the activation of NF-κB and FAK, and the expression of RhoA/MMP-9 via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The antitumor activities can also be achieved by inhibiting tyrosinase activity via PAK1-dependent signaling pathway or altering lysosomal membrane permeabilization through blocking tubulin polymerization and/or disturbing energy metabolism through LKB1/AMPK pathway. In addition, the metabolites from I. obliquus also harbour the potentials to reverse MDR either through selective inhibition on P-gp/ABCB1 or MRP1/ABCC1 proteins or the induction of G2/M checkpoint arrest in tumor cells of chemoresistant phenotypes mediated by Nox/ROS/NF-kB/STAT3 signaling pathway. In addition to the eminent effects in tumor inhibition, the metabolites in I. obliquus also exhibit immunomodulatory potential to restore the compromised immunity and protect against ulcerative damage of GI tract caused by chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS I. obliquus possesses the potential to reduce incidence of tumorigenesis in healthy people. For those whose complete remission has been achieved by chemotherapy, administration of the fungus will inhibit the activation of upstream oncogenic signals and thereby prevent metastasis; for those who are in the process of chemotherapy administration of the fungus will not only chemosensitize the tumor cells and thereby increasing the chemotherapeutic effects, but also help to restore the compromised immunity and protect against ulcerative GI tract damage and other side-effects induced by chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Weifa Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ren G, Hao X, Yang S, Chen J, Qiu G, Ang KP, Mohd Tamrin MI. 10H-3,6-Diazaphenothiazines triggered the mitochondrial-dependent and cell death receptor-dependent apoptosis pathways and further increased the chemosensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells via inhibition of AKT1 pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22544. [PMID: 32619082 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in cancer categories, followed by lung, colorectal, and ovarian among the female gender across the world. 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (PTZ) is a thiazine derivative compound that exhibits many pharmacological activities. Herein, we proceed to investigate the pharmacological activities of PTZ toward breast cancer MCF-7 cells as a representative in vitro breast cancer cell model. The PTZ exhibited a proliferation inhibition (IC50 = 0.895 µM) toward MCF-7 cells. Further, cell cycle analysis illustrated that the S-phase checkpoint was activated to achieve proliferation inhibition. In vitro cytotoxicity test on three normal cell lines (HEK293 normal kidney cells, MCF-10A normal breast cells, and H9C2 normal heart cells) demonstrated that PTZ was more potent toward cancer cells. Increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species results in polarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), together with suppression of mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase enzymatic activity suggested that PTZ induced oxidative damages toward mitochondria and contributed to improved drug efficacy toward treatment. The RT2 PCR Profiler Array (human apoptosis pathways) proved that PTZ induced cell death via mitochondria-dependent and cell death receptor-dependent pathways, through a series of modulation of caspases, and the respective morphology of apoptosis was observed. Mechanistic studies of apoptosis suggested that PTZ inhibited AKT1 pathways resulting in enhanced drug efficacy despite it preventing invasion of cancer cells. These results showed the effectiveness of PTZ in initiation of apoptosis, programmed cell death, toward highly chemoresistant MCF-7 cells, thus suggesting its potential as a chemotherapeutic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guobin Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kok Pian Ang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Islahuddin Mohd Tamrin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huo J, Zhong S, Du X, Cao Y, Wang W, Sun Y, Tian Y, Zhu J, Chen J, Xuan L, Wu C, Li Y. Whole-genome sequence of Phellinus gilvus (mulberry Sanghuang) reveals its unique medicinal values. J Adv Res 2020; 24:325-335. [PMID: 32455007 PMCID: PMC7235939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat, a species of ‘Sanghuang’, has been well-documented for various medicinal uses, but the genome information and active constituents are largely unknown. Here, we sequenced the whole-genome of P. gilvus, identified phenylpropanoids as its key anti-cancer components, and deduced their biosynthesis pathways. A 41.11-Mb genome sequence was assembled and the heatmap created with high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques data suggested all bins could be clearly divided into 11 pseudochromosomes. Cellular experiments showed that P. gilvus fruiting body was more effective to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cells than mycelia. High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) analysis revealed P. gilvus fruiting body was rich in phenylpropanoids, and several unique phenylpropanoids in Phellinus spp. exhibited potent anti-carcinogenesis activity. Based on genomic, HR-ESI-MS information and differentially expressed genes in transcriptome analysis, we deduced the biosynthesis pathway of four major phenylpropanoids in P. gilvus. Transcriptome analysis revealed the deduced genes expressions were synergistically changed with the production of phenylpropanoids. The optimal candidate genes of phenylpropanoids’ synthesis pathway were screened by molecular docking analysis. Overall, our results provided a high-quality genomic data of P. gilvus and inferred biosynthesis pathways of four phenylpropanoids with potent anti-carcinogenesis activities. These will be a valuable resource for further genetic improvement and effective use of the P. gilvus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Huo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Zhong
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Du
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Zhu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jine Chen
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijiang Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yougui Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu LF, Ma P, Hu YL, Feng Y, Li P, Wang H, Guo YB, Mao QS, Xue WJ. HCCR-1 is a Novel Prognostic Indicator for Gastric Cancer and Promotes Cell Proliferation. J Cancer 2019; 10:3533-3542. [PMID: 31293658 PMCID: PMC6603419 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the human cervical cancer oncogene (HCCR-1) in the development of various tumors has been elucidated; however, its expression and function in gastric cancer remains largely unknown. Accordingly, the expression of HCCR-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were detected in paired gastric cancer tissues and cell lines by western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Furthermore, the correlations between HCCR-1 expression in 209 gastric cancer tissues and the clinicopathological features and disease prognosis were analyzed. A stable HCCR-1 overexpression cell line was established, and the influence of increased HCCR-1 expression on the growth of gastric cancer cells was observed in vivo and in vitro. The expression of HCCR-1 generally increased in gastric cancer tissues. Further, increased HCCR-1 expression in gastric cancer tissues was associated with tumor T stage and was an independent factor that influenced poor postoperative prognosis in gastric cancer patients. A positive correlation was also detected between the expression of EGF and HCCR-1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The overexpression of HCCR-1 might enhance the growth rate of gastric cancer cells in vitro, increase the number of colony forming units, and promote the growth, volume, and weight of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. In conclusion, HCCR-1 is a gastric cancer oncogene, and its increased expression plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Hence, HCCR-1 could serve as a valuable marker for the postoperative prognostic assessment of gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fei Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Bing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Derrone induces autophagic cell death through induction of ROS and ERK in A549 cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218659. [PMID: 31216334 PMCID: PMC6583947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of derrone (DR), one of the major compounds of unripe fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata, on cancer cell death. DR inhibited cell growth of various cancer cells, and that was partially associated with apoptosis in A549 cells. DR showed the autophagic features, such as the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, the formation of autophagosome and the downregulation of SQSTM1/p62 (p62). The treatment of autophagy inhibitor reversed DR-mediated cell death, suggesting that DR induces autophagic cell death. The increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and ROS by DR treatment significantly influences the formation of autophagosomes; however, only ROS scavengers significantly rescued the reduced cell viability. Additional results revealed that treatment of DR induces sustained phosphorylation of ERK and the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation using U0126 (ERK inhibitor) markedly attenuated DR-induced cell death. Overall, these results suggest that DR induces autophagic cell death through intracellular ROS and sustained ERK phosphorylation in A549 cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Typical and Atypical Inducers of Lysosomal Cell Death: A Promising Anticancer Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082256. [PMID: 30071644 PMCID: PMC6121368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are conservative organelles with an indispensable role in cellular degradation and the recycling of macromolecules. However, in light of recent findings, it has emerged that the role of lysosomes in cancer cells extends far beyond cellular catabolism and includes a variety of cellular pathways, such as proliferation, metastatic potential, and drug resistance. It has been well described that malignant transformation leads to alterations in lysosomal structure and function, which, paradoxically, renders cancer cells more sensitive to lysosomal destabilization. Furthermore, lysosomes are implicated in the regulation and execution of cell death in response to diverse stimuli and it has been shown that lysosome-dependent cell death can be utilized to overcome apoptosis and drug resistance. Thus, the purpose of this review is to characterize the role of lysosome in cancer therapy and to describe how these organelles impact treatment resistance. We summarized the characteristics of typical inducers of lysosomal cell death, which exert its function primarily via alterations in the lysosomal compartment. The review also presents other anticancer agents with the predominant mechanism of action different from lysosomal destabilization, the activity of which is influenced by lysosomal signaling, including classical chemotherapeutics, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, as well as photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Puzyr AP, Medvedeva SE, Burov AE, Zernov YP, Bondar VS. Detection of Hispidin by a Luminescent System from Basidiomycete Armillaria borealis. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2018; 480:173-176. [PMID: 30008104 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672918030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In in vitro experiments, the possibility of using a luminescent system extracted from the luminous fungus Armillaria borealis has been shown to detect and determine the concentration of hispidin. A linear dependence of the luminescent response on the content of hispidin in solutions in the concentration range of 5.4 × 10-5-1.4 × 10-2 µM was detected. The stability of the enzyme system and the high sensitivity of the bioluminescent reaction allows carrying out multiple measurements with the analyte detection limit of 1.3 × 10-11 g. The obtained results show the prospects of creating a rapid bioluminescent method for the analysis of medical substances or extracts from various biological objects for the presence of hispidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Puzyr
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
| | - S E Medvedeva
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - A E Burov
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Computational Technologies, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia
| | - Yu P Zernov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - V S Bondar
- Institute of Biophysics, Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization as a cell death mechanism in cancer cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:207-215. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that mediate the intracellular degradation of macromolecules. Damage of these organelles often results in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the release into the cytoplasm of the soluble lysosomal contents, which include proteolytic enzymes of the cathepsin family. This, in turn, activates several intracellular cascades that promote a type of regulated cell death, called lysosome-dependent cell death (LDCD). LDCD can be inhibited by pharmacological or genetic blockade of cathepsin activity, or by protecting the lysosomal membrane, thereby stabilizing the organelle. Lysosomal alterations are common in cancer cells and may increase the sensitivity of these cells to agents that promote LMP. In this review, we summarize recent findings supporting the use of LDCD as a means of killing cancer cells.
Collapse
|