MMP-3 gene polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis in Chinese men

Cartilage Injuries: Basic Science Update

The last several decades have brought about substantial development in our understanding of the biomolecular pathways associated with chondral disease and progression to arthritis. Within domains relevant to foot and ankle, genetic modification of stem cells, augmentation of bone marrow stimulation techniques, and improvement on existing scaffolds for delivery of orthobiologic agents hold promise in improving treatment of chondral injuries. This review summarizes novel developments in the understanding of the molecular pathways underlying chondral damage and some of the recent advancements within related therapeutics.

The association between genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

To investigate the linkage of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene polymorphisms with the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

This meta-analysis study systematically retrieved relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central, Wanfang Data, CNKI, and SinoMed up to November 2020. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association between MMP gene polymorphisms and OA.

RESULTS

A total of nine case-control studies comprising 1719 knee OA patients and 1904 controls were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that MMP-1-1607 (rs1799750) 1G/2G polymorphism was not significantly associated with knee OA risk in four genetic models (OR (95% CI): allele model: 0.89 (0.57, 1.40), p = .615); dominant mode: 0.82 (0.47, 1.44), p = .486; recessive model: 0.88 (0.49, 1.57), p = .659; homozygote model: 0.79 (0.34, 1.82), p = .576. The association was significant for dominant model of MMP-3 C/T: 1.54 (1.10-2.15), p = .013, especially in Asian ethnicity (1.63 (1.11, 2.39), p = .013). Variants of MMP-13 C/T polymorphism were associated with increased risk of knee OA development based on dominant model: 1.56 (1.19, 2.06), p = .001 and homozygote model: 2.12 (1.44, 3.13), p < .001, and there were significant associations between MMP-13 C/T polymorphism and knee OA risk in Asian ethnicity under different genetic models (all p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Present evidence suggested that the gene polymorphisms of MMP-1-1607 1G/2G may not be associated with the risk of OA. But, the dominant model of MMP-3 and MMP-13 polymorphisms in Asian ethnicity was significantly correlated with knee OA.

The Role of Genetics and Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is progressive disease characterised by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodelling and inflammation of the synovium. The disease is associated with obesity, mechanical load and age. However, multiple pro-inflammatory immune mediators regulate the expression of metalloproteinases, which take part in cartilage degradation. Furthermore, genetic factors also contribute to OA susceptibility. Recent studies have highlighted that epigenetic mechanisms may regulate the expression of OA-associated genes. This review aims to present the mechanisms of OA pathogenesis and summarise current evidence regarding the role of genetics and epigenetics in this process.

Polymorphism of MMP-3 gene and imbalance expression of MMP-3 / TIMP-1 in articular cartilage are associated with an endemic osteochondropathy, Kashin- Beck disease

Background

The etiology of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), an endemic osteochondropathy, is largely unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) plays a central role in the initiation and progression of cartilage destruction, however, no study has reported on the relationship between KBD and MMP-3. The objective of this study was to explore the polymorphism of MMP-3 gene and expression of MMP-3 / TIMP-1(Tissue inhibitors of matrixmetalloproteinases-1) in the pathogenesis of KBD.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was conducted in 274 KBD cases and 248 healthy controls for eight SNPs in MMP-3 using the Sequenom MassARRAY system. Additionally, the expression of MMP-3、TIMP-1 in different layers of the articular cartilage was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for 22 KBD patients, 15 osteoarthritis (OA) patients and 21 controls.

Results

The results showed that six SNPs (rs520540、rs591058、rs679620、rs602128、rs639752 and rs678815) in MMP-3 were associated with the increased risk of KBD, however, after Bonferroni correction, only the SNP rs679620 in the recessive model remained significant difference (OR = 2.31, 95%CI = 1.29–4.14, P = 0.0039), homozygous for “T” allele have a risk for KBD than “C” allele carriers. Moreover, the percentages of cells expressing MMP-3 in articular cartilage were significantly higher in the KBD and OA groups than in the controls (t = 5.37 and 4.19, P<0.01). While the KBD and OA groups had lower levels of TIMP-1 positive staining compared with the controls (t = 5.23and 5.06, P<0.01). And there was no significant different between KBD and OA for the levels of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 positive staining (t = 0.05and 0.28, P>0.05).

Conclusions

MMP-3 is associated with the susceptibility of KBD, and the imbalance expression of MMPs / TIMPs leading to cartilage degradation may play an important role in cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis formation in OA and KBD.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Gene Polymorphisms With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Literature

Progressive matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the articular cartilage is one of the major pathogenic osteoarthritis (OA) events. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding MMPs have been identified as affecting MMP expression, production, and enzymatic activity. This study systematically reviews the literature regarding the association between the SNPs of genes encoding MMPs and the risk of knee OA. An electronic search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from conception to January 2021 was performed addressing studies relating MMPs genetic polymorphisms with the risk of knee OA. We included case-control studies that used validated genotyping methods to detect the SNPs’ association in MMP genes with primary knee OA risk. Ten studies were finally included in this systematic review, evaluating different SNPs in six MMP genes in terms of knee OA pathogenesis: MMP-1 (3 SNPs), MMP-2 (1 SNP), MMP-3 (9 SNPs), MMP-8 (10 SNPs), MMP-9 (6 SNPs), and MMP-13 (1 SNP). Among them, nine SNPs of four MMP genes have been associated with knee OA: (a) MMP-1 -1607 1G/2G (Turkish, Chinese), (b) MMP-3 rs650108, rs650108, rs520540, rs602128, rs679620 (Chinese), (c) MMP-8 rs1940475 and rs376520 (Finnish), and (d) MMP-13 77A/ (rs2252070) (Chinese). The present review summarizes all known SNPs of MMP genes related to a higher risk of knee OA. There are at least nine SNPs in four MMP genes associated with knee OA. No solid correlation between MMP genotype and knee OA phenotype exists. More high-quality studies and modern genetic testing methods are needed to fully elucidate the role of polymorphisms of MMP genes in knee OA pathogenesis.

Estrogen-related receptors: novel potential regulators of osteoarthritis pathogenesis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is associated with articular cartilage destruction, subchondral bone alterations, synovitis, and even joint deformity and the loss of joint function. Although current basic research on the pathogenesis of OA has made remarkable progress, our understanding of this disease still needs to be further improved. Recent studies have shown that the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family members ERRα and ERRγ may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of OA. In this review, we refer to the latest research on ERRs and the pathogenesis of OA, elucidate the structure and physiopathological functions of the ERR orphan nuclear receptor family, and systematically examine the relationship between ERRs and OA at the molecular level. Moreover, we also discuss and predict the capacity of ERRs as potential targets in the clinical treatment of OA.

Genetics in Cartilage Lesions: Basic Science and Therapy Approaches

Cartilage lesions have a multifactorial nature, and genetic factors are their strongest determinants. As biochemical and genetic studies have dramatically progressed over the past decade, the molecular basis of cartilage pathologies has become clearer. Several homeostasis abnormalities within cartilaginous tissue have been found, including various structural changes, differential gene expression patterns, as well as altered epigenetic regulation. However, the efficient treatment of cartilage pathologies represents a substantial challenge. Understanding the complex genetic background pertaining to cartilage pathologies is useful primarily in the context of seeking new pathways leading to disease progression as well as in developing new targeted therapies. A technology utilizing gene transfer to deliver therapeutic genes to the site of injury is quickly becoming an emerging approach in cartilage renewal. The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the genetic basis of chondral lesions and the different approaches of the most recent systems exploiting therapeutic gene transfer in cartilage repair. The integration of tissue engineering with viral gene vectors is a novel and active area of research. However, despite promising preclinical data, this therapeutic concept needs to be supported by the growing body of clinical trials.

Epistasis of polymorphisms related to the articular cartilage extracellular matrix in knee osteoarthritis: Analysis-based multifactor dimensionality reduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease with a multifactorial etiology. The genetic component is one of the main associated factors, resulting from interactions between genes and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to identify gene-gene interactions (epistasis) of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in knee OA. Ninety-two knee OA patients and 147 healthy individuals were included. Participants were genotyped in order to evaluate nine variants of eight genes associated with ECM metabolism using the OpenArray technology. Epistasis was analyzed using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. The MDR analysis showed significant gene-gene interactions between MMP3 (rs679620) and COL3A1 (rs1800255), and between COL3A1 (rs1800255) and VEGFA (rs699947) polymorphisms, with information gain values of 3.21% and 2.34%, respectively. Furthermore, in our study we found interactions in high-risk genotypes of the HIF1AN, MMP3 and COL3A1 genes; the most representative were [AA+CC+GA], [AA+CT+GA] and [AA+CT+GG], respectively; and low-risk genotypes [AA+CC+GG], [GG+TT+GA] and [AA+TT+GA], respectively. Knowing the interactions of these polymorphisms involved in articular cartilage ECM metabolism could provide a new tool to identify individuals at high risk of developing knee OA.

The Association Between Knee Osteoarthritis and HLA-DRB1*0101 in the East of Iran

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful social problem, which breaks down the articular cartilage, causes the failure of synovial joints and subchondral bone sclerosis. OA etiology is not completely understood, but joint trauma, infection, obesity, and diseases are the most important risk factors for OA developing. Recent studies suggested inflammatory factors and genetic components can be involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Experimental evidences suggest a linkage between Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genetic diversity and OA. But a few studies have been conducted in this subject.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between HLA-DRB1*0101 and OA in Iranian patients.

METHODS

Thirty patients with knee osteoarthritis and 30 healthy people as the control group were included in the study. Sex, weight, age, Body mass index (BMI) and height of all participants were recorded. HLA-DRB1*0101 was typed by PCR using the sequence-specific primer.

RESULTS

Our results showed 80% of knee osteoarthritis patients were positively HLA-DRB1*0101 (n=24), while only 26.7% of controls were positive (n=8) (P= 0.015).

CONCLUSION

These findings proposed that there is a significant association between HLADRB1* 0101 and susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis.

Association of ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 polymorphisms with musculoskeletal degenerative diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: This meta-analysis and systematic review was performed with the aim of investigating the association between a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS)4, AMDMTS5 polymorphisms and risk of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases.

Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Wanfang and CNKI were searched from their inception until May 2018 to identify eligible studies. Data from individual studies were extracted using a standardized data collection sheet. The estimate of association between ADAMTS4, AMDMTS5 polymorphisms and risk of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases was expressed as odds ratio (OR) along with its related 95% confidence interval (95%CI) under an allelic model of inheritance. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. Subgroup-analyses by ethnicity and type of diseases were performed.

Results: Eight studies including ten cohorts were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analyses results based on seven studies showed that rs226794 in ADAMTS5 gene was not associated with risk of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases (A vs. G: OR 1.07; 95%CI 0.97–1.19; P=0.16). Rs2830585 in ADAMTS5 was significantly associated with musculoskeletal degenerative diseases in only Asians (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.18–1.68; P=0.0001), but not in Caucasians. Since only two of the collected studies referred to ADAMTS4, we did not perform meta-analysis for these comparisons.

Conclusion: Taken together, rs226794 and rs2830585 in ADAMTS5 gene were not associated with musculoskeletal degenerative diseases in overall population, but there seemed to be an ethnicity-dependent effect of rs2830585 in the risk of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases. Insufficient evidence was found to support the association of other single nucleotide polymorphisms and musculoskeletal degenerative diseases.

The association between rs12885713 polymorphism in CALM1 and risk of osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of case-control studies

OBJECTIVE

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12885713 of calmodulin 1 gene (CALM1) has been reported to involve in the etiology of osteoarthritis (OA) in several association studies with limited sample size and conflicting results. The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate and synthesize the currently available data on the correlation between rs12885713 and OA susceptibility.

METHODS

Six electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, CNETRAL, CNKI, and Wanfang were systematically retrieved to identify relevant observational articles published before October 2017. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to indicate the association between CALM1 polymorphism and OA. Risk of bias was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Predetermined subgroups and sensitivity analyses were performed using the RevMan 5.3 software. Publication bias was evaluated by Egger and Begg tests.

RESULTS

Overall, 5 case-control studies involving 2183 OA patients 2654 healthy control subjects satisfied the meta-analysis. Recessive model was confirmed to be the best-matching genetic model (TT + TC versus CC). The pooled outcomes indicated that rs12885713 SNP was not significantly associated with OA vulnerability (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.97, 1.27; P = .12). When stratified by different genders, OA sites, and population descents respectively, still non-significant associations were found.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of our present study, the rs12885713 polymorphism of CALM1 did not appear to be associated with OA predisposition.