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Ahuja S, Sureka N, Zaheer S. Unraveling the intricacies of cancer-associated fibroblasts: a comprehensive review on metabolic reprogramming and tumor microenvironment crosstalk. APMIS 2024. [PMID: 38873945 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are crucial component of tumor microenvironment (TME) which undergo significant phenotypic changes and metabolic reprogramming, profoundly impacting tumor growth. This review delves into CAF plasticity, diverse origins, and the molecular mechanisms driving their continuous activation. Emphasis is placed on the intricate bidirectional crosstalk between CAFs and tumor cells, promoting cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and immune evasion. Metabolic reprogramming, a cancer hallmark, extends beyond cancer cells to CAFs, contributing to the complex metabolic interplay within the TME. The 'reverse Warburg effect' in CAFs mirrors the Warburg effect, involving the export of high-energy substrates to fuel cancer cells, supporting their rapid proliferation. Molecular regulations by key players like p53, Myc, and K-RAS orchestrate this metabolic adaptation. Understanding the metabolic symbiosis between CAFs and tumor cells opens avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies to disrupt this dynamic crosstalk. Unraveling CAF-mediated metabolic reprogramming provides valuable insights for developing novel anticancer therapies. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge, shedding light on CAFs' multifaceted roles in the TME and offering potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Niti Sureka
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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3
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Chan MKK, Chan ELY, Ji ZZ, Chan ASW, Li C, Leung KT, To KF, Tang PMK. Transforming growth factor-β signaling: from tumor microenvironment to anticancer therapy. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:316-343. [PMID: 37205317 PMCID: PMC10185444 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-β signaling are heterogeneous and versatile in cancer development and progression, both anticancer and protumoral actions are reported. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that TGF-β enhances disease progression and drug resistance via immune-modulatory actions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. A better understanding of its regulatory mechanisms in the TME at the molecular level can facilitate the development of precision medicine to block the protumoral actions of TGF-β in the TME. Here, the latest information about the regulatory mechanisms and translational research of TGF-β signaling in the TME for therapeutic development had been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kam-Kwan Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Emily Lok-Yiu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zoey Zeyuan Ji
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex Siu-Wing Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Ni Y, Shen P, Wang X, Liu H, Luo H, Han X. The roles of IDH1 in tumor metabolism and immunity. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3941-3953. [PMID: 36621781 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IDH1 is a key metabolic enzyme for cellular respiration in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that can convert isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and generate NADPH. The reduction of IDH1 may affect dioxygenase activity and damage the body's detoxification mechanism. Many studies have shown that IDH1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors, and the changes in IDH1 expression levels or gene mutations have appeared in many tumor tissues and produced a series of metabolic and immunity changes at the same time. To better understand the relationship between IDH1 and tumor development, this article reviews the latest advances in IDH1 and tumor metabolism, tumor immunity, IDH1 regulatory mechanisms and IDH1 target inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peibo Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Huiyuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiuzhen Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117, Shandong Province, China
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Chan MKK, Chung JYF, Tang PCT, Chan ASW, Ho JYY, Lin TPT, Chen J, Leung KT, To KF, Lan HY, Tang PMK. TGF-β signaling networks in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Umer N, Phadke S, Shakeri F, Arévalo L, Lohanadan K, Kirfel G, Sylvester M, Buness A, Schorle H. PFN4 is required for manchette development and acrosome biogenesis during mouse spermiogenesis. Development 2022; 149:276289. [PMID: 35950913 PMCID: PMC9481974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Profilin 4 (Pfn4) is expressed during spermiogenesis and localizes to the acrosome-acroplaxome-manchette complex. Here, we generated PFN4-deficient mice, with sperm displaying severe impairment in manchette formation. Interestingly, HOOK1 staining suggests that the perinuclear ring is established; however, ARL3 staining is disrupted, suggesting that lack of PFN4 does not interfere with the formation of the perinuclear ring and initial localization of HOOK1, but impedes microtubular organization of the manchette. Furthermore, amorphous head shape and flagellar defects were detected, resulting in reduced sperm motility. Disrupted cis- and trans-Golgi networks and aberrant production of proacrosomal vesicles caused impaired acrosome biogenesis. Proteomic analysis showed that the proteins ARF3, SPECC1L and FKBP1, which are involved in Golgi membrane trafficking and PI3K/AKT pathway, are more abundant in Pfn4−/− testes. Levels of PI3K, AKT and mTOR were elevated, whereas AMPK level was reduced, consistent with inhibition of autophagy. This seems to result in blockage of autophagic flux, which could explain the failure in acrosome formation. In vitro fertilization demonstrated that PFN4-deficient sperm is capable of fertilizing zona-free oocytes, suggesting a potential treatment for PFN4-related human infertility. Summary: PFN4-deficient male mice exhibit impaired acrosome formation and malformation of the manchette, leading to amorphous sperm head shape, flagellar abnormalities and sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Umer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn 1 Department of Developmental Pathology , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sharang Phadke
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn 1 Department of Developmental Pathology , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
| | - Farhad Shakeri
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology 2 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- University of Bonn 2 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics 3 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- University of Bonn 3 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
| | - Lena Arévalo
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn 1 Department of Developmental Pathology , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
| | | | - Gregor Kirfel
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Marc Sylvester
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 5 Core Facility Mass Spectrometry , , Medical Faculty , , 53115 Bonn , Germany
- University of Bonn 5 Core Facility Mass Spectrometry , , Medical Faculty , , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Andreas Buness
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology 2 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- University of Bonn 2 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics 3 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
- University of Bonn 3 , Medical Faculty , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn 1 Department of Developmental Pathology , , 53127 Bonn , Germany
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Wang L, He S, Xiong Z, Lu J, Lin Y, Jin H, Yang L. Chronic nickel (II) exposure induces the stemness properties of cancer cells through repressing isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112031. [PMID: 33578097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel is a component of biomedical alloys that is released during corrosion or friction and causes cytotoxicity, mutation, differentiation or even carcinogenesis in tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying the potential hazards of Nickel-containing alloys implanted in the human body by surgery remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Ni(II) (NiCl2•6H2O) on cancer cells. METHODS A549 and RKO cells were treated with various concentrations of Ni(II) to determine the effect of Ni(II) on cellular viability using a CCK8 assay. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the effect of Ni(II) on apoptosis and the cell cycle. Sphere-forming assays were conducted to examine the stemness properties of A549 and RKO cells. Western blotting was to evaluate the expression levels of SOX2, IDH1, HIF-1ɑ and β-catenin. The expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) in rectum adenocarcinoma (READ) was analyzed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the correlation between survival and IDH1 expression. RESULTS Long-term exposure (120 days) to 100 µM Ni(II) significantly repressed cell proliferation, decreased colony formation and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. In addition, the stem-like traits of A549 and RKO cells were significantly augmented. Ni(II) also significantly decreased the protein expression of IDH1 and the synthesis rate of NAPDH, which competitively inhibited α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) generation. The downregulation of IDH1 not only promoted β-catenin accumulation in the cell nucleus in a HIF-1ɑ signaling-dependent manner but also induced the expression of the transcription factor SOX2 to maintain the stemness properties of cancer cells. Moreover, IDH1 expression negatively correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics of READ. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that chronic and continuous release of Ni(II) to the microenvironment suppresses IDH1 expression and augments the stemness properties of cancer cells via the activation HIF-1ɑ/β-catenin/SOX2 pathway to enhance local tumor recurrence in patients with implanted Nickel-containing alloys at surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shengnan He
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, PR China
| | - Zhen Xiong
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430015, PR China
| | - Jingxiao Lu
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, PR China
| | - Yuntao Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, PR China
| | - Huidong Jin
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Lan Yang
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, PR China.
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Gao Y, Wu Y, Zhang N, Yuan H, Wang F, Xu H, Yu J, Ma J, Hou S, Cao X. IDH1 gene mutation activates Smad signaling molecules to regulate the expression levels of cell cycle and biological rhythm genes in human glioma U87‑MG cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:354. [PMID: 33760141 PMCID: PMC7974315 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase1 (IDH1) mutation is the most important genetic change in glioma. The most common IDH1 mutation results in the amino acid substitution of arginine 132 (Arg/R132), which is located at the active site of the enzyme. IDH1 Arg132His (R132H) mutation can reduce the proliferative rate of glioma cells. Numerous diseases follow circadian rhythms, and there is growing evidence that circadian disruption may be a risk factor for cancer in humans. Dysregulation of the circadian clock serves an important role in the development of malignant tumors, including glioma. Brain-Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1 (BMAL1) and Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) are the main biological rhythm genes. The present study aimed to further study whether there is an association between IDH1 R132H mutation and biological rhythm in glioma, and whether this affects the occurrence of glioma. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to detect the expression levels of the biological rhythm genes BMAL1 and CLOCK in various types of tumor. Additionally, U87-MG cells were infected with wild-type and mutant IDH1 lentiviruses. Colony formation experiments were used to detect cell proliferation in each group, cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry and western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of wild-type and mutant IDH1, cyclins, biological rhythm genes and Smad signaling pathway-associated genes in U87-MG cells. TCGA database results suggested that BMAL1 and CLOCK were abnormally expressed in glioma. Cells were successfully infected with wild-type and mutant IDH1 lentiviruses. Colony formation assay revealed decreased cell proliferation in the IDH1 R132H mutant group. The cell cycle distribution detected by flow cytometry indicated that IDH1 gene mutation increased the G1 phase ratio and decreased the S phase ratio in U87-MG cells. The western blotting results demonstrated that IDH1 R132H mutation decreased the expression levels of the S phase-associated proteins Cyclin A and CDK2, and increased the expression levels of the G1 phase-associated proteins Cyclin D3 and CDK4, but did not significantly change the expression levels of the G2/M phase-associated protein Cyclin B1. The expression levels of the positive and negative rhythm regulation genes BMAL1, CLOCK, period (PER s (PER1, 2 and 3) and cryptochrom (CRY)s (CRY1 and 2) were significantly decreased, those of the Smad signaling pathway-associated genes Smad2, Smad3 and Smad2-3 were decreased, and those of phosphorylated (p)-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 were increased. Therefore, the present results suggested that the IDH1 R132H mutation may alter the cell cycle and biological rhythm genes in U87-MG cells through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Ningmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- Functional Department, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Yu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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TGF-β in Cancer: Metabolic Driver of the Tolerogenic Crosstalk in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030401. [PMID: 33499083 PMCID: PMC7865468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overcoming tumor immunosuppression still represents one ambitious achievement for cancer immunotherapy. Of note, the cytokine TGF-β contributes to immune evasion in multiple cancer types, by feeding the establishment of a tolerogenic environment in the host. Indeed, it fosters the expansion and accumulation of immunosuppressive regulatory cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it also activates resident stromal cells and enhances angiogenesis programs. More recently, TGF-β has also turned out as a key metabolic adjuster in tumors orchestrating metabolic pathways in the TME. In this review, we will scrutinize TGF-β-mediated immune and stromal cell crosstalk within the TME, with a primary focus on metabolic programs.
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Melissari MT, Chalkidi N, Sarris ME, Koliaraki V. Fibroblast Reprogramming in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:630. [PMID: 32760726 PMCID: PMC7373725 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a significant cause of cancer mortality worldwide and have been strongly linked with chronic inflammation. Current therapies focus on epithelial/cancer cells; however, the importance of the tumor microenvironment in the development and treatment of the disease is also now well established. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment, and are actively participating in tumor initiation, promotion and metastasis. They structurally and functionally affect cancer cell proliferation, tumor immunity, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and metastasis through a variety of signaling pathways. CAFs originate predominantly from resident mesenchymal cells, which are activated and reprogrammed in response to cues from cancer cells. In recent years, chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract has also proven an important driver of mesenchymal cell activation and subsequent CAF development, which in turn are capable of regulating the transition from acute to chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we will provide a concise overview of the mechanisms that drive fibroblast reprogramming in cancer and the recent advances on the downstream signaling pathways that regulate the functional properties of the activated mesenchyme. This new mechanistic insight could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies and better prognosis for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Theodora Melissari
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Niki Chalkidi
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Michalis E Sarris
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Koliaraki
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
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Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts: The Slavery of Stromal Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6075403. [PMID: 29967776 PMCID: PMC6008683 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6075403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main stromal cell type of solid tumour microenvironment and undergo an activation process associated with secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and paracrine interactions. One of the important features of solid tumours is the metabolic reprogramming that leads to changes of bioenergetics and biosynthesis in both tumour cells and CAFs. In particular, CAFs follow the evolution of tumour disease and acquire a catabolic phenotype: in tumour tissues, cancer cells and tumour microenvironment form a network where the crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs is associated with cell metabolic reprogramming that contributes to CAFs activation, cancer growth, and progression and evasion from cancer therapies. In this regard, the study of CAFs metabolic reprogramming could contribute to better understand their activation process, the interaction between stroma, and cancer cells and could offer innovative tools for the development of new therapeutic strategies able to eradicate the protumorigenic activity of CAFs. Therefore, this review focuses on CAFs metabolic reprogramming associated with both differentiation process and cancer and stromal cells crosstalk. Finally, therapeutic responses and potential anticancer strategies targeting CAFs metabolic reprogramming are reviewed.
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