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Nour MAY, Drozd VS, Lemeshko EA, Tafran L, Salimova AA, Kulikova AV, Eldeeb AA. RNase H-dependent DNA thresholder modulated by cancer marker concentration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4427-4430. [PMID: 38563262 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Threshold antisense oligonucleotide constructs were designed to cleave mRNA within different biomarker concentrations. The mRNA cleavage is activated by 2.6, 7.5 or 39.5 nM of biomarker depending on the construct design. The constructs can be used to differentiate cancer from normal cells by the level of oncogene expression followed by silencing of a targeted gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha A Y Nour
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Valeriia S Drozd
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Evgenii A Lemeshko
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Lilia Tafran
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Adeliia A Salimova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexandra V Kulikova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Ahmed A Eldeeb
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology, SCAMT Institute ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 9 Lomonosova Str., St. Petersburg, 191002, Russian Federation.
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Epp S, Chuah SM, Halasz M. Epigenetic Dysregulation in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17085. [PMID: 38069407 PMCID: PMC10707345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood cancer arising from the neural crest, poses significant clinical challenges, particularly in cases featuring amplification of the MYCN oncogene. Epigenetic factors play a pivotal role in normal neural crest and NB development, influencing gene expression patterns critical for tumorigenesis. This review delves into the multifaceted interplay between MYCN and known epigenetic modifications during NB genesis, shedding light on the intricate regulatory networks underlying the disease. We provide an extensive survey of known epigenetic mechanisms, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, super-enhancers (SEs), bromodomains (BET), and chromatin modifiers in MYCN-amplified (MNA) NB. These epigenetic changes collectively contribute to the dysregulated gene expression landscape observed in MNA NB. Furthermore, we review emerging therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic regulators, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), histone methyltransferase inhibitors (HMTi), and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi). We also discuss and summarize current drugs in preclinical and clinical trials, offering insights into their potential for improving outcomes for MNA NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Epp
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
| | - Shin Mei Chuah
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
| | - Melinda Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (S.E.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Deng Z, Richardson DR. The Myc Family and the Metastasis Suppressor NDRG1: Targeting Key Molecular Interactions with Innovative Therapeutics. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1007-1035. [PMID: 37280098 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in ∼10 million deaths in 2020. Major oncogenic effectors are the Myc proto-oncogene family, which consists of three members including c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc. As a pertinent example of the role of the Myc family in tumorigenesis, amplification of MYCN in childhood neuroblastoma strongly correlates with poor patient prognosis. Complexes between Myc oncoproteins and their partners such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and Myc-associated protein X (MAX) result in proliferation arrest and pro-proliferative effects, respectively. Interactions with other proteins are also important for N-Myc activity. For instance, the enhancer of zest homolog 2 (EZH2) binds directly to N-Myc to stabilize it by acting as a competitor against the ubiquitin ligase, SCFFBXW7, which prevents proteasomal degradation. Heat shock protein 90 may also be involved in N-Myc stabilization since it binds to EZH2 and prevents its degradation. N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is downregulated by N-Myc and participates in the regulation of cellular proliferation via associating with other proteins, such as glycogen synthase kinase-3β and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6. These molecular interactions provide a better understanding of the biologic roles of N-Myc and NDRG1, which can be potentially used as therapeutic targets. In addition to directly targeting these proteins, disrupting their key interactions may also be a promising strategy for anti-cancer drug development. This review examines the interactions between the Myc proteins and other molecules, with a special focus on the relationship between N-Myc and NDRG1 and possible therapeutic interventions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Neuroblastoma is one of the most common childhood solid tumors, with a dismal five-year survival rate. This problem makes it imperative to discover new and more effective therapeutics. The molecular interactions between major oncogenic drivers of the Myc family and other key proteins; for example, the metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, may potentially be used as targets for anti-neuroblastoma drug development. In addition to directly targeting these proteins, disrupting their key molecular interactions may also be promising for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Deng
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia (Z.D., D.R.R.), and Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (D.R.R.)
| | - Des R Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia (Z.D., D.R.R.), and Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (D.R.R.)
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MicroRNAs as prospective biomarkers, therapeutic targets and pharmaceuticals in neuroblastoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1895-1912. [PMID: 36520359 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastomas, the most prevalent malignant solid neoplasms of childhood, originate from progenitor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Their genetic causation is diverse and involves multiple molecular mechanisms. This review highlights multiple roles of microRNA in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and discusses the prospects of harnessing these important natural regulator molecules as biomarkers, therapeutic targets and pharmaceuticals in neuroblastoma.
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Zhang K, Li YJ, Peng LJ, Gao HF, Liu LM, Chen H. M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-193b-3p promotes progression and glutamine uptake of pancreatic cancer by targeting TRIM62. Biol Direct 2023; 18:1. [PMID: 36631876 PMCID: PMC9832623 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy that requires effective novel therapies. M2 macrophages are abundant in the PC microenvironment and promote cancer progression. Exosomes are emerging mediators of the crosstalk between cancer cells and the microenvironment. This study was conducted to explore the role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes in PC. METHODS Exosomes derived from M2 macrophages were extracted. miR-193b-3p and TRIM62 were overexpressed or silenced to examine their function in PC. Luminescence assays were used to investigate the interaction between miR-193b-3p and TRIM62. Cell proliferation was examined by EdU staining. Would healing and transwell assays were applied to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to assess the interaction between TRIM62 and c-Myc. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-193b-3p promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutamine uptake of SW1990 cells. Mechanism study revealed that TRIM62 is a target of miR-193b-3p. TRIM62 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutamine uptake of SW1990 cells by promoting c-Myc ubiquitination. Our data also suggested that TRIM62 expression negatively correlated with miR-193b-3p and c-Myc expression. High-expression of miR-193b-3p and c-Myc predicts poor prognosis, whereas low-expression of TRIM62 predicts poor prognosis in patients with PC. CONCLUSION M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-193b-3p enhances the proliferation, migration, invasion, and glutamine uptake of PC cells by targeting TRIM62, resulting in the decrease of c-Myc ubiquitination. This study not only reveals the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between M2 macrophages and PC cells but also suggests a promising therapeutic target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yu-Jie Li
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lin-Jia Peng
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hui-Feng Gao
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lu-Ming Liu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bhavsar SP, Olsen L, Løkke C, Koster J, Flægstad T, Einvik C. Hsa-miR-323a-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and targets STAT3 in neuroblastoma cells. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1098999. [PMID: 37033189 PMCID: PMC10079869 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1098999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies conducted in the last decades have revealed a role for the non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer development and progression. Several miRNAs within the chromosome region 14q32, a region commonly deleted in cancers, are associated with poor clinical outcome in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. We have previously identified miR-323a-3p from this region to be downregulated in chemotherapy treated neuroblastoma cells compared to pre-treatment cells from the same patients. Furthermore, in neuroblastoma tumors, this miRNA is downregulated in advanced stage 4 disease compared to stage 1-2. In this study, we attempt to delineate the unknown functional roles of miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma. Methods Synthetic miRNA mimics were used to overexpress miR-323a-3p in neuroblastoma cell lines. To investigate the functional roles of miR-323a-3p, cell viability assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, luciferase reporter assay and western blot were conducted on the neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C. Results Ectopic expression of miR-323a-3p resulted in marked reduction of cell viability in Kelly, SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C by causing G1-cell cycle arrest in Kelly and SH-SY5Y and apoptosis in all the cell lines tested. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were reduced upon miR-323a-3p overexpression. A direct binding of the miR-323a-3p to the 3'UTR of STAT3 was experimentally validated by luciferase reporter assay, where miR-323a-3p reduced luminescent signal from full length STAT3 3'UTR luciferase reporter, but not from a reporter with mutation in the predicted seed sequence. Conclusions miR-323a-3p inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cell lines through G1-cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and the well-known oncogene STAT3 is a direct target of this miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Parashram Bhavsar
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lotte Olsen
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cecilie Løkke
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trond Flægstad
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, UNN–University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christer Einvik
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, UNN–University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: Christer Einvik
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Bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs in the neuroblastoma 11q-deleted region reveals a role of miR-548l in both 11q-deleted and MYCN amplified tumour cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19729. [PMID: 36396668 PMCID: PMC9671919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a childhood tumour that is responsible for approximately 15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Neuroblastoma tumours with amplification of the oncogene MYCN are aggressive, however, another aggressive subgroup without MYCN amplification also exists; rather, they have a deleted region at chromosome arm 11q. Twenty-six miRNAs are located within the breakpoint region of chromosome 11q and have been checked for a possible involvement in development of neuroblastoma due to the genomic alteration. Target genes of these miRNAs are involved in pathways associated with cancer, including proliferation, apoptosis and DNA repair. We could show that miR-548l found within the 11q region is downregulated in neuroblastoma cell lines with 11q deletion or MYCN amplification. In addition, we showed that the restoration of miR-548l level in a neuroblastoma cell line led to a decreased proliferation of these cells as well as a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S phase. We also found that miR-548l overexpression suppressed cell viability and promoted apoptosis, while miR-548l knockdown promoted cell viability and inhibited apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Our results indicate that 11q-deleted neuroblastoma and MYCN amplified neuroblastoma coalesce by downregulating miR-548l.
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Antonaci M, Wheeler GN. MicroRNAs in neural crest development and neurocristopathies. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:965-974. [PMID: 35383827 PMCID: PMC9162459 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific migratory population of multipotent stem cells that originate during late gastrulation in the region between the neural and non-neural ectoderm. This population of cells give rise to a range of derivatives, such as melanocytes, neurons, chondrocytes, chromaffin cells, and osteoblasts. Because of this, failure of NC development can cause a variety of pathologies, often syndromic, that are globally called neurocristopathies. Many genes are known to be involved in NC development, but not all of them have been identified. In recent years, attention has moved from protein-coding genes to non-coding genes, such as microRNAs (miRNA). There is increasing evidence that these non-coding RNAs are playing roles during embryogenesis by regulating the expression of protein-coding genes. In this review, we give an introduction to miRNAs in general and then focus on some miRNAs that may be involved in NC development and neurocristopathies. This new direction of research will give geneticists, clinicians, and molecular biologists more tools to help patients affected by neurocristopathies, as well as broadening our understanding of NC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonaci
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7 7TJ, U.K
| | - Grant N. Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR7 7TJ, U.K
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Yildiz MT, Tutar L, Giritlioğlu NI, Bayram B, Tutar Y. MicroRNAs and Heat Shock Proteins in Breast Cancer Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2257:293-310. [PMID: 34432285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has five major immune types; luminal A, luminal B, HER2, Basal-like, and normal-like. Cells produce a family of protein called heat shock proteins (Hsps) in response to exposure to thermal and other proteotoxic stresses play essential roles in cancer metabolism and this large family shows a diverse set of Hsp involvement in different breast cancer immune types. Recently, Hsp members categorized according to their immune type roles. Hsp family consists of several subtypes formed by molecular weight; Hsp70, Hsp90, Hsp100, Hsp40, Hsp60, and small molecule Hsps. Cancer cells employ Hsps as survival factors since most of these proteins prevent apoptosis. Several studies monitored Hsp roles in breast cancer cells and reported Hsp27 involvement in drug resistance, Hsp70 in tumor cell transformation-progression, and interaction with p53. Furthermore, the association of Hsp90 with steroid receptors and signaling proteins in patients with breast cancer directed research to focus on Hsp-based treatments. miRNAs are known to play key roles in all types of cancer that are upregulated or downregulated in cancer which respectively referred to as oncogenes (oncomirs) or tumor suppressors. Expression profiles of miRNAs may be used to classify, diagnose, and predict different cancer types. It is clear that miRNAs play regulatory roles in gene expression and this work reveals miRNA correlation to Hsp depending on specific breast cancer immune types. Deregulation of specific Hsp genes in breast cancer subtypes allows for identification of new targets for drug design and cancer treatment. Here, we performed miRNA network analysis by recruiting Hsp genes detected in breast cancer subtypes and reviewed some of the miRNAs related to aforementioned Hsp genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Taha Yildiz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lütfi Tutar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Irmak Giritlioğlu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Bayram
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tutar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
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MYCN in Neuroblastoma: "Old Wine into New Wineskins". Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040078. [PMID: 34842635 PMCID: PMC8628738 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor (MYCN) has been one of the most studied genes in neuroblastoma. It is known for its oncogenetic mechanisms, as well as its role in the prognosis of the disease and it is considered one of the prominent targets for neuroblastoma therapy. In the present work, we attempted to review the literature, on the relation between MYCN and neuroblastoma from all possible mechanistic sites. We have searched the literature for the role of MYCN in neuroblastoma based on the following topics: the references of MYCN in the literature, the gene's anatomy, along with its transcripts, the protein's anatomy, the epigenetic mechanisms regulating MYCN expression and function, as well as MYCN amplification. MYCN plays a significant role in neuroblastoma biology. Its functions and properties range from the forming of G-quadraplexes, to the interaction with miRNAs, as well as the regulation of gene methylation and histone acetylation and deacetylation. Although MYCN is one of the most primary genes studied in neuroblastoma, there is still a lot to be learned. Our knowledge on the exact mechanisms of MYCN amplification, etiology and potential interventions is still limited. The knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of MYCN in neuroblastoma, could have potential prognostic and therapeutic advantages.
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Kanamori Y, Finotti A, Di Magno L, Canettieri G, Tahara T, Timeus F, Greco A, Tirassa P, Gasparello J, Fino P, Di Liegro CM, Proia P, Schiera G, Di Liegro I, Gambari R, Agostinelli E. Enzymatic Spermine Metabolites Induce Apoptosis Associated with Increase of p53, caspase-3 and miR-34a in Both Neuroblastoma Cells, SJNKP and the N-Myc-Amplified Form IMR5. Cells 2021; 10:1950. [PMID: 34440719 PMCID: PMC8393918 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common malignant solid tumor in children and accounts for 15% of childhood cancer mortality. Amplification of the N-Myc oncogene is a well-established poor prognostic marker in NB patients and strongly correlates with higher tumor aggression and resistance to treatment. New therapies for patients with N-Myc-amplified NB need to be developed. After treating NB cells with BSAO/SPM, the detection of apoptosis was determined after annexin V-FITC labeling and DNA staining with propidium iodide. The mitochondrial membrane potential activity was checked, labeling cells with the probe JC-1 dye. We analyzed, by real-time RT-PCR, the transcript of genes involved in the apoptotic process, to determine possible down- or upregulation of mRNAs after the treatment on SJNKP and the N-Myc-amplified IMR5 cell lines with BSAO/SPM. The experiments were carried out considering the proapoptotic genes Tp53 and caspase-3. After treatment with BSAO/SPM, both cell lines displayed increased mRNA levels for all these proapoptotic genes. Western blotting analysis with PARP and caspase-3 antibody support that BSAO/SPM treatment induces high levels of apoptosis in cells. The major conclusion is that BSAO/SPM treatment leads to antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of both NB cell lines, associated with activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanamori
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.F.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.D.M.); (G.C.)
- Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Tomoaki Tahara
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Fabio Timeus
- Paediatric Onco-haematology, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital and Paediatric Department, Chivasso Hospital, 10034 Turin, Italy;
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jessica Gasparello
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.F.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Pasquale Fino
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement (Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche, dell’Esercizio fisico e della Formazione), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.F.); (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (T.T.)
- International Polyamines Foundation ‘ETS-ONLUS’ Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, 00159 Rome, Italy
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Pezeshki PS, Moeinafshar A, Ghaemdoust F, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Rezaei N. Advances in pharmacotherapy for neuroblastoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2383-2404. [PMID: 34254549 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1953470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma is the most prevalent cancer type diagnosed within the first year after birth and accounts for 15% of deaths from pediatric cancer. Despite the improvements in survival rates of patients with neuroblastoma, the incidence of the disease has increased over the last decade. Neuroblastoma tumor cells harbor a vast range of variable and heterogeneous histochemical and genetic alterations which calls for the need to administer individualized and targeted therapies to induce tumor regression in each patient. AREAS COVERED This paper provides reviews the recent clinical trials which used chemotherapeutic and/or targeted agents as either monotherapies or in combination to improve the response rate in patients with neuroblastoma, and especially high-risk neuroblastoma. It also reviews some of the prominent preclinical studies which can provide the rationale for future clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although some distinguished advances in pharmacotherapy have been made to improve the survival rate and reduce adverse events in patients with neuroblastoma, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis, resistance to therapies or relapse, identifying biomarkers of response to each specific drug, and developing predictive preclinical models of the tumor can lead to further breakthroughs in the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysan Moeinafshar
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghaemdoust
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Mdlovu NV, Lin KS, Chen Y, Wu CM. Formulation of magnetic nanocomposites for intracellular delivery of micro-RNA for MYCN inhibition in neuroblastoma. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Ornell KJ, Mistretta KS, Ralston CQ, Coburn JM. Development of a stacked, porous silk scaffold neuroblastoma model for investigating spatial differences in cell and drug responsiveness. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1272-1290. [PMID: 33336667 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of in vitro, preclinical cancer models that contain cell-driven microenvironments remains a challenge. Engineering of millimeter-scale, in vitro tumor models with spatially distinct regions that can be independently assessed to study tumor microenvironments has been limited. Here, we report the use of porous silk scaffolds to generate a high cell density neuroblastoma (NB) model that can spatially recapitulate changes resulting from cell and diffusion driven changes. Using COMSOL modeling, a scaffold holder design that facilitates stacking of thin, 200 μm silk scaffolds into a thick, bulk millimeter-scale tumor model (2, 4, 6, and 8 stacked scaffolds) and supports cell-driven oxygen gradients was developed. Cell-driven oxygen gradients were confirmed through pimonidazole staining. Post-culture, the stacked scaffolds were separated for analysis on a layer-by-layer basis. The analysis of each scaffold layer demonstrated decreasing DNA and increasing expression of hypoxia related genes (VEGF, CAIX, and GLUT1) from the exterior scaffolds to the interior scaffolds. Furthermore, the expression of hypoxia related genes at the interior of the stacks was comparable to that of a single scaffold cultured under 1% O2 and at the exterior of the stacks was comparable to that of a single scaffold cultured under 21% O2. The four-stack scaffold model underwent further evaluation to determine if a hypoxia activated drug, tirapazamine, induced reduced cell viability within the internal stacks (region of reduced oxygen) as compared with the external stacks. Decreased DNA content was observed in the internal stacks as compared to the external stacks when treated with tirapazamine, which suggests the internal scaffold stacks had higher levels of hypoxia than the external scaffolds. This stacked silk scaffold system presents a method for creating a single culture model capable of generating controllable cell-driven microenvironments through different stacks that can be individually assessed and used for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Ornell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Katelyn S Mistretta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Coulter Q Ralston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Jeannine M Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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15
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Gomes de Oliveira AG, Dubovichenko MV, ElDeeb AA, Wanjohi J, Zablotskaya S, Kolpashchikov DM. RNA-Cleaving DNA Thresholder Controlled by Concentrations of miRNA Cancer Marker. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1750-1754. [PMID: 33433948 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide gene therapy (OGT) agents suppress specific mRNAs in cells and thus reduce the expression of targeted genes. The ability to unambiguously distinguish cancer from healthy cells can solve the low selectivity problem of OGT agents. Cancer RNA markers are expressed in both healthy and cancer cells with a higher expression level in cancer cells. We have designed a DNA-based construct, named DNA thresholder (DTh) that cleaves targeted RNA only at high concentrations of cancer marker RNA and demonstrates low cleavage activity at low marker concentrations. The RNA-cleaving activity can be adjusted within one order of magnitude of the cancer marker RNA concentration by simply redesigning DTh. Importantly, DTh recognizes cancer marker RNA, while cleaving targeted RNA; this offers a possibility to suppress vital genes exclusively in cancer cells, thus triggering their death. DTh is a prototype of computation-inspired molecular device for controlling gene expression and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Giovanni Gomes de Oliveira
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Dubovichenko
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ahmed A ElDeeb
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Joseph Wanjohi
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia Zablotskaya
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry M Kolpashchikov
- SCAMT institute, Laboratory of Molecular Robotics and Biosensor Materials, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Str., 191002, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 32816-2366, Orlando, FL, USA.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 32816, Orlando, FL, USA
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16
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Liu R, Shi P, Wang Z, Yuan C, Cui H. Molecular Mechanisms of MYCN Dysregulation in Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 10:625332. [PMID: 33614505 PMCID: PMC7886978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.625332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN, a member of MYC proto-oncogene family, encodes a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor N-MYC. Abnormal expression of N-MYC is correlated with high-risk cancers and poor prognosis. Initially identified as an amplified oncogene in neuroblastoma in 1983, the oncogenic effect of N-MYC is expanded to multiple neuronal and nonneuronal tumors. Direct targeting N-MYC remains challenge due to its "undruggable" features. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches for targeting MYCN-driven tumors have been focused on the disruption of transcription, translation, protein stability as well as synthetic lethality of MYCN. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of MYCN dysregulation in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaoyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Reproductive Medicine Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health (Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute), Chongqing, China
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Aravindan N, Herman T, Aravindan S. Emerging therapeutic targets for neuroblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:899-914. [PMID: 33021426 PMCID: PMC7554151 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1790528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroblastoma (NB) is the prime cancer of infancy, and accounts for 9% of pediatric cancer deaths. While children diagnosed with clinically stable NB experience a complete cure, those with high-risk disease (HR-NB) do not recover, despite intensive therapeutic strategies. Development of novel and effective targeted therapies is needed to counter disease progression, and to benefit long-term survival of children with HR-NB. AREAS COVERED Recent studies (2017-2020) pertinent to NB evolution are selectively reviewed to recognize novel and effective therapeutic targets. The prospective and promising therapeutic targets/strategies for HR-NB are categorized into (a) targeting oncogene-like and/or reinforcing tumor suppressor (TS)-like lncRNAs; (b) targeting oncogene-like microRNAs (miRs) and/or mimicking TS-miRs; (c) targets for immunotherapy; (d) targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells; (e) novel and beneficial combination approaches; and (f) repurposing drugs and other strategies in development. EXPERT OPINION It is highly unlikely that agents targeting a single candidate or signaling will be beneficial for an HR-NB cure. We must develop efficient drug deliverables for functional targets, which could be integrated and advance clinical therapy. Fittingly, the looming evidence indicated an aggressive evolution of promising novel and integrative targets, development of efficient drugs, and improvised strategies for HR-NB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence Herman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, USA
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18
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RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification is required for miR-98/MYCN axis-mediated inhibition of neuroblastoma progression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13624. [PMID: 32788584 PMCID: PMC7424512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the sympathetic nervous system in childhood. NB severely threatens patient’s health and life. However, more effective diagnosis and treatment methods are badly needed in clinics all over the world. MYCN is well recognized as a genetic biomarker of high risk and poor outcome in NB. miRNAs are small RNAs and miR-98 involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. The role and mechanism of miR-98 in NB remains to be investigated. Here we found that miR-98 was decreased in human MYCN-high-expression NB tissues, and its down-regulation was associated with poor prognosis of NB. Over-expression of miR-98 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of NB cells. The analysis by employing the software of miRanda predicted the possible binding sites of miR-98 in the 3′-UTR of MYCN, and experimental data illustrated that miR-98 directly bound to MYCN 3′-UTR and decreased MYCN expression. Over-expression of MYCN rescued the decreased malignant phenotype caused by over-expression of miR-98 in NB. N6-methyladenosine modification in 3′-UTR of MYCN promoted its interaction with miR-98. The data collectively demonstrated that RNA m6A modification was required for miR-98/MYCN axis-mediated inhibition of neuroblastoma progression, and miR-98 might be novel targets for NB detection and treatment.
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Abstract
Abdominal tumors (AT) in children account for approximately 17% of all pediatric solid tumor cases, and frequently exhibit embryonal histological features that differentiate them from adult cancers. Current molecular approaches have greatly improved the understanding of the distinctive pathology of each tumor type and enabled the characterization of novel tumor biomarkers. As seen in abdominal adult tumors, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been increasingly implicated in either the initiation or progression of childhood cancer. Moreover, besides predicting patient prognosis, they represent valuable diagnostic tools that may also assist the surveillance of tumor behavior and treatment response, as well as the identification of the primary metastatic sites. Thus, the present study was undertaken to compile up-to-date information regarding the role of dysregulated miRNAs in the most common histological variants of AT, including neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, hepatocarcinoma, and adrenal tumors. Additionally, the clinical implications of dysregulated miRNAs as potential diagnostic tools or indicators of prognosis were evaluated.
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20
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Zhao Z, Shelton SD, Oviedo A, Baker AL, Bryant CP, Omidvarnia S, Du L. The PLAGL2/MYCN/miR-506-3p interplay regulates neuroblastoma cell fate and associates with neuroblastoma progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:41. [PMID: 32087738 PMCID: PMC7036248 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-1531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The oncogene MYCN is critical for tumorigenesis of several types of cancers including neuroblastoma. We previously reported that miR-506-3p repressed MYCN expression in neuroblastoma cells. However, the mechanism underlying such regulation was undetermined since there is no miR-506-3p target site in MYCN 3’UTR. Methods By a systematic investigation combining microarray, informatics and luciferase reporter assay, we identified that the transcriptional factor pleiomorphic adenoma gene-like 2 (PLAGL2) is a direct target of miR-506-3p that mediates its regulation on MYCN expression. Using CHIP-PCR and luciferase reporter assay, we validated the transcriptional regulation of MYCN by PLAGL2 and we further demonstrated the transcriptional regulation of PLAGL2 by MYCN. We examined the function of PLAGL2 in regulating neuroblastoma cell fate by cell viability assay, colony formation and Western blotting of differentiation markers. We examined the effect of retinoic acid, the differentiation agent used in neuroblastoma therapy, on miR-506-3p, PLAGL2 and MYCN expressions by quantitative PCR and Western blots. We investigated the clinical relevance of PLAGL2 expression by examining the correlation of tumor PLAGL2 mRNA levels with MYCN mRNA expression and patient survival using public neuroblastoma patient datasets. Results We found that miR-506-3p directly down-regulated PLAGL2 expression, and we validated a PLAGL2 binding site in the MYCN promoter region responsible for promoting MYCN transcription, thereby establishing a mechanism through which miR-506-3p regulates MYCN expression. Conversely, we discovered that MYCN regulated PLAGL2 transcription through five N-Myc-binding E-boxes in the PLAGL2 promoter region. We further confirmed the reciprocal regulation between endogenous PLAGL2 and MYCN in multiple neuroblastoma cell lines. Moreover, we found that PLAGL2 knockdown induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation and reduced cell proliferation, and combined knockdown of PLAGL2 and MYCN showed a synergistic effect. More strikingly, we found that high tumor PLAGL2 mRNA levels were significantly correlated with high MYCN mRNA levels and poor patient survival in neuroblastoma patients. Furthermore, we found that retinoic acid increased expression of miR-506-3p and repressed expression of MYCN and PLAGL2. Conclusions Our findings altogether suggest that the interplay network formed by PLAGL2, MYCN and miR-506-3p is an important mechanism in regulating neuroblastoma cell fate, determining neuroblastoma prognosis, and mediating the therapeutic function of retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Spencer D Shelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Alejandro Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Amy L Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Collin P Bryant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Soroush Omidvarnia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Liqin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
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21
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Aravindan N, Subramanian K, Somasundaram DB, Herman TS, Aravindan S. MicroRNAs in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, and disease evolution. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:1086-1105. [PMID: 31867575 PMCID: PMC6924638 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) deriving from neural crest cells is the most common extra-cranial solid cancer at infancy. NB originates within the peripheral sympathetic ganglia in adrenal medulla and along the midline of the body. Clinically, NB exhibits significant heterogeneity stretching from spontaneous regression to rapid progression to therapy resistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small (19-22 nt in length) non-coding RNAs that regulate human gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are known to regulate cellular signaling, growth, differentiation, death, stemness, and maintenance. Consequently, the function of miRs in tumorigenesis, progression and resistance is of utmost importance for the understanding of dysfunctional cellular pathways that lead to disease evolution, therapy resistance, and poor clinical outcomes. Over the last two decades, much attention has been devoted to understanding the functional roles of miRs in NB biology. This review focuses on highlighting the important implications of miRs within the context of NB disease progression, particularly miRs’ influences on NB disease evolution and therapy resistance. In this review, we discuss the functions of both the “oncomiRs” and “tumor suppressor miRs” in NB progression/therapy resistance. These are the critical components to be considered during the development of novel miR-based therapeutic strategies to counter therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Aravindan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dinesh Babu Somasundaram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Terence S Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Li Z, Chen H. miR-34a inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of paediatric neuroblastoma cells via targeting HNF4α. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3072-3078. [PMID: 31343368 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1637886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the potential mechanism of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) on proliferation, migration and invasion of paediatric neuroblastoma cells. Methods: The expression of miR-34a and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) in paediatric neuroblastoma tissues were detected by RT-q PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP-14) after transfection of miR-34a mimics or HNF4α siRNA into SH-SY5Y cells were detected by MTT assay, Transwell assay and Western blot assay, respectively. The target relationship between miR-34a and HNF4α was verified by TargetScan online prediction and dual-luciferase assay. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells after overexpression of miR-34a and HNF4α were detected. Results: The expression level of miR-34a was decreased (p < .05) while the expression level of HNF4α was increased (p < .05) in paediatric neuroblastoma tissues. Over- expression of Mi-34a or knockdown of HNF4α in SH-SY5Y cells could lead to a decreased of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-14 (p < .05). The results of TargetScan online prediction and dual-luciferase assay indicted that HNF4α was a potential target gene for miR-34a. Overexpression of HNF4α could reverse the inhibition of miR-34a on proliferation, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusion: The expression of miR-34a was down-regulated in paediatric neuroblastoma tissues, and overexpression of miR-34a could inhibit proliferation, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells by targeting HNF4α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Li
- a Department of Pediatrics, Henan Xinxiang Central Hospital , Xinxiang , China
| | - Huijun Chen
- a Department of Pediatrics, Henan Xinxiang Central Hospital , Xinxiang , China
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23
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Nanotechnological based miRNA intervention in the therapeutic management of neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:100-108. [PMID: 31562954 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a widely diagnosed cancer in children, characterized by amplification of the gene encoding the MYCN transcription factor, which is highly predictive of poor clinical outcome and metastatic disease. microRNAs (a class of small non-coding RNAs) are regulated by MYCN transcription factor in neuroblastoma cells. The current research is focussed on identifying differential role of miRNAs and their interactions with signalling proteins, which are intricately linked with cellular processes like apoptosis, proliferation or metastasis. However, the therapeutic success of miRNAs is limited by pharmaco-technical issues which are well counteracted by nanotechnological advancements. The nanoformulated miRNAs unload anti-cancer drugs in a controlled and prespecified manner at target sites, to influence the activity of target protein in amelioration of NB. Recent advances and developments in the field of miRNAs-based systems for clinical management of NBs and the role of nanotechnology to overcome challenges with drug delivery of miRNAs have been reviewed in this paper.
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24
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Smith CM, Catchpoole D, Hutvagner G. Non-Coding RNAs in Pediatric Solid Tumors. Front Genet 2019; 10:798. [PMID: 31616462 PMCID: PMC6764412 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric solid tumors are a diverse group of extracranial solid tumors representing approximately 40% of childhood cancers. Pediatric solid tumors are believed to arise as a result of disruptions in the developmental process of precursor cells which lead them to accumulate cancerous phenotypes. In contrast to many adult tumors, pediatric tumors typically feature a low number of genetic mutations in protein-coding genes which could explain the emergence of these phenotypes. It is likely that oncogenesis occurs after a failure at many different levels of regulation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a group of functional RNA molecules that lack protein coding potential but are essential in the regulation and maintenance of many epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms. Indeed, research has accumulated a large body of evidence implicating many ncRNAs in the regulation of well-established oncogenic networks. In this review we cover a range of extracranial solid tumors which represent some of the rarer and enigmatic childhood cancers known. We focus on two major classes of ncRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, which are likely to play a key role in the development of these cancers and emphasize their functional contributions and molecular interactions during tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Smith
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- School of Software, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Tumour Bank-CCRU, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Hutvagner
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Utnes P, Løkke C, Flægstad T, Einvik C. Clinically Relevant Biomarker Discovery in High-Risk Recurrent Neuroblastoma. Cancer Inform 2019; 18:1176935119832910. [PMID: 30886518 PMCID: PMC6413431 DOI: 10.1177/1176935119832910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer of the developing sympathetic nervous system.
High-risk neuroblastoma patients typically undergo an initial remission in
response to treatment, followed by recurrence of aggressive tumors that have
become refractory to further treatment. The need for biomarkers that can select
patients not responding well to therapy in an early phase is therefore needed.
In this study, we used next generation sequencing technology to determine the
expression profiles in high-risk neuroblastoma cell lines established before and
after therapy. Using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with
least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and leave-one-out
cross-validation, we identified a panel of 55 messenger RNAs and 17 long
non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which were significantly altered in the expression
between cell lines isolated from primary and recurrent tumors. From a
neuroblastoma patient cohort, we found 20 of the 55 protein-coding genes to be
differentially expressed in patients with unfavorable compared with favorable
outcome. We further found a twofold increase or decrease in hazard ratios in
these genes when comparing patients with unfavorable and favorable outcome. Gene
set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that these genes were involved in
proliferation, differentiation and regulated by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins.
Of the 17 lncRNAs, 3 upregulated (NEAT1, SH3BP5-AS1, NORAD) and
3 downregulated lncRNAs (DUBR, MEG3, DHRS4-AS1) were also found
to be differentially expressed in favorable compared with unfavorable outcome.
Moreover, using expression profiles on both miRNAs and mRNAs in the same cohort
of cell lines, we found 13 downregulated and 18 upregulated experimentally
observed miRNA target genes targeted by miR-21, -424 and
-30e, -29b, -138, -494, -181a, -34a, -29b,
respectively. The advantage of analyzing biomarkers in a clinically relevant
neuroblastoma model system enables further studies on the effect of individual
genes upon gene perturbation. In summary, this study identified several genes,
which may aid in the prediction of response to therapy and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Utnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, UNN - University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Cecilie Løkke
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The Arctic University of Norway - UiT, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Flægstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, UNN - University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The Arctic University of Norway - UiT, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christer Einvik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, UNN - University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, The Arctic University of Norway - UiT, Tromsø, Norway
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Inhibitors of ribosome biogenesis repress the growth of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2018; 38:2800-2813. [PMID: 30542116 PMCID: PMC6484764 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal increases in nucleolar size and number caused by dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis has emerged as a hallmark in the majority of spontaneous cancers. The observed ribosome hyperactivity can be directly induced by the MYC transcription factors controlling the expression of RNA and protein components of the ribosome. Neuroblastoma, a highly malignant childhood tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is frequently characterized by MYCN gene amplification and high expression of MYCN and c-MYC signature genes. Here, we show a strong correlation between high-risk disease, MYCN expression, poor survival, and ribosome biogenesis in neuroblastoma patients. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with quarfloxin or CX-5461, two small molecule inhibitors of RNA polymerase I, suppressed MycN expression, induced DNA damage, and activated p53 followed by cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. CX-5461 repressed the growth of established MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma xenograft tumors in nude mice. These findings suggest that inhibition of ribosome biogenesis represent new therapeutic opportunities for children with high-risk neuroblastomas expressing high levels of Myc.
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Wang H, Chen W, Yang P, Zhou J, Wang K, Tao Q. Knockdown of linc00152 inhibits the progression of gastric cancer by regulating microRNA-193b-3p/ETS1 axis. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:461-473. [PMID: 30404587 PMCID: PMC6422511 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a serious threat for public health worldwide. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) linc00152 has been well reported to be an oncogene and a potential biomarker in multiple cancers including GC. However, the molecular mechanisms of linc00152 in GC development need to be further investigated. METHODS RT-qPCR assay was employed to detect the levels of linc00152, microRNA-193b-3p (miR-193b-3p) and ETS1 mRNA. ETS1 protein level was measured by western blot assay. Cell proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities were assessed by colony formation together with CCK-8 assays, transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assay were used to explore whether miR-193b-3p could interact with linc00152 or ETS1 3'UTR. The roles and molecular basis of linc00152 silence on the growth of GC xenograft tumors were tested in vivo. RESULTS Linc00152 expression was notably upregulated in GC tissues and cells. The proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of GC cells were weakened by linc00152 depletion, miR-193b-3p overexpression or ETS1 knockdown. Linc00152 upregulation inhibited miR-193b-3p expression by direct interaction and abolished miR-193b-3p-mediated anti-proliferation, anti-migration and anti-invasion effects in GC cells. ETS1 was a target of miR-193b-3p and linc00152 could promote ETS1 expression by downregulating miR-193b-3p. In vivo experiments further validated that linc00152 knockdown inhibited the growth of GC xenograft tumors by upregulating miR-193b-3p and downregulating ETS1. CONCLUSION Knockdown of linc00152 inhibited GC progression by sequestering miR-193b-3p from ETS1 in vitro and in vivo, elucidating a novel molecular mechanism of linc00152 in promoting GC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Wang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiang Chen
- Department of Spine Orthopaedics, Liaocheng Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- Chinese Medical Department of Internal respiration, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchun Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
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