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Forsythe SD, Pu T, Andrews SG, Madigan JP, Sadowski SM. Models in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3756. [PMID: 37568572 PMCID: PMC10416968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors derived from multiple neuroendocrine origin cell subtypes. Incidence rates for pNENs have steadily risen over the last decade, and outcomes continue to vary widely due to inability to properly screen. These tumors encompass a wide range of functional and non-functional subtypes, with their rarity and slow growth making therapeutic development difficult as most clinically used therapeutics are derived from retrospective analyses. Improved molecular understanding of these cancers has increased our knowledge of the tumor biology for pNENs. Despite these advances in our understanding of pNENs, there remains a dearth of models for further investigation. In this review, we will cover the current field of pNEN models, which include established cell lines, animal models such as mice and zebrafish, and three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and compare their uses in modeling various disease aspects. While no study model is a complete representation of pNEN biology, each has advantages which allow for new scientific understanding of these rare tumors. Future efforts and advancements in technology will continue to create new options in modeling these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Forsythe
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Tracey Pu
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Stephen G. Andrews
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James P. Madigan
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Samira M. Sadowski
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
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Horie M, Tanaka H, Suzuki M, Sato Y, Takata S, Takai E, Miyashita N, Saito A, Nakatani Y, Yachida S. An integrative epigenomic approach identifies ELF3 as an oncogenic regulator in ASCL1-positive neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2023. [PMID: 36840413 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a highly aggressive subtype of the neuroendocrine tumor with an extremely poor prognosis. We have previously conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of over 100 cases of NEC of the gastrointestinal system (GIS-NEC) and unraveled its unique and organ-specific genomic drivers. However, the epigenomic features of GIS-NEC remain unexplored. In this study, we have described the epigenomic landscape of GIS-NEC and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) by integrating motif enrichment analysis from the assay of transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and enhancer profiling from a novel cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) assay for H3K27ac and identified ELF3 as one of the super-enhancer-related transcriptional factors in NEC. By combining CUT&Tag and knockdown RNA sequencing for ELF3, we uncovered the transcriptional network regulated by ELF3 and defined its distinctive gene signature, including AURKA, CDC25B, CLDN4, ITGB6, and YWAHB. Furthermore, a loss-of-function assay revealed that ELF3 depletion led to poor cell viability. Finally, using gene expression of clinical samples, we successfully divided GIS-NEC patients into two subgroups according to the ELF3 signature and demonstrated that tumor-promoting pathways were activated in the ELF3 signature-high group. Our findings highlight the transcriptional regulation of ELF3 as an oncogenic transcription factor and its tumor-promoting properties in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Horie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sato
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - So Takata
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erina Takai
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Miyashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Nakatani
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Genomic Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, Jann H, Roderburg C. Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:217-236. [PMID: 32615560 DOI: 10.1159/000509864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of tumors that originate from the endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are subdivided according to their differentiation into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Since GEP-NENs represent rare diseases, only limited data from large prospective, randomized clinical trials are available, and recommendations for treatment of GEP-NEN are in part based on data from retrospective analyses or case series. In this context, tractable disease models that reflect the situation in humans and that allow to recapitulate the different clinical aspects and disease stages of GEP-NET or GEP-NEC are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight available data on mouse models for GEP-NEN. We discuss how these models reflect tumor biology of human disease and whether these models could serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of GEP-NEN and for disease modeling and pharmacosensitivity assays, facilitating prediction of treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues applicable for future developments will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Detjen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burcin Özdirik
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Jann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
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Romano D. Relevance of neuroendocrine tumours models assessed by kinomic profiling. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:144-148. [PMID: 31054767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence of a significant rise of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) incidence, current treatments are largely insufficient due to somewhat poor knowledge of these tumours. Despite many efforts achieved to expose driver oncogene mutations in NETs, the genetic landscape of NETs is characterized by relatively few mutations and chromosomal aberrations per tumour compared with other tumour types. In addition, NETs display few actionable mutations providing compelling rationale for targeted therapies. Recent works aiming at characterizing currently used NETs in vitro models at the genomic level raised concerns on their reliability as bona fide tools to study NETs biology. However, the lack of actionable mutation in NETs implies that sole use of genomic is not sufficient to describe these models and establish appropriate therapeutic strategies. Several kinases and kinase-involving signalling pathways have been demonstrated as abnormally regulated in NETs. Yet, kinases have only been investigated regardless of their involvement in large intracellular signalling networks. In order to assess the validity of in vitro NETs models to study NETs biology, "next-generation" high throughput functional technologies based on "kinome-wide activity" will demonstrate the similarities between signalling pathways in NETs models and patients' samples. These approaches will significantly assist in identifying actionable alterations in NETs signalling pathways and guide patient stratification into early-phase clinical trials based on kinase inhibition targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romano
- Marseille Medical Genetics, MMG, U1251 Inserm, Aix-Marseille université, Marseille, France.
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Yanagihara K, Kubo T, Iino Y, Mihara K, Morimoto C, Seyama T, Kuwata T, Ochiai A, Yokozaki H. Development and characterization of a cancer cachexia model employing a rare human duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma-originating cell line. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2435-2450. [PMID: 31069007 PMCID: PMC6497432 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia interferes with therapy and worsens patients' quality of life. Therefore, for a better understanding of cachexia, we aimed to establish a reliable cell line to develop a cachexia model. We recently established and characterized the TCC-NECT-2 cell line, derived from a Japanese patient with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the duodenum (D-NEC). Subcutaneous xenograft of TCC-NECT-2 cells in mice resulted in tumor formation, angiogenesis, and 20% incidence of body weight (BW)-loss. Subsequently, we isolated a potent cachexia-inducing subline using stepwise selection and designated as AkuNEC. Orthotopic and s.c. implantation of AkuNEC cells into mice led to diminished BW, anorexia, skeletal muscle atrophy, adipose tissue loss, and decreased locomotor activity at 100% incidence. Additionally, orthotopic implantation of AkuNEC cells resulted in metastasis and angiogenesis. Serum IL-8 overproduction was observed, and levels were positively correlated with BW-loss and reduced adipose tissue and muscle volumes in tumor-bearing mice. However, shRNA knockdown of the IL-8 gene did not suppress tumor growth and cachexia in the AkuNEC model, indicating that IL-8 is not directly involved in cachexia induction. In conclusion, AkuNEC cells may serve as a useful model to study cachexia and D-NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takanori Kubo
- Department of Life Sciences, Yasuda Women’s University Faculty of Pharmacy, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Iino
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chie Morimoto
- Department of Living Science Nutrition Course, Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Toshio Seyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Yasuda Women’s University Faculty of Pharmacy, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokozaki
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Lin H, Yang G, Yu J, Wang J, Li Q, Guo S, Cao B. KDM5c inhibits multidrug resistance of colon cancer cell line by down-regulating ABCC1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1205-1209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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