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Suito H, Minamizono W, Yashima N, Matsunaga H, Fujikawa K, Ohsako M. Effect of load reduction on the calcification of rat tibial tuberosity: Focus on calcification factors and chondrocyte mechanosensors. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39234669 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The tibial tuberosity has a superficial patellar tendon-embedded portion and a deep uncalcified cartilage portion. Suppressed calcification of the tibial tuberosity leads to Osgood-Schlatter disease. The tibial tuberosity calcifies with age; load reduction degrades the cartilage matrix and promotes calcification, suggesting that reduced mechanical stimulation of the tibial tuberosity promotes calcification. However, this is yet to be clarified. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of mechanical stimulation reduction on the tibial tuberosity tissue structure and calcification mechanism. Specifically, we examined the effect of load reduction on tibial tuberosity calcification in 20 male 7-week-old Wistar rats classified into two groups: hind-limb suspension (HS, n = 10) and control (CO, n = 10). We observed superficial and deep tibial tuberosities in both groups. The tibial tuberosity in the HS group had narrower areas of deep portions than did those in the CO group (p = 0.000539), and immature bone tissue and cartilage tissue were observed in the HS group. Enpp1 expression did not significantly differ between the groups (p = 0.804). In contrast, Alpl (p = 0.001) and Mmp3 (p = 0.006) expression increased whereas Timp3 expression decreased (p = 0.002) in the HS group. Thus, these results showed a maturing of bone ossification, and this gene expression trend was similar to that observed in a murine join instability model of osteoarthritis with articular cartilage calcification and ossification. The HS tibial tuberosity also showed immature bone tissue. In conclusion, reduced mechanical stimulation caused tibial tuberosity calcification and pathological changes. These findings highlight the importance of optimal exercise to avoid premature pathological structural changes in bones and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirai Suito
- Life Innovation Institute, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Teikyo University of School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nao Yashima
- Graduate School of Health Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Health Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohsako
- Graduate School of Health Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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He Z, Zhu Z, Tang T, Wang F, Guo P, Li J, Tung NTC, Liang Q, Liu S, Gao M, Liu X, Zhou Z. Enpp1 mutations promote upregulation of hedgehog signaling in heterotopic ossification with aging. J Bone Miner Metab 2024:10.1007/s00774-024-01543-1. [PMID: 39212714 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-024-01543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterotopic ossification of the tendon and ligament (HOTL) is a chronic progressive disease that is usually accompanied by thickening and ossification of ligaments and high osteogenic activity of the surrounding ligament tissue. However, the molecular mechanism of maintaining the cellular phenotype of HOTL remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first constructed a model of HOTL, Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice, a novel genetic mouse system. Imaging, histological, and cell-level analyses were performed to investigate the progressive ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Achilles tendons, and degeneration joints caused by Enpp1 deficiency. RESULTS The results indicate that Enpp1 deficiency led to markedly progressive heterotopic ossification (HO), especially spine, and Achilles tendons, and was associated with progressive degeneration of the knees. The bone mass was decreased in the long bone. Furthermore, fibroblasts from Enpp1flox/flox/EIIa-Cre mice had greater osteogenic differentiation potential following induction by osteogenesis, accompanied by enhanced hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In addition, fibroblast cells show senescence, and aggravation of the senescence phenotype by further osteogenic induction. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that with increasing age, mutations in Enpp1 promote ectopic ossification of spinal ligaments and endochondral ossification in tendons and further aggravate knee degeneration by upregulating hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan He
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhengya Zhu
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
| | - Fuan Wang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China
| | - Nguyen Tran Canh Tung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518025, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510062, China
| | - ManMan Gao
- Department of Sport Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518025, China.
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510062, China.
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 517108, China.
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Li R, Lai C, Luo H, Lan Y, Duan X, Bao D, Hou Z, Liu H, Fu S. Animal models of tendon calcification: Past, present, and future. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:471-483. [PMID: 38887851 PMCID: PMC11369024 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendon calcification is a common clinical condition that frequently occurs as a complication after tendon injury and surgery, or as an expression of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. This condition can be referred to by various names in clinical practice and literature, including tendon ossification, tendon mineralization, heterotopic ossification, and calcific tendonitis. The exact pathogenesis of tendon calcification remains uncertain, but current mainstream research suggests that calcification is mostly cell mediated. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of tendon calcification and to better simulate the overall process, selecting appropriate experimental animal models is important. Numerous animal models have been utilized in various clinical studies, each with its own set of advantages and limitations. In this review, we have discussed the advancements made in research on animal models of tendon calcification, with a focus on the selection of experimental animals, the sites of injury in these models, and the methods employed for modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Li
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Canhao Lai
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Yujian Lan
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xinfang Duan
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Dingsu Bao
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Shijie Fu
- Department of Bone and JointThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Du B, Ru J, Zhan Z, Lin C, Liu Y, Mao W, Zhang J. Insight into small-molecule inhibitors targeting extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase1 for potential multiple human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116286. [PMID: 38432057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) has been identified as a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as bone mineralization, cancer cell proliferation, and immune regulation. Consequently, ENPP1 has garnered attention as a promising target for pharmacological interventions. Despite its potential, the development of clinical-stage ENPP1 inhibitors for solid tumors, diabetes, and silent rickets remains limited. However, there are encouraging findings from preclinical trials involving small molecules exhibiting favorable therapeutic effects and safety profiles. This perspective aims to shed light on the structural properties, biological functions and the relationship between ENPP1 and diseases. Additionally, it focuses on the structure-activity relationship of ENPP1 inhibitors, with the intention of guiding the future development of new and effective ENPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochan Du
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinxiao Ru
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Guan D, Fang L, Feng M, Guo S, Xie L, Chen C, Sun X, Wu Q, Yuan X, Xie Z, Zhou J, Zhang H. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitors: Research progress and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116211. [PMID: 38359537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The cancer immunotherapies involved in cGAS-STING pathway have been made great progress in recent years. STING agonists exhibit broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects with strong immune response. As a negative regulator of the cGAS-STING pathway, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) can hydrolyze extracellular 2', 3'-cGAMP and reduce extracellular 2', 3'-cGAMP concentration. ENPP1 has been validated to play important roles in diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular disease and now become a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Several ENPP1 inhibitors under development have shown good anti-tumor effects alone or in combination with other agents in clinical and preclinical researches. In this review, the biological profiles of ENPP1 were described, and the structures and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the known ENPP1 inhibitors were summarized. This review also provided the prospects and challenges in the development of ENPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Guan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Lincheng Fang
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingshun Feng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Guo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lingfeng Xie
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyun Wu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, TongjiaXiang 24, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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6
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Suito H, Fujikawa K, Ohsako M. ENPP1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation in growth-related calcification of the tibial tuberosity in rats. J Anat 2024; 244:333-342. [PMID: 37814911 PMCID: PMC10780148 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During tibial tuberosity growth, superficial and deep portions can be observed; however, the deep portion is not observed after the growth period, as it develops into bone tissues. Calcification in vivo is known to be constitutively suppressed by ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) but promoted by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). FGF23 promotes calcification of enthesis. Gene expression of FGF23 increased rapidly at 13W in this study. Therefore, the tibial tuberosity is speculated to develop via Enpp1 downregulation and Tnap upregulation; however, the understanding of these processes remains unclear. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to explore the age-related structural changes and underlying gene expression changes in the tibial tuberosity of rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (3-, 7-, and 13-week-old; eight each). The tibial tuberosity superficial and deep portions were clearly observed in 3- and 7-week-old rats, but the presence of the deep portion was not confirmed in 13-week-old rats. The extracellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes was calcified. Furthermore, the Enpp1 expression was the highest in 3-week-old rats and decreased with growth. The TNAP expression did not differ significantly among the groups. The deep portion area was significantly lower in 3-week-old rats than in 7-week-old rats. Generally, the extracellular matrix of the immature chondrocytes is not calcified. Therefore, we speculated that the cartilaginous tibial tuberosity calcifies and ossifies with growth. The Enpp1 expression decreased with growth, whereas the Tnap expression remained unchanged. Thus, we surmise that the tibial tuberosity calcifies with growth and that this process involves Enpp1 downregulation and FGF23 upregulation. As Osgood-Schlatter disease is closely related to the calcification of the tibial tuberosity, these findings may help clarify the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirai Suito
- Graduate School of Human Life Design, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellowships DC, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ohsako
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Novais EJ, Narayanan R, Canseco JA, van de Wetering K, Kepler CK, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Risbud MV. A new perspective on intervertebral disc calcification-from bench to bedside. Bone Res 2024; 12:3. [PMID: 38253615 PMCID: PMC10803356 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Disc degeneration primarily contributes to chronic low back and neck pain. Consequently, there is an urgent need to understand the spectrum of disc degeneration phenotypes such as fibrosis, ectopic calcification, herniation, or mixed phenotypes. Amongst these phenotypes, disc calcification is the least studied. Ectopic calcification, by definition, is the pathological mineralization of soft tissues, widely studied in the context of conditions that afflict vasculature, skin, and cartilage. Clinically, disc calcification is associated with poor surgical outcomes and back pain refractory to conservative treatment. It is frequently seen as a consequence of disc aging and progressive degeneration but exhibits unique molecular and morphological characteristics: hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cell differentiation; TNAP, ENPP1, and ANK upregulation; cell death; altered Pi and PPi homeostasis; and local inflammation. Recent studies in mouse models have provided a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. It is essential to recognize that the presentation and nature of mineralization differ between AF, NP, and EP compartments. Moreover, the combination of anatomic location, genetics, and environmental stressors, such as aging or trauma, govern the predisposition to calcification. Lastly, the systemic regulation of calcium and Pi metabolism is less important than the local activity of PPi modulated by the ANK-ENPP1 axis, along with disc cell death and differentiation status. While there is limited understanding of this phenotype, understanding the molecular pathways governing local intervertebral disc calcification may lead to developing disease-modifying drugs and better clinical management of degeneration-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Unidade Local de Saúde do Litoral Alentejano, Orthopedic Department, Santiago do Cacém, Portugal
| | - Rajkishen Narayanan
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jose A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan S Hilibrand
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zimmerman K, Li X, von Kroge S, Stabach P, Lester ER, Chu EY, Srivastava S, Somerman MJ, Tommasini SM, Busse B, Schinke T, Carpenter TO, Oheim R, Braddock DT. Catalysis-Independent ENPP1 Protein Signaling Regulates Mammalian Bone Mass. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1733-1749. [PMID: 35773783 PMCID: PMC9709593 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) deficiency induces vascular/soft tissue calcifications in generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), and low bone mass with phosphate-wasting rickets in GACI survivors (autosomal hypophosphatemic rickets type-2). ENPP1 haploinsufficiency induces early-onset osteoporosis and mild phosphate wasting in adults. Both conditions demonstrate the unusual combination of reduced accrual of skeletal mineral, yet excess and progressive heterotopic mineralization. ENPP1 is the only enzyme that generates extracellular pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of both bone and heterotopic mineralization. Life-threatening vascular calcification in ENPP1 deficiency is due to decreased plasma PPi; however, the mechanism by which osteopenia results is not apparent from an understanding of the enzyme's catalytic activity. To probe for catalysis-independent ENPP1 pathways regulating bone, we developed a murine model uncoupling ENPP1 protein signaling from ENPP1 catalysis, Enpp1T238A mice. In contrast to Enpp1asj mice, which lack ENPP1, Enpp1T238A mice have normal trabecular bone microarchitecture and favorable biomechanical properties. However, both models demonstrate low plasma Pi and PPi, increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and by 23 weeks, osteomalacia demonstrating equivalent phosphate wasting in both models. Reflecting findings in whole bone, calvarial cell cultures from Enpp1asj mice demonstrated markedly decreased calcification, elevated transcription of Sfrp1, and decreased nuclear β-catenin signaling compared to wild-type (WT) and Enpp1T238A cultures. Finally, the decreased calcification and nuclear β-catenin signaling observed in Enpp1asj cultures was restored to WT levels by knockout of Sfrp1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that catalysis-independent ENPP1 signaling pathways regulate bone mass via the expression of soluble Wnt inhibitors such as secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), whereas catalysis dependent pathways regulate phosphate homeostasis through the regulation of plasma FGF23. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Stabach
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Ethan R. Lester
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of General Dentistry, Operative Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Martha J. Somerman
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven M. Tommasini
- Department of Orthopædics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas O. Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
| | - Ralf Oheim
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Demetrios T. Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, 06510
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Boneski PK, Madhu V, Tomlinson RE, Shapiro IM, van de Wetering K, Risbud MV. Abcc6 Null Mice-a Model for Mineralization Disorder PXE Shows Vertebral Osteopenia Without Enhanced Intervertebral Disc Calcification With Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823249. [PMID: 35186933 PMCID: PMC8850990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is a highly prevalent health condition intricately linked to intervertebral disc degeneration. One of the prominent features of disc degeneration that is commonly observed with aging is dystrophic calcification. ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 6 (ABCC6), a presumed ATP efflux transporter, is a key regulator of systemic levels of the mineralization inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi). Mutations in ABCC6 result in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a progressive human metabolic disorder characterized by mineralization of the skin and elastic tissues. The implications of ABCC6 loss-of-function on pathological mineralization of structures in the spine, however, are unknown. Using the Abcc6 -/- mouse model of PXE, we investigated age-dependent changes in the vertebral bone and intervertebral disc. Abcc6 -/- mice exhibited diminished trabecular bone quality parameters at 7 months, which remained significantly lower than the wild-type mice at 18 months of age. Abcc6 -/- vertebrae showed increased TRAP staining along with decreased TNAP staining, suggesting an enhanced bone resorption as well as decreased bone formation. Surprisingly, however, loss of ABCC6 resulted only in a mild, aging disc phenotype without evidence of dystrophic mineralization. Finally, we tested the utility of oral K3Citrate to treat the vertebral phenotype since it is shown to regulate hydroxyapatite mechanical behavior. The treatment resulted in inhibition of the osteoclastic response and an early improvement in mechanical properties of the bone underscoring the promise of potassium citrate as a therapeutic agent. Our data suggest that although ectopic mineralization is tightly regulated in the disc, loss of ABCC6 compromises vertebral bone quality and dysregulates osteoblast-osteoclast coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K. Boneski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vedavathi Madhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ryan E. Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Vascular Calcification: Key Roles of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413536. [PMID: 34948333 PMCID: PMC8708352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated arterial stiffening and atherosclerosis are the leading cause of morbimortality in Western society. Both pathologies are frequently associated with vascular calcification. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is associated with several diseases (for example, genetic diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease) and is a common consequence of aging. Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification and can occur in the medial layer of arteries (medial calcification), in the atheroma plaque (intimal calcification), and cardiac valves (heart valve calcification). Although various mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, our understanding of the pathogenesis of calcification is far from complete. However, in recent years, some risk factors have been identified, including high serum phosphorus concentration (hyperphosphatemia) and defective synthesis of pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate deficiency). The balance between phosphate and pyrophosphate, strictly controlled by several genes, plays a key role in vascular calcification. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning phosphate and pyrophosphate homeostasis, focusing on the role of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism in aortic smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
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11
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Ferreira CR, Hackbarth ME, Ziegler SG, Pan KS, Roberts MS, Rosing DR, Whelpley MS, Bryant JC, Macnamara EF, Wang S, Müller K, Hartley IR, Chew EY, Corden TE, Jacobsen CM, Holm IA, Rutsch F, Dikoglu E, Chen MY, Mughal MZ, Levine MA, Gafni RI, Gahl WA. Prospective phenotyping of long-term survivors of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI). Genet Med 2020; 23:396-407. [PMID: 33005041 PMCID: PMC7867608 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-00983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), characterized by vascular calcifications that are often fatal shortly after birth, is usually caused by deficiency of ENPP1. A small fraction of GACI cases result from deficiency of ABCC6, a membrane transporter. The natural history of GACI survivors has not been established in a prospective fashion. METHODS We performed deep phenotyping of 20 GACI survivors. RESULTS Sixteen of 20 subjects presented with arterial calcifications, but only 5 had residual involvement at the time of evaluation. Individuals with ENPP1 deficiency either had hypophosphatemic rickets or were predicted to develop it by 14 years of age; 14/16 had elevated intact FGF23 levels (iFGF23). Blood phosphate levels correlated inversely with iFGF23. For ENPP1-deficient individuals, the lifetime risk of cervical spine fusion was 25%, that of hearing loss was 75%, and the main morbidity in adults was related to enthesis calcification. Four ENPP1-deficient individuals manifested classic skin or retinal findings of PXE. We estimated the minimal incidence of ENPP1 deficiency at ~1 in 200,000 pregnancies. CONCLUSION GACI appears to be more common than previously thought, with an expanding spectrum of overlapping phenotypes. The relationships among decreased ENPP1, increased iFGF23, and rickets could inform future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Ferreira
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mary E Hackbarth
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shira G Ziegler
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen S Pan
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary S Roberts
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas R Rosing
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret S Whelpley
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joy C Bryant
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen F Macnamara
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Iris R Hartley
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, Clinical Trials Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy E Corden
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christina M Jacobsen
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Diseases Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Esra Dikoglu
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Cardiovascular CT Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Zulf Mughal
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospital's NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Novais EJ, Tran VA, Miao J, Slaver K, Sinensky A, Dyment NA, Addya S, Szeri F, Wetering K, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Comparison of inbred mouse strains shows diverse phenotypic outcomes of intervertebral disc aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13148. [PMID: 32319726 PMCID: PMC7253061 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration presents a wide spectrum of clinically degenerative disc phenotypes; however, the contribution of genetic background to the degenerative outcomes has not been established. We characterized the spinal phenotype of 3 mouse strains with varying cartilage-regenerative potential at 6 and 23 months: C57BL/6, LG/J and SM/J. All strains showed different aging phenotypes. Importantly, LG/J mice showed an increased prevalence of dystrophic disc calcification in caudal discs with aging. Quantitative-histological analyses of LG/J and SM/J caudal discs evidenced accelerated degeneration compared to BL6, with cellular disorganization and cell loss together with fibrosis of the NP, respectively. Along with the higher grades of disc degeneration, SM/J, at 6M, also differed the most in terms of NP gene expression compared to other strains. Moreover, although we found common DEGs between BL6 and LG/J aging, most of them were divergent between the strains. Noteworthy, the common DEGs altered in both LG/J and BL6 aging were associated with inflammatory processes, response to stress, cell differentiation, cell metabolism and cell division. Results suggested that disc calcification in LG/J resulted from a dystrophic calcification process likely aggravated by cell death, matrix remodelling, changes in calcium/phosphate homeostasis and cell transformation. Lastly, we report 7 distinct phenotypes of human disc degeneration based on transcriptomic profiles, that presented similar pathways and DEGs found in aging mouse strains. Together, our results suggest that disc aging and degeneration depends on the genetic background and involves changes in various molecular pathways, which might help to explain the diverse phenotypes seen during disc disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J. Novais
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga Portugal
| | - Victoria A. Tran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jingya Miao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Katie Slaver
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Andrew Sinensky
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Flora Szeri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Koen Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
- The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Irving M. Shapiro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Sidney Kimmel Medical College Philadelphia PA USA
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA
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Orriss IR. Extracellular pyrophosphate: The body's "water softener". Bone 2020; 134:115243. [PMID: 31954851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) was first identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of mineralisation in the 1960's by Fleisch and colleagues. The main source of ePPi seems to be extracellular ATP which is continually released from cells in a controlled way. ATP is rapidly broken down by enzymes including ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases to produce ePPi. The major function of ePPi is to directly inhibit hydroxyapatite formation and growth meaning that this simple molecule acts as the body's own "water softener". However, studies have also shown that ePPi can influence gene expression and regulate its own production and breakdown. This review will summarise our current knowledge of ePPi metabolism and how it acts to prevent pathological soft tissue calcification and regulate physiological bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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14
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Hagiwara Y, Dyrna F, Kuntz AF, Adams DJ, Dyment NA. Cells from a GDF5 origin produce zonal tendon-to-bone attachments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1460:57-67. [PMID: 31596513 PMCID: PMC6992521 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery, a staged repair response occurs where cells from outside the tendon graft participate in tunnel integration. The mechanisms that regulate this process, including the specific cellular origin, are poorly understood. Embryonic cells expressing growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) give rise to several mesenchymal tissues in the joint and epiphyses. We hypothesized that cells from a GDF5 origin, even in the adult tissue, would give rise to cells that contribute to the stages of repair. ACLs were reconstructed in Gdf5-Cre;R26R-tdTomato lineage tracing mice to monitor the contribution of Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells to the tunnel integration process. Anterior-posterior drawer tests demonstrated 58% restoration in anterior-posterior stability. Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells within the epiphyseal bone marrow adjacent to tunnels expanded in response to the injury by 135-fold compared with intact controls to initiate tendon-to-bone attachments. They continued to mature the attachments yielding zonal insertion sites at 4 weeks with collagen fibers spanning across unmineralized and mineralized fibrocartilage and anchored to the adjacent bone. The zonal attachments possessed tidemarks with concentrated alkaline phosphatase activity similar to native entheses. This study established that mesenchymal cells from a GDF5 origin can contribute to zonal tendon-to-bone attachments within bone tunnels following ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inada Hospital, Nara Prefecture, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara Prefecture, Japan
| | - Felix Dyrna
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew F Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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ENPP1 in the Regulation of Mineralization and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:616-628. [PMID: 30799235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ENPP1 is well known for its role in regulating skeletal and soft tissue mineralization. It primarily exerts its function through the generation of pyrophosphate, a key inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. Several previous studies have suggested that ENPP1 also contributes to a range of human diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. In this review, we summarize the pathological roles of ENPP1 in mineralization and these soft tissue disorders. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms through which ENPP1 exerts its pathological effects. A fuller understanding of the pathways through which ENPP1 acts may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies for these commonly diagnosed morbidities.
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16
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Jin Y, Cong Q, Gvozdenovic-Jeremic J, Hu J, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Yang Y. Enpp1 inhibits ectopic joint calcification and maintains articular chondrocytes by repressing hedgehog signaling. Development 2018; 145:dev.164830. [PMID: 30111653 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The differentiated phenotype of articular chondrocytes of synovial joints needs to be maintained throughout life. Disruption of the articular cartilage, frequently associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and calcification, is a central feature in osteoarthritis (OA). However, the molecular mechanisms whereby phenotypes of articular chondrocytes are maintained and pathological calcification is inhibited remain poorly understood. Recently, the ecto-enzyme Enpp1, a suppressor of pathological calcification, was reported to be decreased in joint cartilage with OA in both human and mouse, and Enpp1 deficiency causes joint calcification. Here, we found that hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation contributes to ectopic joint calcification in the Enpp1-/- mice. In the Enpp1-/- joints, Hh signaling was upregulated. Further activation of Hh signaling by removing the patched 1 gene in the Enpp1-/- mice enhanced ectopic joint calcification, whereas removing Gli2 partially rescued the ectopic calcification phenotype. In addition, reduction of Gαs in the Enpp1-/- mice enhanced joint calcification, suggesting that Enpp1 inhibits Hh signaling and chondrocyte hypertrophy by activating Gαs-PKA signaling. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying Enpp1 regulation of joint integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jiajie Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Siu SY, Dyment NA, Rowe DW, Sundberg JP, Uitto J, Li Q. Variable patterns of ectopic mineralization in Enpp1asj-2J mice, a model for generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:83837-83842. [PMID: 27863377 PMCID: PMC5341293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. The classical forms of GACI are caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, encoding a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate. The asj-2J mouse harboring a spontaneous mutation in the Enpp1 gene has been characterized as a model for GACI. These mutant mice develop ectopic mineralization in skin and vascular connective tissues as well as in cartilage and collagen-rich tendons and ligaments. This study examined in detail the temporal ectopic mineralization phenotype of connective tissues in this mouse model, utilizing a novel cryo-histological method that does not require decalcification of bones. The wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mice were administered fluorescent mineralization labels at 4 weeks (calcein), 10 weeks (alizarin complexone), and 11 weeks of age (demeclocycline). Twenty-four hours later, outer ears, muzzle skin, trachea, aorta, shoulders, and vertebrae were collected from these mice and examined for progression of mineralization. The results revealed differential timeline for disease initiation and progression in various tissues of this mouse model. It also highlights the advantages of cryo-histological fluorescent imaging technique to study mineral deposition in mouse models of ectopic mineralization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Siu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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