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Daco L, Colling G, Matthies D. Clinal variation in quantitative traits but not in evolutionary potential along elevational and latitudinal gradients in the widespread Anthyllis vulneraria. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16360. [PMID: 38888183 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Strong elevational and latitudinal gradients allow the study of genetic differentiation in response to similar environmental changes. However, it is uncertain whether the environmental changes along the two types of gradients result in similar genetically based changes in quantitative traits. Peripheral arctic and alpine populations are thought to have less evolutionary potential than more central populations do. METHODS We studied quantitative traits of the widespread Anthyllis vulneraria in a common garden. Plants originated from 20 populations along a 2000-m elevational gradient from the lowlands to the elevational limit of the species in the Alps, and from 20 populations along a 2400-km latitudinal gradient from the center of the distribution of the species in Central Europe to its northern distributional margin. RESULTS Most traits showed similar clinal variations with elevation and latitude of origin, and the magnitude of all measured traits in relation to mean annual temperature was similar. Higher QST values than FST values in several traits indicated diversifying selection, but for others QST was smaller than FST. Genetic diversity of quantitative traits and neutral molecular markers was not correlated. Plasticity in response to favorable conditions declined with elevation and less strongly with latitude of origin, but the evolvability of traits did not. CONCLUSIONS The clinal variation suggests adaptive differentiation of quantitative traits along the two gradients. The evolutionary potential of peripheral populations is not necessarily reduced, but lower plasticity may threaten their survival under rapidly changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Daco
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, Luxembourg, L-2160, Luxembourg
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, D-35043, Germany
- Fondation faune-flore, 24 rue Münster, Luxembourg, L-2160, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Colling
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, Luxembourg, L-2160, Luxembourg
| | - Diethart Matthies
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, Marburg, D-35043, Germany
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2
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Kiełtyk P. Elevational variation in morphology and biomass allocation in carpathian snowbell Soldanella carpatica (Primulaceae). PeerJ 2024; 12:e17500. [PMID: 38827286 PMCID: PMC11141553 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants growing along wide elevation gradients in mountains experience considerable variations in environmental factors that vary across elevations. The most pronounced elevational changes are in climate conditions with characteristic decrease in air temperature with an increase in elevation. Studying intraspecific elevational variations in plant morphological traits and biomass allocation gives opportunity to understand how plants adapted to steep environmental gradients that change with elevation and how they may respond to climate changes related to global warming. In this study, phenotypic variation of an alpine plant Soldanella carpatica Vierh. (Primulaceae) was investigated on 40 sites distributed continuously across a 1,480-m elevation gradient in the Tatra Mountains, Central Europe. Mixed-effects models, by which plant traits were fitted to elevation, revealed that on most part of the gradient total leaf mass, leaf size and scape height decreased gradually with an increase in elevation, whereas dry mass investment in roots and flowers as well as individual flower mass did not vary with elevation. Unexpectedly, in the uppermost part of the elevation gradient overall plant size, including both below-and aboveground plant parts, decreased rapidly causing abrupt plant miniaturization. Despite the plant miniaturization at the highest elevations, biomass partitioning traits changed gradually across the entire species elevation range, namely, the leaf mass fraction decreased continuously, whereas the flower mass fraction and the root:shoot ratio increased steadily from the lowest to the highest elevations. Observed variations in S. carpatica phenotypes are seen as structural adjustments to environmental changes across elevations that increase chances of plant survival and reproduction at different elevations. Moreover, results of the present study agreed with the observations that populations of species from the 'Soldanella' intrageneric group adapted to alpine and subnival zones still maintain typical 'Soldanella'-like appearance, despite considerable reduction in overall plant size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kiełtyk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ma R, Xu Q, Gao Y, Peng D, Sun H, Song B. Patterns and drivers of plant sexual systems in the dry-hot valley region of southwestern China. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:158-168. [PMID: 38807913 PMCID: PMC11128841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Sexual systems play important roles in angiosperm evolution and exhibit substantial variations among different floras. Thus, studying their evolution in a whole flora is crucial for understanding the formation and maintenance of plant biodiversity and predicting its responses to environmental change. In this study, we determined the patterns of plant sexual systems and their associations with geographic elements and various life-history traits in dry-hot valley region of southwestern China, an extremely vulnerable ecosystem. Of the 3166 angiosperm species recorded in this area, 74.5% were hermaphroditic, 13.5% were monoecious and 12% were dioecious, showing a high incidence of diclinous species. Diclinous species were strongly associated with tropical elements, whereas hermaphroditic species were strongly associated with temperate and cosmopolitan elements. We also found that hermaphroditism was strongly associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, dry fruits and herbaceous plants. Dioecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, generalist entomophily, fleshy fruits, and woody plants, whereas monoecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale-colored flowers, anemophily, dry fruits, and herbaceous plants. In addition, hermaphroditic species with generalist entomophily tended to flower in the dry season, whereas diclinous species with specialist entomophily tended to flower in the rainy season. However, independent of sexual systems, plants that produce dry fruits tended to flower in the rainy season and set fruits in the dry season, but the opposite pattern was found for fleshy fruit-producing plants. Our results suggest that in the dry-hot valleys, plant sexual systems are associated with geographic elements as well as various life-history traits that are sensitive to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yongqian Gao
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Deli Peng
- School of Life Science/Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Cristóbal-Perez EJ, Barrantes G, Cascante-Marín A, Hanson P, Picado B, Gamboa-Barrantes N, Rojas-Malavasi G, Zumbado MA, Madrigal-Brenes R, Martén-Rodríguez S, Quesada M, Fuchs EJ. Elevational and seasonal patterns of plant pollinator networks in two highland tropical ecosystems in Costa Rica. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295258. [PMID: 38206918 PMCID: PMC10783733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Many plant species in high montane ecosystems rely on animal pollination for sexual reproduction, however, our understanding of plant-pollinator interactions in tropical montane habitats is still limited. We compared species diversity and composition of blooming plants and floral visitors, and the structure of plant-floral visitor networks between the Montane Forest and Paramo ecosystems in Costa Rica. We also studied the influence of seasonality on species composition and interaction structure. Given the severe climatic conditions experienced by organisms in habitats above treeline, we expected lower plant and insect richness, as well as less specialized and smaller pollination networks in the Paramo than in Montane Forest where climatic conditions are milder and understory plants are better protected. Accordingly, we found that blooming plants and floral visitor species richness was higher in the Montane Forest than in the Paramo, and in both ecosystems species richness of blooming plants and floral visitors was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Interaction networks in the Paramo were smaller and more nested, with lower levels of specialization and modularity than those in the Montane Forest, but there were no seasonal differences within either ecosystem. Beta diversity analyses indicate that differences between ecosystems are likely explained by species turnover, whereas within the Montane Forest differences between seasons are more likely explained by the rewiring of interactions. Results indicate that the decrease in species diversity with elevation affects network structure, increasing nestedness and reducing specialization and modularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jacob Cristóbal-Perez
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
| | - Gilbert Barrantes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Cascante-Marín
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Paul Hanson
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Beatriz Picado
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Nicole Gamboa-Barrantes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Geovanna Rojas-Malavasi
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel A. Zumbado
- Investigador Colaborador, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ruth Madrigal-Brenes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Silvana Martén-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva de Plantas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores–Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
| | - Eric J. Fuchs
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Auestad I, Rydgren K, Halvorsen R, Avdem I, Berge R, Bollingberg I, Lima O. Use climatic space-for-time substitutions with care: Not only climate, but also local environment affect performance of the key forest species bilberry along elevation gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10401. [PMID: 37600486 PMCID: PMC10432774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An urgent aim of ecology is to understand how key species relate to climatic and environmental variation, to better predict their prospects under future climate change. The abundant dwarf shrub bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has caught particular interest due to its uphill expansion into alpine areas. Species' performance under changing climate has been widely studied using the climatic space-for-time approach along elevation gradients, but potentially confounding, local environmental variables that vary along elevation gradients have rarely been considered. In this study, performed in 10 sites along an elevation gradient (200-875 m) in W Norway, we recorded species composition and bilberry performance, both vegetative (ramet size and cover) and reproductive (berry and seed production) properties, over one to 4 years. We disentangled effects of local environmental variables and between-year, climatic variation (precipitation and temperature), and identified shared and unique contributions of these variables by variation partitioning. We found bilberry ramet size, cover and berry production to peak at intermediate elevations, whereas seed production increased upwards. The peaks were less pronounced in extreme (dry or cold) summers than in normal summers. Local environmental variables explained much variation in ramet size and cover, less in berry production, and showed no relation to seed production. Climatic variables explained more of the variation in berry and seed production than in ramet size and cover, with temperature relating to vegetative performance, and precipitation to reproductive performance. Bilberry's clonal growth and effective reproduction probably explain why the species persists in the forest and at the same time invades alpine areas. Our findings raise concerns of the appropriateness of the climatic space-for-time approach. We recommend including both climatic and local environmental variables in studies of variation along elevation gradients and conclude that variation partitioning can be a useful supplement to other methods for analysing variation in plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Auestad
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Knut Rydgren
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Rune Halvorsen
- Geo‐Ecological Research Group, Department of Research and Collections, Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Ingrid Avdem
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Rannveig Berge
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Ina Bollingberg
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
| | - Oline Lima
- Department of Environmental SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesSogndalNorway
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Xu YW, Sun L, Ma R, Gao YQ, Sun H, Song B. Does pollinator dependence decrease along elevational gradients? PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:446-455. [PMID: 37601546 PMCID: PMC10435910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants have long been thought to be less dependent on pollinators for seed production at higher elevations due to adverse pollination environments. However, recent research has yet to consistently support the generality of this expectation. In this study, we asked whether pollinator dependence decreases along an elevational gradient and how it varies with various reproductive traits. To answer these questions, we quantified pollinator-plant associations and various reproductive traits for 112 flowering plants spanning a large elevational gradient (990-4260 m a.s.l.) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We found that flowering plants in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region are highly dependent on pollinators for seed production (76.2% of seed production was contributed by animal pollinators and 44.6% of plants would produce no seed without pollinator visitation). Contrary to our expectation, there was no significant elevational gradient in pollinator dependence index. Although the pollinator dependence index was not significantly correlated with pollen limitation, flower size, floral longevity, or reward type, it was correlated with compatibility status and flowering time. These findings indicate that pollinator dependence does not decrease along an elevational gradient in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Our study also highlights the severe vulnerability of flowering plant seed production to pollinator declines under global change in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, particularly for early-flowering or self-incompatible plants growing at higher elevations (e.g., subnival belt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rong Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yong-Qian Gao
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Song
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Ye LJ, Möller M, Luo YH, Zou JY, Zheng W, Liu J, Li DZ, Gao LM. Variation in gene expression along an elevation gradient of Rhododendron sanguineum var. haemaleum assessed in a comparative transcriptomic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133065. [PMID: 37025136 PMCID: PMC10070981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Selection along environmental gradients may play a vital role in driving adaptive evolution. Nevertheless, genomic variation and genetic adaptation along environmental clines remains largely unknown in plants in alpine ecosystems. To close this knowledge gap, we assayed transcriptomic profiles of late flower bud and early leaf bud of Rhododendron sanguineum var. haemaleum from four different elevational belts between 3,000 m and 3,800 m in the Gaoligong Mountains. By comparing differences in gene expression of these samples, a gene co-expression network (WGCNA) was constructed to identify candidate genes related to elevation. We found that the overall gene expression patterns are organ-specific for the flower and leaf. Differentially expressed unigenes were identified in these organs. In flowers, these were mainly related to terpenoid metabolism (RsHMGR, RsTPS), while in leaves mainly related to anthocyanin biosynthesis (RsCHS, RsF3'5'H). Terpenoids are the main components of flower scent (fragrance) likely attracting insects for pollination. In response to fewer pollinators at higher elevation zone, it seems relatively less scent is produced in flower organs to reduce energy consumption. Secondary metabolites in leaves such as anthocyanins determine the plants' alternative adaptive strategy to extreme environments, such as selective pressures of insect herbivory from environmental changes and substrate competition in biosynthesis pathways at high elevations. Our findings indicated that the gene expression profiles generated from flower and leaf organs showed parallel expression shifts but with different functionality, suggesting the existence of flexibility in response strategies of plants exposed to heterogeneous environments across elevational gradients. The genes identified here are likely to be involved in the adaptation of the plants to these varying mountainous environments. This study thus contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of adaptation in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jiang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity of Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Huang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Yun Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, Yunnan, China
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Qiu Y, Yan X, Ma H, Wang Y, Yang R, Opedal ØH, Zhao Z. Proximity to oilseed rape fields affects plant pollination and pollinator‐mediated selection on a co‐flowering plant on the Tibetan Plateau. Evol Appl 2023; 16:814-823. [PMID: 37124085 PMCID: PMC10130553 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological effects of mass-flowering crops on pollinator abundance and species richness of neighbouring habitats are well established, yet the potential evolutionary consequences remain unclear. We studied effects of proximity to a mass-flowering crop on the pollination of local co-flowering plants and on patterns of natural selection on a pollination-generalised plant on the Tibetan Plateau. We recorded pollinator visitation rates and community composition at different distances (near vs. far) to oilseed rape (Brassica napus) fields in two habitat types and quantified pollinator-mediated selection on attractive traits of Trollius ranunculoides. The proximity to oilseed rape increased pollinator visitation in neighbouring alpine meadows and changed pollinator composition in neighbouring shrub meadows. Trollius ranunculoides in the alpine meadow near oilseed rape received three times more pollinator visits (mainly bees) and consequently had a 16.5% increase in seed set but also received slightly more heterospecific pollen per stigma. In contrast, pollinator visitation to T. ranunculoides in the shrub meadow near oilseed rape was three times lower (mainly flies), leading to a 10.7% lower seed despite no effect on pollen deposition. The proximity to the oilseed rape field intensified pollinator-mediated selection on flower size and weakened selection on flower height of T. ranunculoides in the alpine meadow but did not affect phenotypic selection on either trait in the shrub meadow. Our study highlights context-dependent variation in plant-pollinator interactions close to mass-flowering oilseed rape, suggesting potential effects on the evolution of flower traits of native plants through altered pollinator-mediated selection. However, context dependence may make these effects difficult to predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Xiaoping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Yuxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Rong Yang
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Øystein H. Opedal
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity Unit Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
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Pfeilsticker TR, Jones RC, Steane DA, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM. Molecular insights into the dynamics of species invasion by hybridisation in Tasmanian eucalypts. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2913-2929. [PMID: 36807951 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants where seed dispersal is limited compared with pollen dispersal, hybridisation may enhance gene exchange and species dispersal. We provide genetic evidence of hybridisation contributing to the expansion of the rare Eucalyptus risdonii into the range of the widespread Eucalyptus amygdalina. These closely related tree species are morphologically distinct, and observations suggest that natural hybrids occur along their distribution boundaries and as isolated trees or in small patches within the range of E. amygdalina. Hybrid phenotypes occur outside the range of normal dispersal for E. risdonii seed, yet in some hybrid patches small individuals resembling E. risdonii occur and are hypothesised to be a result of backcrossing. Using 3362 genome-wide SNPs assessed from 97 individuals of E. risdonii and E. amygdalina and 171 hybrid trees, we show that (i) isolated hybrids match the genotypes expected of F1 /F2 hybrids, (ii) there is a continuum in the genetic composition among the isolated hybrid patches from patches dominated by F1 /F2 -like genotypes to those dominated by E. risdonii-backcross genotypes, and (iii) the E. risdonii-like phenotypes in the isolated hybrid patches are most-closely related to proximal larger hybrids. These results suggest that the E. risdonii phenotype has been resurrected in isolated hybrid patches established from pollen dispersal, providing the first steps in its invasion of suitable habitat by long-distance pollen dispersal and complete introgressive displacement of E. amygdalina. Such expansion accords with the population demographics, common garden performance data, and climate modelling which favours E. risdonii and highlights a role of interspecific hybridisation in climate change adaptation and species expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais R Pfeilsticker
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Jones
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Steane
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - René E Vaillancourt
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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10
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Dai W, Ochola AC, Li Y. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Pollen Limitation and Floral Traits of an Alpine Lousewort ( Pedicularis rhinanthoides) in Relation to Pollinator Availability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:78. [PMID: 36616207 PMCID: PMC9824556 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Populations of the same plant species living in different locations but flowering at different times may vary in pollinator availability and floral traits. However, the spatial and temporal links between floral traits and pollination are rarely included in single studies. In this study, three populations of an alpine lousewort, Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk subsp. tibetica (Bonati) Tsoong, were surveyed to detect the variations in floral traits and pollinator activity. We hypothesized that floral divergence was spatio-temporally correlated with pollen limitation (PL) in relation to pollinators. Sampled plants from each population were divided into three groups, according to flowering stage: early, peak, and late. Pollen-supplementation experiments and investigations into pollinators, reproductive success, and floral traits were conducted on the plants from the different flowering stages and across the populations. Our results showed that the extent of PL varies across populations and among flowering stages. Populations in which more pollinators were recorded displayed a lower extent of PL. Furthermore, the temporal differences in PL showed a similar pattern for the three populations; the plants from the peak flowering stage suffered slighter PL than those from the other two stages. Nevertheless, some of the floral traits displayed similar spatial and temporal patterns to the PL, while the others only varied among the populations spatially. The results indicated that the performance of floral traits in a particular spatial-temporal situation shows they are well adapted to the corresponding pollination environment, which might help plants to optimize their reproductive fitness under different abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Dai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Anne Christine Ochola
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongquan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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11
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Dorey T, Schiestl FP. Plant phenotypic plasticity changes pollinator-mediated selection. Evolution 2022; 76:2930-2944. [PMID: 36250479 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms change their phenotype in response to the environment, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. Although plasticity can dramatically change the phenotype of an organism, we hardly understand how this can affect biotic interactions and the resulting phenotypic selection. Here, we use fast cycling Brassica rapa plants in an experiment in the greenhouse to study the link between plasticity and selection. We detected strong plasticity in morphology, nectar, and floral scent in response to different soil types and aphid herbivory. We found positive selection on nectar and morphological traits in hand- and bumblebee-pollinated plants. Bumblebee-mediated selection on a principal component representing plant height, flower number, and flowering time (mPC3) differed depending on soil type and herbivory. For plants growing in richer soil, selection was stronger in the absence of herbivores, whereas for plants growing in poorer soil selection was stronger with herbivory. We showed that bumblebees visited tall plants with many flowers overproportionally in plants in poor soil with herbivory (i.e., when tall plants were rare), thus causing stronger positive selection on this trait combination. We suggest that with strong plasticity under most stressful conditions, pollinator-mediated selection may promote adaptation to local environmental factors given sufficient heritability of the traits under selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dorey
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8008, Switzerland
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12
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Zhao X, Hou Q, Su X, Qu B, Fan B, Zhang H, Sun K. Variation of the floral traits and sexual allocation patterns of Clematis tangutica to the altitudinal gradient of the eastern Qinghai- Tibet Plateau. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Kudo G. Outcrossing syndrome in alpine plants: Implications for flowering phenology and pollination success. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kudo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
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14
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Gao H, Niu Y, Wang Q, Shan G, Ma C, Wang H, Hu Y, Guan K, Gu J, Wang J, Wang T, Zhao H, Han H, Chen H, Ruan W, Zhang H, Cong C, Wang L, Liu Y. Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Adult Self-Reported Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma in Plain Lands and Hilly Areas of Shenmu City, China. Front Public Health 2022; 9:749388. [PMID: 35059372 PMCID: PMC8765605 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.749388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of adult self-reported allergic rhinitis and asthma in plain lands and hilly areas of Shenmu City in China, and analyze the differences between regions. Methods: The multi-stage stratified random sampling was applied in a cross-sectional survey of adult residents in Shenmu City, from September to December 2019. The unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influence factors of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Results: 4,706 adults participated in the survey, and 99% (4,655 in 4,706) completed the questionnaires. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 25.4%, and the prevalence of asthma was 9.4%. The prevalence of the allergic rhinitis without asthma, asthma without allergic rhinitis, and the combined allergic rhinitis with asthma were 18.9, 2.9, and 6.5%, respectively. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma existed regional differences. The prevalence of adult self-reported allergic rhinitis was 41.5% in plain lands areas and 22.1% in hilly areas. The prevalence of adult self-reported asthma was 12.8% in plain lands and 8.8% in hilly areas. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma existed seasonal differences, with the highest prevalence from July to September. The analysis of risk factors showed that higher education [middle and high school (OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.42–2.07); college and above (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.99–3.59)], comorbidities of other allergic diseases (OR 3.90, 95%CI 3.23–4.70), family history of allergies (OR 2.89, 95%CI 2.36–3.53), and plain lands areas (OR 2.51, 95%CI 2.06–3.05) were the risk factors for the allergic rhinitis without asthma. Aging [40–49 years old (OR 4.29, 95%CI 1.02–18.13); 50–59 years old (OR 5.89, 95%CI 1.40–24.76); ≥60 years old: (OR 6.14, 95%CI 1.41–26.71)], never-smokers (OR 1.66, 95%CI 0.99–2.80), comorbidities of other allergic disorders (OR 2.17, 95%CI 1.42–3.32), and family history of allergies (OR 2.20, 95%CI 1.40–3.47) were the risk factors for the asthma without allergic rhinitis. Advanced age [30–39 years (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.23–3.82); 40–49 years (OR 2.86, 95%CI 1.56 to 5.25); 50–59 years (OR 2.95, 95%CI 1.58–5.51); ≥60 years old (OR 2.27, 95%CI 1.09–4.72)], higher education [middle and high school (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.62–3.07); college and above (OR 4.28, 95%CI 2.72–6.74)], non-agricultural workers (OR 1.70, 95%CI 1.18–2.43),never-smokers (OR 2.26, 95%CI 1.51–3.39), comorbidities of other allergic diseases (OR 4.45, 95%CI 3.37–5.88), family history of allergies (OR 5.27, 95%CI 3.98–6.97), and plain lands areas (OR 2.07, 95%CI 1.51–2.86) were the risk factors for the combined allergic rhinitis with asthma. Conclusions: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Shenmu City was relatively high, with regional differences. Genetic and environmental factors were the important risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Our research would provide data support for preventing and controlling allergic rhinitis and asthma in this region in the future, and appropriate prevention and control programs should be formulated according to the characteristics of different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Gao
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Yongliang Niu
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Guangliang Shan
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Yaoda Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Gu
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Han
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Haiyuan Chen
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Wenxia Ruan
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Cong
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianglu Wang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Liu
- Shenmu Hospital, The Affiliated Shenmu Hospital of Northwest University, Shenmu, China
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15
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Fontaine N, Gauthier P, Casazza G, Thompson JD. Niche Variation in Endemic Lilium pomponium on a Wide Altitudinal Gradient in the Maritime Alps. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:833. [PMID: 35336714 PMCID: PMC8954139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between altitudinal and ecological gradients has long been a dominant theme in plant ecology; moreover, how species respond to climate change has renewed this interest. Mediterranean mountains are often hotspots of endemism, and some endemic species have local distributions that span different climatic belts; hence, local variations in topography and fine-scaled niche conditions may play crucial roles in their persistence along such gradients. Studies of the fine-scaled niche are, however, very rare; most studies involve broad-scale variations in climatic parameters. The Turban lily, Lilium pomponium L. is endemic to the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, where it occurs across a wide altitudinal gradient. Previous work has shown no link between climatic marginality and geographic range limits on morphological traits and genetic variability; however, possible variations of local topographic and ecological parameters have not yet been examined. The objective of this paper is to characterise local ecological niche conditions of L. pomponium populations in the different bioclimatic zones it occupies along the altitudinal gradient. The species occurs in four main types of microecological niches. One of these niche types, with a high mineral cover, is the most abundant—type 2: it was detected in 39% of sampled quadrats and occurs across the whole bioclimatic gradient. Other niche types are more limited to subsections of the gradient: type 3 (in 19% of sampled quadrats) is restricted to high-altitude sites (>1070 m.a.s.l.) and is characterised by high vegetation and litter cover; type 4 (26%) corresponds to more forested habitats on substrates with low water retention capacities, in more inland zones close to the centre of L. pomponium distribution and across a range of altitudes; and type 1 (16% of quadrat) only occurs in the Mediterranean part of the gradient, close to distribution limits in pockets of soil among large blocks of rocks, mainly found at mid-altitudes. Despite heterogeneity in the spatial locations of niche types, there is no correspondence between ecological gradients and the distribution limits of this species. Knowledge of the fine-scaled ecological conditions that determine niche types is thus essential for conservation management of the habitats of this species and for the exploration of its possible response to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninon Fontaine
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France; (P.G.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Perrine Gauthier
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France; (P.G.); (J.D.T.)
| | - Gabriele Casazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - John D. Thompson
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France; (P.G.); (J.D.T.)
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16
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Carlson ML, Fulkerson JR. Phenotypic selection on floral traits in the arctic plant
Parrya nudicaulis
(Brassicaceae). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8624. [PMID: 35261739 PMCID: PMC8888260 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of floral traits is often attributed to pollinator‐mediated selection; however, the importance of pollinators as selective agents in arctic environments is poorly resolved. In arctic and subarctic regions that are thought to be pollen limited, selection is expected to either favor floral traits that increase pollinator attraction or promote reproductive assurance through selfing. We quantified phenotypic selection on floral traits in two arctic and two subarctic populations of the self‐compatible, but largely pollinator‐dependent, Parrya nudicaulis. Additionally, we measured selection in plants in both open pollination and pollen augmentation treatments to estimate selection imposed by pollinators in one population. Seed production was found to be limited by pollen availability and strong directional selection on flower number was observed. We did not detect consistently greater magnitudes of selection on floral traits in the arctic relative to the subarctic populations. Directional selection for more pigmented flowers in one arctic population was observed, however. In some populations, selection on flower color was found to interact with other traits. We did not detect consistently stronger selection gradients across all traits for plants exposed to pollinator selection relative to those in the pollen augmentation treatment; however, directional selection tended to be higher for some floral traits in open‐pollinated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Carlson
- Alaska Center for Conservation Science University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
- Biological Sciences Department University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Justin R. Fulkerson
- Alaska Center for Conservation Science University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
- Biological Sciences Department University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
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17
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Valadão-Mendes LB, Rocha I, Meireles DAL, Leite FB, Sazima M, Maruyama PK, Brito VLG. Flower morphology and plant-bee pollinator interactions are related to stamen dimorphism in Melastomataceae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:240-248. [PMID: 34741381 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20,000 species of flowering plant offer mainly pollen to their pollinators, generally bees. Stamen dimorphism, a floral trait commonly present in some pollen flowers, is thought to be associated with exclusive pollen provision for highly effective bee pollinators. Notwithstanding, little is known about how stamen dimorphism is related to other floral morphological traits and, consequently, plant-pollinator interactions at the community scale. Here we investigated the relationship between stamen dimorphism and other floral morphological traits, as well as the interactions with pollinators in plants of Melastomataceae. We characterized each plant species as stamen dimorphic or stamen isomorphic according to differences in size and shape between stamen sets. Data on interactions between the plants and their bee pollinators were analysed as quantitative bipartite networks. We found that petal and style size and shape were correlated to stamen dimorphism. Stamen dimorphic species present larger flowers and less variable style shapes than stamen isomorphic species. Furthermore, stamen dimorphism is associated with higher richness of visiting bees, i.e. higher ecological generalization. During the evolutionary history of Melastomataceae, the dependence on pollinators for fruit set has possibly favoured the evolution of larger flowers with dimorphic stamens, which in turn are able to make use of a larger spectrum of pollen-collecting bees, leading to ecological generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Valadão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - I Rocha
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brasil
| | - D A L Meireles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brasil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
| | - F B Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - M Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - P K Maruyama
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - V L G Brito
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
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18
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Seguí J, Hervías-Parejo S, Traveset A. Selective forces on the maintenance of outcrossing in an almost exclusively cleistogamous violet species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2452-2463. [PMID: 34622956 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Cleistogamous species constitute interesting study systems to resolve the longstanding question of how outcrossing is maintained given that seed production is ensured through selfing. In this work, we investigate the selective forces that allow the persistence of producing self-pollinated cleistogamous (CL) and chasmogamous (CH) flowers in Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin. METHODS We monitored three populations at different elevation for two years, and studied the flowering phenology and the relative contribution of each flower morph to parental fitness. We tested whether allocation to CH and CL flowers differed across populations and if it covaried with herbivory and water stress conditions. We also performed hand-pollination and bagging experiments in CH flowers to estimate inbreeding depression and heterosis. RESULTS The CH flowers open in winter under unfavorable conditions for pollination, show high pollen limitation and no-delayed selfing, and thus produce a low amount of seeds. Conversely, CL flowers appear in early spring, are physiologically cheaper to produce (i.e., dry weight is 3.4 times lower than that of CH flowers), and yield approximately 100 times more seeds than CH flowers. The CH flowers were favored under water stress and low herbivory. Crosses between populations showed up to 25% greater fitness than those within populations. CONCLUSIONS Despite the great pollen limitation in CH flowers, we suggest that the interaction among different environmental determinants and heterosis are probably sufficient forces to maintain chasmogamy in this long-lived species, reducing deleterious fixed mutations in the selfed lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Seguí
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervías-Parejo
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Department of Global Change, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190-Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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19
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Daco L, Colling G, Matthies D. Altitude and latitude have different effects on population characteristics of the widespread plant Anthyllis vulneraria. Oecologia 2021; 197:537-549. [PMID: 34601636 PMCID: PMC8505396 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Widespread plants may provide natural models for how population processes change with temperature and other environmental variables and how they may respond to global change. Similar changes in temperature can occur along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, but hardly any study has compared the effects of the two types of gradients. We studied populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along a latitudinal gradient from Central Europe to the range limit in the North and an altitudinal gradient in the Alps from 500 m to the altitudinal limit at 2500 m, both encompassing a change in annual mean temperature of c. 11.5 °C. Plant size and reproduction decreased, but plant density increased along both gradients, indicating higher recruitment and demographic compensation among vital rates. Our results support the view that demographic compensation may be common in widespread species in contrast to the predictions of the abundant centre model of biogeography. Variation in temperature along the gradients had the strongest effects on most population characteristics, followed by that in precipitation, solar radiation, and soil nutrients. The proportion of plants flowering, seed set and seed mass declined with latitude, while the large variation in these traits along the altitudinal gradient was not related to elevation and covarying environmental variables like annual mean temperature. This suggests that it will be more difficult to draw conclusions about the potential impacts of future climate warming on plant populations in mountains, because of the importance of small-scale variation in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Daco
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Fondation Faune-Flore, 24 rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Colling
- Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Diethart Matthies
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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20
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Pelayo RC, Llambí LD, Gámez LE, Barrios YC, Ramirez LA, Torres JE, Cuesta F. Plant Phenology Dynamics and Pollination Networks in Summits of the High Tropical Andes: A Baseline for Monitoring Climate Change Impacts. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.679045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing plant phenology and plant–animal interaction networks can provide sensitive mechanistic indicators to understand the response of alpine plant communities to climate change. However, monitoring data to analyze these processes is scarce in alpine ecosystems, particularly in the highland tropics. The Andean páramos constitute the coldest biodiversity hotspot on Earth, and their species and ecosystems are among the most exposed and vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Here, we analyze for the first time baseline data for monitoring plant phenological dynamics and plant–pollinator networks along an elevation gradient between 4,200 and 4,600 m asl in three mountain summits of the Venezuelan Andes, which are part of the GLORIA monitoring network. We estimated the presence and density of plants with flowers in all the summits and in permanent plots, every month for 1 year. Additionally, we identified pollinators. We calculated a phenological overlap index between species. We summarized the plant–pollinator interactions as a bipartite matrix and represented a quantitative plant–pollinator network, calculating structural properties (grade, connectance, nestedness, and specialization). We also evaluated whether the overall network structure was influenced by differences in sampling effort, changes in species composition between summits, and phenology of the plant species. Finally, we characterized the pollination syndrome of all species. Flowering showed a marked seasonality, with a peak toward the end of the wet season. The overall phenological overlap index was low (0.32), suggesting little synchrony in flowering among species. Species richness of both plants and pollinators decreased along the elevation gradient. Flies, bumblebees, and hummingbirds were the most frequent pollinators in the network, while entomophily and anemophily were the prevailing pollination syndromes. The interaction network in all summits showed high connectance values, significant specialization (H2), and low nestedness. We did not find a significant effect of sampling effort, summit plant species composition, or plant phenology on network structure. Our results indicate that these high tropical alpine plant communities and their plant-pollination networks could be particularly vulnerable to the loss of species in climate change scenarios, given their low species richness and functional redundancy coupled with a high degree of specialization and endemism.
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Liu F, Gao C, Chen M, Tang G, Sun Y, Li K. The impacts of flowering phenology on the reproductive success of the narrow endemic Nouelia insignis Franch. (Asteraceae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9396-9409. [PMID: 34306630 PMCID: PMC8293708 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nouelia insignis Franch. (Asteraceae) is a short, narrow endemic and endangered tree, growing with a natural population in the dry and hot valley of the Jinsha River in the southwest area of China. In this work, flowering phenology (time and duration), floral biology, visit frequency and behavior of pollinators, and pollination characteristics were studied based on investigation in the field and analysis in the laboratory with the help of a stereomicroscope, and the relationship between seed setting rate and reproductive traits, as well as the relationship between flowering time and rainfall before flowering, was tested using the method of general linear regression model. The results showed that natural population of N. insignis exhibited high flowering synchrony with relatively stable flowering duration, and the flowering time fluctuated greatly depending on the rainfall 5 months before flowering. The pollination of N. insignis required pollinators, and insect activities played a very important role in the pollination process. However, lack of the pollinators was not a limitation for reproductive fitness in N. insignis, although the number of pollinators was small and the frequency of visits was low. In addition, no pollen limitation was found during pollination. The average seed setting rate of N. insignis in the natural condition was only 1.52%-3.73%, and it was generally affected by changes in flowering phenology between years and had a higher seed set in early flowering year. The annual variation of seed set might be related to the annual variations of stamen and pistil functions, such as changes of pollen viability and stigma receptivity, which were closely related to flowering time. The results of this study are of value for further conservation actions on natural population of this threatened endemic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangYan Liu
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - ChengJie Gao
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Min Chen
- College of Life ScienceSouthwest Forestry UniversityKunmingChina
| | - GuoYong Tang
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Yongyu Sun
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
| | - Kun Li
- Research Institute of Resources InsectsChinese Academy of ForestryKunmingChina
- Desert Ecosystem Research Station in Yuanmou County of Yunnan ProvinceState Forestry Administration of ChinaYuanmouChina
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Kiełtyk P. Intraspecific morphological variation of Bellidiastrum michelii (Asteraceae) along a 1,155 m elevation gradient in the Tatra Mountains. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11286. [PMID: 33959426 PMCID: PMC8054757 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant species that inhabit large elevation gradients in mountain regions are exposed to different environmental conditions. These different conditions may influence plant morphology via plastic responses and/or via genetic adaptation to the local environment. In this study, morphological variation was examined for Bellidiastrum michelii Cass. (Asteraceae) plants growing along a 1,155 m elevation gradient in the Tatra Mountains in Central Europe. The aim was to contribute to gaining a better understanding of within-species morphological variation in a mountain species across elevation gradients. Twelve morphological traits, which were measured for 340 plants collected from 34 sites, were plotted against elevation using Generalised Additive Models. Significant variation in B. michelii morphology was found across the elevation gradient. Plant size, in the form of plant height, total aboveground mass and total leaf mass, decreased significantly with increasing elevation. Similarly, floral traits, such as flower head mass, total flower mass, individual flower mass, flower head diameter and ligulate and tubular flower length, also decreased significantly with increasing elevation. However, the changes in these floral traits were not as large as those observed for plant size traits. Interestingly, the number of flowers produced by the plant, both ligulate and tubular, did not change across the studied elevation gradient. In this study, elevation was found to be an important gradient across which significant intraspecific morphological variation occurred in a mountain plant. These morphological changes may have occurred in response to various abiotic and biotic factors that change along elevation gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kiełtyk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Nomoto HA, Alexander JM. Drivers of local extinction risk in alpine plants under warming climate. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1157-1166. [PMID: 33780124 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The scarcity of local plant extinctions following recent climate change has been explained by demographic inertia and lags in the displacement of resident species by novel species, generating an 'extinction debt'. We established a transplant experiment to disentangle the contribution of these processes to the local extinction risk of four alpine plants in the Swiss Alps. Projected population growth (λ) derived from integral projection models was reduced by 0.07/°C of warming on average, whereas novel species additionally decreased λ by 0.15 across warming levels. Effects of novel species on predicted extinction time were greatest at warming < 2 °C for two species. Projected population declines under both warming and with novel species were primarily driven by increased mortality. Our results suggest that extinction debt can be explained by a combination of demographic inertia and lags in novel species establishment, with the latter being particularly important for some species under low levels of warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna A Nomoto
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jake M Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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Macrì C, Dagnino D, Guerrina M, Médail F, Minuto L, Thompson JD, Casazza G. Effects of environmental heterogeneity on phenotypic variation of the endemic plant Lilium pomponium in the Maritime and Ligurian Alps. Oecologia 2020; 195:93-103. [PMID: 33269409 PMCID: PMC7882563 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Geographical limits of species’ distributions are assumed to be coincident with ecological margins, although this assumption might not always be true. Indeed, harsh environments such as Alpine and Mediterranean ecosystems may favour high phenotypic variability among populations, especially those in peripheral sites. Floral traits are often found to be less variable and less affected by environmental heterogeneity than vegetative traits because variation in the former may have negative effects on fitness. For this reason, it is important to quantify variation in floral traits and plant fecundity in study range limits. The objective of the study is to examine phenotypic variation and differences in reproduction in endemic Lilium pomponium in the Maritime and Ligurian Alps in relation to environmental variation across its distribution range. In this species, marginal climatic populations occur both in the peripheral and central geographical locations of the distribution range; hence, geographical and ecological gradients are not concordant. Floral trait variation is related to local environmental conditions with an array of interactions among resource availability, potential pollen limitation and population size that are differentially related to floral traits. Contrary to the general expectation, all central and peripheral populations had similar, moderate seed production with each group limited by different factors acting on different stages of the life-history strategy. Our results are in line with the idea that general expectations are confirmed only when its assumptions are met and that the differences in pollination environment along an environmental gradient may not be the main determinant of the distribution limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Macrì
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Dagnino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Guerrina
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Frédéric Médail
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Technopôle de l'Arbois-Méditerranée, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
| | - Luigi Minuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - John D Thompson
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gabriele Casazza
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Technopôle de l'Arbois-Méditerranée, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4, France
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Koch V, Zoller L, Bennett JM, Knight TM. Pollinator dependence but no pollen limitation for eight plants occurring north of the Arctic Circle. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13664-13672. [PMID: 33391671 PMCID: PMC7771129 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective interactions between plants and pollinators are essential for the reproduction of plant species. Pollinator exclusion experiments and pollen supplementation experiments quantify the degree to which plants depend on animal pollinators and the degree to which plant reproduction is pollen limited. Pollen supplementation experiments have been conducted across the globe, but are rare in high latitude regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we experimentally investigated the dependence on animal pollinators and magnitude of pollen limitation in eight plant species north of the Arctic Circle in Lapland, Finland. Our findings show that all plant species were pollinator dependent, but not pollen limited. We discuss several mechanisms that might buffer our focal plants from pollen limitation, including plant and pollinator generalization, and attractive plant traits. Our results demonstrate that many plant species north of the Arctic Circle are currently receiving adequate pollinator service and provide a baseline for future comparisons of pollinator dependence and pollen limitation in the Arctic across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Koch
- Institute of EcologyUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Leana Zoller
- Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Joanne M. Bennett
- Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Tiffany M. Knight
- Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
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Joffard N, Le Roncé I, Langlois A, Renoult J, Buatois B, Dormont L, Schatz B. Floral trait differentiation in Anacamptis coriophora: Phenotypic selection on scents, but not on colour. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1028-1038. [PMID: 32500947 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Current divergent selection may promote floral trait differentiation among conspecific populations in flowering plants. However, whether this applies to complex traits such as colour or scents has been little studied, even though these traits often vary within species. In this study, we compared floral colour and odour as well as selective pressures imposed upon these traits among seven populations belonging to three subspecies of the widespread, generalist orchid Anacamptis coriophora. Colour was characterized using calibrated photographs, and scents were sampled using dynamic headspace extraction and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We then quantified phenotypic selection exerted on these traits by regressing fruit set values on floral trait values. We showed that the three studied subspecies were characterized by different floral colour and odour, with one of the two predominant floral volatiles emitted by each subspecies being taxon-specific. Plant size was positively correlated with fruit set in most populations, whereas we found no apparent link between floral colour and female reproductive success. We detected positive selection on several taxon-specific compounds in A. coriophora subsp. fragrans, whereas no selection was found on floral volatiles of A. coriophora subsp. coriophora and A. coriophora subsp. martrinii. This study is one of the first to document variation in phenotypic selection exerted on floral scents among conspecific populations. Our results suggest that selection could contribute to ongoing chemical divergence among A. coriophora subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Joffard
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum (EBC), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iris Le Roncé
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Département de biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Alban Langlois
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Renoult
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Dormont
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, EPHE-PSL, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Lázaro A, Fuster F, Alomar D, Totland Ø. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on wild plants' pollinator visits and seed production. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02099. [PMID: 32086968 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation threatens plant and pollinator communities, as well as their interactions. However, the effects of landscape fragmentation on the pollination of wild plant species are not well understood yet, partly because there are many correlated features in fragmented landscapes (e.g., decreased patch size, increased isolation, and patch complexity) whose influences are difficult to disentangle. Using a structural equation modeling approach, we assessed the direct and indirect effects of landscape fragmentation (patch size, isolation and complexity, percentage of surrounding land in forest) on the abundance, functional-group richness, and evenness of pollinators of 24 habitat fragments within an agricultural landscape in Southern Norway. In addition, we studied how these variables affected visitation rates (visits per flower) and seed production (seed set, seed mass) in the four most abundant plant species in the area. Flower abundance was higher in larger and complex patches and decreased with the percentage of forest in the surroundings, while flower richness increased with patch complexity. We found a direct negative relationship between patch complexity and the overall number of pollinator visits that the habitat fragments received. Apart from this direct landscape effect, pollinator visits were mostly affected by the floral communities, with overall flower abundance and richness increasing both total number of pollinator visits and pollinator-group richness, and flower richness having an additional negative influence on pollinator-group evenness. Interestingly, we did not find any direct link between visitation rates and reproductive success for any of the study plant species. Instead, several landscape variables directly affected species seed production, although the effects of landscape on seed production were highly species specific. Patch complexity had a negative effect on seed production in two of the four focal species, while other components of the landscape had species-specific effects. Increasing fragmentation of agricultural landscapes affects pollination interactions at the community level and the reproduction of wild plants. However, understanding the effects of fragmentation on seed production requires going beyond estimating visitation rates, since landscape effects on plant reproduction are not always related to overall interaction frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Lázaro
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; UIB-CSIC), C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Francisco Fuster
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; UIB-CSIC), C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - David Alomar
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA; UIB-CSIC), C/ Miquel Marquès 21, Esporles, 07190, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ørjan Totland
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
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Herrera CM. Flower traits, habitat, and phylogeny as predictors of pollinator service: a plant community perspective. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avenida Americo Vespucio 26 E‐41092 Sevilla Spain
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Wang Q, Shao S, Su Y, Hu X, Shen Y, Zhao D. A novel case of autogamy and cleistogamy in Dendrobium wangliangii: A rare orchid distributed in the dry-hot valley. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12906-12914. [PMID: 31788224 PMCID: PMC6875582 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium wangliangii is an epiphytic orchid distributed in the Jinshajiang dry-hot valley in Luquan County, Yunnan Province, China. Most Dendrobium spp. typically have a low fruit set, but this orchid shows a higher fruit set under natural conditions despite the lack of effective pollinators. The pollination biology of the critically endangered D. wangliangii was investigated in this study. A fruit set rate of 33.33 ± 4.71% was observed after bagging treatment in 2017 and a high fruit set rate (65.72 ± 4.44% in 2011; 50.79 ± 5.44% in 2017) was observed under natural conditions, indicating that D. wangliangii is characterized by spontaneous self-pollination. The anther cap blocked the growing pollinium; thus, the pollinium slid down and reached the stigmatic cavity, leading to autogamous self-pollination. Specifically, 51.50% of 162 unopened flowers (total 257 flowers) of this Dendrobium species under extreme water-deficit conditions developed into fruits, suggesting the presence of cleistogamy in D. wangliangii. Here, cleistogamy may represent the primary mode of pollination for this orchid. Spontaneous self-pollination and specific cleistogamous autogamy could represent major adaptions to the drought and pollinator-scarce habitat in the Jinshajiang dry-hot valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- College of Agriculture and Life SciencesKunming UniversityKunmingChina
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research CenterKunmingChina
| | - Shicheng Shao
- Center for Integrative ConservationXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Yuan Su
- College of Agriculture and Life SciencesKunming UniversityKunmingChina
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research CenterKunmingChina
| | - Xueli Hu
- Industrial Crop Research InstituteYunnan Academy of Agricultural ScienceKunmingChina
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Dake Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease & PestYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease & PestYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- School of Life ScienceYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
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Guerrero PC, Antinao CA, Vergara-Meriño B, Villagra CA, Carvallo GO. Bees may drive the reproduction of four sympatric cacti in a vanishing coastal mediterranean-type ecosystem. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7865. [PMID: 31608183 PMCID: PMC6786246 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sympatric congeneric plants might share pollinators, or each species might avoid competition by evolving specialized traits that generate partitions in pollinator assemblages. In both cases, pollen limitation (a decrease in the quality and quantity of compatible reproductive pollen) can occur, driving the plant mating system to autogamy as a mechanism of reproductive assurance. We assessed the relationships between pollinator assemblages and mating systems in a group of sympatric congeneric plants. We attempted to answer the following questions: (i) How similar are pollinator assemblages among sympatric cactus species? (ii) Which mating systems do sympatric cactus species use? Methods We studied sympatric Eriosyce taxa that inhabit a threatened coastal strip in a mediterranean-type ecosystem in central Chile. We performed field observations on four taxa and characterized pollinators during the years 2016 and 2017. We estimated differences in the pollinator assemblages using the Bray-Curtis index. To elucidate the mating systems, we conducted hand-pollination experiments using three treatments: manual cross-pollination, automatic self-pollination, and control (unmanipulated individuals). We tested differences in seed production for statistical significance using Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Results Eriosyce subgibbosa showed a distinctive pollinator assemblage among the sympatric species that we studied (similarity ranged from 0% to 8%); it was visited by small bees and was the only species that was visited by the giant hummingbird Patagona gigas. Pollinator assemblages were similar between E. chilensis (year 2016 = 4 species; 2017 = 8) and E. chilensis var. albidiflora (2016 = 7; 2017 = 4); however, those of E. curvispina var. mutabilis (2016 = 7; 2017 = 6) were less similar to those of the aforementioned species. E. curvispina var. mutabilis showed the highest interannual variation in its pollinator assemblage (18% similarity). Reproduction in E. subgibbosa largely depends on pollinators, although it showed some degree of autogamy. Autonomous pollination was unfeasible in E. chilensis, which depended on flower visitors for its reproductive success. Both E. chilensis var. albidiflora and E. curvispina var. mutabilis showed some degree of autogamy. Discussion We observed differences in pollinator assemblages between E. subgibbosa and the remaining Eriosyce taxa, which depend on hymenopterans for pollen transfer. Pollinator assemblages showed considerable interannual variation, especially those of E. subgibbosa (ornithophilous syndrome) and E. curvispina var. mutabilis (melitophilous syndrome). Autogamous reproduction in these taxa may act as a reproductive assurance mechanism when pollinator availability is unpredictable. Our study contributes to improving our understanding of the reproductive systems of ecological interactions between threatened species in a Chilean mediterranean-type ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia A Antinao
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Beatriz Vergara-Meriño
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian A Villagra
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gastón O Carvallo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Mochizuki J, Itagaki T, Aoyagi Blue Y, Ito M, Sakai S. Ovule and seed production patterns in relation to flower size variations in actinomorphic and zygomorphic flower species. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz061. [PMID: 31656557 PMCID: PMC6804480 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zygomorphic flower species tend to show lower flower size variation than actinomorphic flower species. Have these differences also brought an association in ovule and seed production that has arisen due to natural selection in these species? Flowers were collected from 29 actinomorphic and 20 zygomorphic flower species, and fruits were collected from 21 actinomorphic and 14 zygomorphic flower species in Miyagi and Aomori prefectures, in Japan. The coefficient of variations (CVs) of flower sizes, mean ovule sizes of flowers, ovule numbers of flowers and mean seed sizes of fruits were calculated. The CV of flower sizes was marginally different between the floral symmetry types; tending to be lower in the zygomorphic flower species than in the actinomorphic flower species. The CVs of mean ovule sizes and ovule numbers of flowers increased with increase in the CV of flower sizes in the actinomorphic flower species but not in the zygomorphic flower species. Mean ovule number of flowers tends to increase with increase in mean flower size in the actinomorphic flower species but not in the zygomorphic flower species. The degrees in variations in ovule size and number of flowers were influenced by the interaction of floral symmetry type and flower size variation, suggesting that floral symmetry also has brought an evolutionary association in ovule production by flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Itagaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Aoyagi Blue
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaya Ito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoki Sakai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
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Zhang B, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Sex-differential reproduction success and selection on floral traits in gynodioecious Salvia pratensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:375. [PMID: 31455268 PMCID: PMC6712674 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecy, a sexual system with hermaphrodite and female individuals in a population, raises the question how the two sexual morphs are maintained. Salvia pratensis is a gynodioecious species featured by its modified stamens that act as a lever mechanism in pollination. Given sexual dimorphism in floral traits of the species, it is predictable that two sexual morphs differ in their interplay with pollinators and thus in their fitness. In this study, we investigated sex-specific reproduction success and floral adaptation in a population of S. pratensis. RESULTS We found that two sexual morphs in S. pratensis distinctly differed in their floral proportions. Female flowers fitted better to the pollinators than hermaphrodites in terms of touching the stigmas when being probed, and hence were more efficient in pollen deposition. Floral traits overall underwent stronger selection in the population, with stigma position and corolla length subject to disruptive selection mediated by different body-sized bumble bees; some selections on floral traits were significantly different in the strength, even opposite in the direction between two morphs. Flower production tended to be under correlational selection with floral structural traits, implying that a large plant with many flowers did not show an advantage in fitness unless its flower construction mechanically matched the pollinators well. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the pollinator-mediated selection likely played an important role in the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism in the gynodioecious S. pratensis; and sex-divergent mechanical interaction with pollinators served as a critical mechanism by which female individuals were maintained in the population with a female advantage in pollen deposition efficiency (i.e. receiving pollen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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Is there spatial variation in phenotypic selection on floral traits in a generalist plant–pollinator system? Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Teixido AL, Aizen MA. Reproductive assurance weakens pollinator-mediated selection on flower size in an annual mixed-mating species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1067-1077. [PMID: 30778517 PMCID: PMC6589515 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In animal-pollinated plants, direct and indirect selection for large and small flowers in predominantly outcrossing and selfing species, respectively, is a common consequence of pollen limitation (PL). However, many hermaphroditic species show a mixed-mating system known as delayed selfing, which provides reproductive assurance (RA) only when outcrossing is not realized. Although RA is expected to reduce pollinator-mediated selection towards larger flowers, the consequences of delayed selfing for selection on flower size in mixed-mating species remain overlooked. We investigated whether RA weakens selection on flower size in Tuberaria guttata, a mixed-mating annual herb. METHODS We related pollinator visitation rates to flower size and measured seed production in emasculated, hand cross-pollinated and intact (control) flowers in three natural populations. For each population, we estimated variation in PL and RA across individuals differing in flower size and phenotypic selection on this trait. KEY RESULTS Pollinator visitation increased and RA decreased with flower size in all populations. Increasing RA diminished but did not fully alleviate PL, because of early-acting inbreeding depression. In the least-visited and most pollen-limited population, RA increased seed production by >200 %, intensely counteracting the strong pollinator-mediated selection for larger corollas. In the most-visited population, however, RA increased seed production by an average of only 9 %. This population exhibited the largest fraction of individuals that showed a decrease in seed production due to selfing and the weakest pollinator-mediated selection on flower size. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the balance between the extent of RA and outcrossing contributes to determine flower size in mixed-mating systems. Pollinator-mediated selection favours larger flowers by increasing outcrossed seeds, but the benefits of RA greatly lessen this effect, especially under severe conditions of pollen limitation. Our findings also indicate that a mixed-mating system can represent an 'evolutionary trap' under an adequate pollinator supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, Universidad Nacional del Comahue and INIBIOMA-CONICET, Río Negro, Argentina
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35
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Inouye DW. Effects of climate change on alpine plants and their pollinators. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1469:26-37. [PMID: 31025387 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alpine environments are among the habitats most strongly affected by climate change, and consequently their unique plants and pollinators are faced with the challenge of adapting or going extinct. Changes in temperature and precipitation affect snowpack and snowmelt, resulting in changes in the growing season in this environment where plant growth and pollinator activity are constrained to the snow-free season, which can vary significantly across the landscape if there is significant topographic complexity. As in other ecosystems, the resulting changes in phenology are not uniform among species, creating the potential for altered and new interspecific interactions. New plant and animal species are arriving as lower altitude species move up with warming temperatures, introducing new competitors and generating changes in plant-pollinator interactions. Repeating historical surveys, taking advantage of museum collections, and using new technology will facilitate our understanding of how plants and pollinators are responding to the changing alpine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Inouye
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado
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Tonin R, Gerdol R, Tomaselli M, Petraglia A, Carbognani M, Wellstein C. Intraspecific Functional Trait Response to Advanced Snowmelt Suggests Increase of Growth Potential but Decrease of Seed Production in Snowbed Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:289. [PMID: 30923530 PMCID: PMC6426784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In ecological theory, it is currently unclear if intraspecific trait responses to environmental variation are shared across plant species. We use one of the strongest environmental variations in alpine ecosystems, i.e., advanced snowmelt due to climate warming, to answer this question for alpine snowbed plants. Snowbeds are extreme habitats where long-lasting snow cover represents the key environmental factor affecting plant life. Intraspecific variation in plant functional traits is a key to understanding the performance and vulnerability of species in a rapidly changing environment. We sampled snowbed species after an above-average warm winter to assess their phenotypic adjustment to advanced snowmelt, based on differences in the natural snowmelt dynamics with magnitudes reflecting predicted future warming. We measured nine functional traits related to plant growth and reproduction in seven vascular species, comparing snowbeds of early and late snowmelt across four snowbed sites in the southern Alps in Italy. The early snowbeds provide a proxy for the advanced snowmelt caused by climatic warming. Seed production was reduced under advanced snowmelt in all seed-forming snowbed species. Higher specific leaf area (SLA) and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) were indicative of improved growth potential in most seed-forming species under advanced snowmelt. We conclude, first, that in the short term, advanced snowmelt can improve snowbed species' growth potential. However, in the long term, results from other studies hint at increasing competition in case of ongoing improvement of conditions for plant growth under continued future climate warming, representing a risk for snowbed species. Second, a lower seed production can negatively affect the seed rain. A reduction of propagule pressure can be crucial in a context of loss of the present snowbed sites and the formation of new ones at higher altitudes along with climate warming. Finally, our findings encourage using plant functional traits at the intraspecific level across species as a tool to understand the future ecological challenges of plants in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tonin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Renato Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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Gélvez-Zúñiga I, Teixido AL, Neves ACO, Fernandes GW. Floral antagonists counteract pollinator-mediated selection on attractiveness traits in the hummingbird-pollinatedCollaea cipoensis(Fabaceae). Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gélvez-Zúñiga
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade; Departamento de Biologia Geral; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486 30161-970 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Alberto L. Teixido
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 30161-970 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Ana C. O. Neves
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade; Departamento de Biologia Geral; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486 30161-970 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade; Departamento de Biologia Geral; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486 30161-970 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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38
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Goodwillie C, Weber JJ. The best of both worlds? A review of delayed selfing in flowering plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:641-655. [PMID: 29630718 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY In a seminal body of theory, Lloyd showed that the fitness consequences of selfing will depend on its timing in anthesis. Selfing that occurs after opportunities for outcrossing or pollen dispersal can provide reproductive assurance when pollinators are limited and is expected to incur little cost, even when inbreeding depression is high. As a result, delayed selfing is often interpreted as a "best-of-both-worlds" mating system that combines the advantages of selfing and outcrossing. METHODS We surveyed 65 empirical studies of delayed selfing, recording floral mechanisms and examining information on inbreeding depression, autofertility, and other parameters to test the support for delayed selfing as a best-of-both-worlds strategy. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic distribution of the diverse floral mechanisms suggests that some basic floral structures may predispose plant taxa to evolve delayed selfing. Delayed selfing appears to serve as a best-of-both-worlds strategy in some but not all species. While the capacity for autonomous selfing is often high, it is lower, in some cases, than in related species with earlier modes of selfing. In other delayed-selfers, low inbreeding depression and reduced investment in corollas and pollen suggest limited benefits from outcrossing. CONCLUSIONS Despite a growing literature on the subject, experimental evidence for delayed selfing is limited and major gaps in knowledge remain, particularly with respect to the stability of delayed selfing and the conditions that may favor transitions between delayed and earlier selfing. Finally, we suggest a potential role of delayed selfing in facilitating transitions from self-incompatibility to selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Goodwillie
- East Carolina University, Department of Biology, Howell Science Building, Greenville, NC, 27858
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Southeast Missouri State University, Department of Biology, One University Plaza, MS 6200, Cape Girardeau, MO, 63701
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39
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Valdés A, Ehrlén J. Direct and plant trait-mediated effects of the local environmental context on butterfly oviposition patterns. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Valdés
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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40
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Rivest S, Vellend M. Herbivory and pollen limitation at the upper elevational range limit of two forest understory plants of eastern North America. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:892-903. [PMID: 29375763 PMCID: PMC5773324 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of species' range limits focus most often on abiotic factors, although the strength of biotic interactions might also vary along environmental gradients and have strong demographic effects. For example, pollinator abundance might decrease at range limits due to harsh environmental conditions, and reduced plant density can reduce attractiveness to pollinators and increase or decrease herbivory. We tested for variation in the strength of pollen limitation and herbivory by ungulates along a gradient leading to the upper elevational range limits of Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae) and Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae) in Mont Mégantic National Park, Québec, Canada. In T. erectum, pollen limitation was higher at the range limit, but seed set decreased only slightly with elevation and only in one of two years. In contrast, herbivory of T. erectum increased from <10% at low elevations to >60% at the upper elevational range limit. In E. americanum, we found no evidence of pollen limitation despite a significant decrease in seed set with elevation, and herbivory was low across the entire gradient. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential for relatively strong negative interactions (herbivory) and weak positive interactions (pollination) at plant range edges, although this was clearly species specific. To the extent that these interactions have important demographic consequences-highly likely for herbivory on Trillium, based on previous studies-such interactions might play a role in determining plant species' range limits along putatively climatic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivest
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQCCanada
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41
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Cao GX, Wu BX, Xu XJ, Wang X, Yang CP. The effects of local variation in light availability on pollinator visitation, pollen and resource limitation of female reproduction in Hosta ventricosa. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:24. [PMID: 28577193 PMCID: PMC5457383 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light availability may have direct effects on reproduction through resource availability, and indirect effects on female reproduction by influencing plant-pollinator interactions. Floral display size, pollinator visitation per flower, resource and pollen limitation of fruit and seed production were quantified in a forested patch and an adjacent open patch of two populations of the perennial herb Hosta ventricosa. RESULTS Plants in the open patch produced significantly larger floral displays than those in the forested patch in both populations. Floral display size had a positive effect on pollinator visitation rate per flower in one population, but no effect in the other. Plants in the open patch received approximately 8-11 times more visitation rates and produced significantly more fruit and seeds per flower than those in the forested patch. However, supplemental pollination resulted in significantly more fruit and seed production per flower compared to natural pollination in the forested patch but not in the open patch in one population, and did not enhance fruit and seed production in either the forested or the open patch in the other. In both populations, supplementally pollinated plants in the open patch produced significantly more fruit and seeds per flower than supplementally pollinated plants in the forested patch. CONCLUSIONS In H. ventricosa, local variation in light conditions could affect pollinator activity and influence female reproduction through resource availability; however differences in the degree of pollen limitation between local habitats were found to be population-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Cao
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303 China
| | - Bi-Xian Wu
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Xu-Jian Xu
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Xie Wang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066 Sichuan China
| | - Chun-Ping Yang
- Department of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
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42
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Gargano D, Fenu G, Bernardo L. Local shifts in floral biotic interactions in habitat edges and their effect on quantity and quality of plant offspring. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx031. [PMID: 28775831 PMCID: PMC5534021 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial shifts in insect fauna due to ecological heterogeneity can severely constrain plant reproduction. Nonetheless, data showing effects of insect visit patterns and intensity of mutualistic and/or antagonistic plant-insect interactions on plant reproduction over structured ecological gradients remain scarce. We investigated how changes in flower-visitor abundance, identity and behaviour over a forest-open habitat gradient affect plant biotic interactions, and quantitative and qualitative fitness in the edge-specialist Dianthus balbisii. Composition and behaviour of the insects visiting flowers of D. balbisii strongly varied over the study gradient, influencing strength and patterns of plant biotic interactions (i.e. herbivory and pollination likelihood). Seed set comparison in free- and manually pollinated flowers suggested spatial variations in the extent of quantitative pollen limitation, which appeared more pronounced at the gradient extremes. Such variations were congruent to patterns of flower visit and plant biotic interactions. The analyses on seed and seedling viability evidenced that spatial variation in amount and type of pollinators, and frequency of herbivory affected qualitative fitness of D. balbisii by influencing selfing and outcrossing rates. Our work emphasizes the role of plant biotic interactions as a fine-scale mediator of plant fitness in ecotones, highlighting that optimal plant reproduction can take place into a restricted interval of the ecological gradients occurring at forest edges. Reducing the habitat complexity typical of such transition contexts can threat edge-adapted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Gargano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra dell’Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi, 11–13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liliana Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra dell’Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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43
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Jiang XF, Li QJ. Self- and intra-morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau ( Primula tibetica). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5746-5753. [PMID: 28811881 PMCID: PMC5552904 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is discussion over whether pollen limitation exerts selection on floral traits to increase floral display or selects for traits that promote autonomous self‐fertilization. Some studies have indicated that pollen limitation does not mediate selection on traits associated with either pollinator attraction or self‐fertilization. Primula tibetica is an inconspicuous cross‐fertilized plant that may suffer from pollen limitation. We conducted a selection analysis on P. tibetica to investigate whether pollen limitation results in selection for an increased floral display in case the evolution of autonomous self‐fertilization has been difficult for this plant. The self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility features, the capacity for autonomous self‐fertilization, and the magnitude of pollen limitation were examined through hand‐pollination experiments. In 2016, we applied selection analysis on the flowering time, corolla width, stalk height, flower tube length, and flower number in P. tibetica by tagging 76 open‐pollinated plants and 37 hand‐pollinated plants in the field. Our results demonstrated that P. tibetica was strictly self‐ and intra‐morph incompatible. Moreover, the study population underwent severe pollen limitation during the 2016 flowering season. The selection gradients were found to be significantly positive for flowering time, flower number, and corolla width, and marginally significant for the stalk height. Pollinator‐mediated selection was found to be significant on the flower number and corolla width, and marginally significant on stalk height. Our results indicate that the increased floral display may be a vital strategy for small distylous species that have faced difficulty in evolving autonomous self‐fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology State Key Laboratory in Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan Yunnan University Kunming Yunnan China
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Sánchez AM, Rodríguez M, Albert MJ, Escudero A. Effects of season and population size on pollination and reproductive output in a Mediterranean shrub. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:428-437. [PMID: 28135028 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator guilds may change throughout extended flowering periods, affecting plant reproductive output, especially in seasonal climates. We hypothesised a seasonal shift in pollinator guild and an autumn reduction in pollinator abundance, especially in small and sparse populations. We recorded pollinator identity, abundance and behaviour in relation to flower density from plant to population throughout the extended flowering of Ononis tridentata. We evaluated female reproductive output by recording pollination success and pre-dispersal seed predation in eight populations of contrasting size and density. Offspring quality was also characterised through seed weight and germination. A diverse guild of insects visited O. tridentata in spring, while only Apis mellifera was observed in autumn. Visitation frequency did not vary seasonally, but the number of flowers per foraging bout was lower, and seeds were heavier and had a higher germination rate in autumn. Plant and neighbourhood flowering display were not related to pollinator visitation frequency or behaviour. However, the rate of fertilised ovules, seed set and autumn flowering display size were positively related to population density. The maintenance of pollination in autumn enhances the reproductive performance of O. tridentata due to higher quality of autumn seed, and to a large reduction in seed predator pressure. We also suggest that observed changes in pollinator behaviour could be one of the processes behind seasonal variation in seed performance, since geitonogamous crosses were less likely to occur in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sánchez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - M J Albert
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - A Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Pacheco DA, Dudley LS, Cabezas J, Cavieres LA, Arroyo MTK. Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166350. [PMID: 27861586 PMCID: PMC5115873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency for flower longevity to increase with altitude is believed by many alpine ecologists to play an important role in compensating for low pollination rates at high altitudes due to cold and variable weather conditions. However, current studies documenting an altitudinal increase in flower longevity in the alpine habitat derive principally from studies on open-pollinated flowers where lower pollinator visitation rates at higher altitudes will tend to lead to flower senescence later in the life-span of a flower in comparison with lower altitudes, and thus could confound the real altitudinal pattern in a species´ potential flower longevity. In a two-year study we tested the hypothesis that a plastic effect of temperature on flower longevity could contribute to an altitudinal increase in potential flower longevity measured in pollinator-excluded flowers in high Andean Rhodolirium montanum Phil. (Amaryllidaceae). Using supplemental warming we investigated whether temperature around flowers plastically affects potential flower longevity. We determined tightly temperature-controlled potential flower longevity and flower height for natural populations on three alpine sites spread over an altitudinal transect from 2350 and 3075 m a.s.l. An experimental increase of 3.1°C around flowers significantly decreased flower longevity indicating a plastic response of flowers to temperature. Flower height in natural populations decreased significantly with altitude. Although temperature negatively affects flower longevity under experimental conditions, we found no evidence that temperature around flowers explains site variation in flower longevity over the altitudinal gradient. In a wetter year, despite a 3.5°C temperature difference around flowers at the extremes of the altitudinal range, flower longevity showed no increase with altitude. However, in a drier year, flower longevity increased significantly with altitude. The emerging picture suggests an increase in flower longevity along the altitudinal gradient is less common for potential flower longevity than for open-pollination flower longevity. Independently of any selection that may occur on potential longevity, plastic responses of flowers to environmental conditions are likely to contribute to altitudinal variation in flower longevity, especially in dry alpine areas. Such plastic responses could push flowers of alpine species towards shorter life-lengths under climate change, with uncertain consequences for successful pollination and plant fitness in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Andrés Pacheco
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Leah S. Dudley
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Josefina Cabezas
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A. Cavieres
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mary T. K. Arroyo
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Arceo-Gómez G, Alonso C, Abdala-Roberts L, Parra-Tabla V. Patterns and sources of variation in pollen deposition and pollen tube formation in flowers of the endemic monoecious shrub Cnidoscolus souzae (Euphorbiaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:594-600. [PMID: 26916543 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollen deposition and pollen tube formation are key components of angiosperm reproduction but intraspecific variation in these has rarely been quantified. Documenting and partitioning (populations, plants and flowers) natural variation in these two aspects of plant reproduction can help uncover spatial mosaics of reproductive success and underlying causes. In this study, we assess variation in pollen deposition and pollen tube formation for the endemic monoecious shrub Cnidoscolus souzae throughout its distribution range in Mexico, and determine how this variation is structured among populations, plants and flowers. We also infer the relative importance of pollen quantity and quality in determining pollination success in this species. While we found no evidence suggesting that pollen receipt limits C. souzae reproduction across 19 populations, we did find extensive variation in pollen load size and pollen tube number per flower. Total variation in pollen receipt and pollen tube number was mostly explained by intra-individual and among-population variance. Furthermore, pollen load size had a stronger effect on the number of pollen tubes at the base of the style than pollen germination rate, suggesting that pollen quantity may be more important than quality for pollen tube success in C. souzae. Our results suggest that both small within-plant flower differences and broad-scale differences in community attributes can play an important role in determining pollination success. We emphasise the need to evaluate patterns and sources of variation in pollen deposition and pollen tube formation as a first step in understanding the causes of variation in pollination success over broad spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Tropical Ecology, University of Yucatan, Merida-Xtmakuil, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - C Alonso
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - L Abdala-Roberts
- Department of Tropical Ecology, University of Yucatan, Merida-Xtmakuil, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - V Parra-Tabla
- Department of Tropical Ecology, University of Yucatan, Merida-Xtmakuil, Yucatan, Mexico
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Wagner J, Lechleitner M, Hosp D. Pollen limitation is not the rule in nival plants: A study from the European Central Alps. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:375-387. [PMID: 26933013 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Seed output of high-mountain plants in the uppermost life zones is highly variable. One possible reason might be pollen limitation due to inadequate pollinator services. METHODS We tested this hypothesis for the insect-pollinated species Cerastium uniflorum, Ranunculus glacialis, and Saxifraga bryoides, which have their distribution center in the subnival and nival zone of the European Central Alps. We recorded insect visitors and determined their impact as pollinators. By analyzing pollination success and seed set following natural and saturating hand pollination, the magnitude of quantitative and qualitative pollen limitation was assessed. KEY RESULTS Anthomyiid and muscid flies had the highest pollination impact for R. glacialis and S. bryoides and syrphids for C. uniflorum. Natural stigma pollen load was highly variable in individual flowers of all species, but in most cases the number of conspecific pollen grains clearly exceeded the number of ovules to be fertilized. There was also a surplus in germinated pollen grains, whereas the pollen tube to ovule ratio was only sufficient in R. glacialis (2.6 on average) and S. bryoides (1.3), but not in C. uniflorum (0.6). Accordingly, seed to ovule ratio was around 0.8 in R. glacialis, 0.7 in S. bryoides but 0.4 in C. uniflorum. In C. uniflorum, saturating pollination slightly increased seed set. Regression analyses revealed that natural pollination success was more frequently limited by quality than by quantity. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the idea of chronic, widespread pollen limitation in the subnival but rather fit into the concept of parental optimism by overinvesting in the number of ovules as an adaptation to variable resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wagner
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Lechleitner
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Hosp
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Alonso C, Herrera CM. Site-specific features affect pollination success of a gynodioecious understory shrub in a gender-specific mode. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/15-3-3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chapurlat E, Ågren J, Sletvold N. Spatial variation in pollinator-mediated selection on phenology, floral display and spur length in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1264-1275. [PMID: 26183369 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions may cause variation in pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits, but to establish this link conclusively experimental studies are needed. We quantified pollinator-mediated selection on flowering phenology and morphology in four populations of the fragrant orchid Gymnadenia conopsea, and compared selection mediated by diurnal and nocturnal pollinators in two of the populations. Variation in pollinator-mediated selection explained most of the among-population variation in the strength of directional and correlational selection. Pollinators mediated correlational selection on pairs of display traits, and on one display trait and spur length, a trait affecting pollination efficiency. Only nocturnal pollinators selected for longer spurs, and mediated stronger selection on the number of flowers compared with diurnal pollinators in one population. The two types of pollinators caused correlational selection on different pairs of traits and selected for different combinations of spur length and number of flowers. The results demonstrate that spatial variation in interactions with pollinators may result in differences in directional and correlational selection on floral traits in a plant with a semi-generalized pollination system, and suggest that differences in the relative importance of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators can cause variation in selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Chapurlat
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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Koski MH, Ashman TL. An altitudinal cline in UV floral pattern corresponds with a behavioral change of a generalist pollinator assemblage. Ecology 2015; 96:3343-53. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0242.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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