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Farley ZJ, Thompson CJ, Boyle ST, Tatman NM, Cain JW. Behavioral trade-offs and multitasking by elk in relation to predation risk from Mexican gray wolves. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11383. [PMID: 38803606 PMCID: PMC11128461 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Predator non-consumptive effects (NCE) can alter prey foraging time and habitat use, potentially reducing fitness. Prey can mitigate NCEs by increasing vigilance, chewing-vigilance synchronization, and spatiotemporal avoidance of predators. We quantified the relationship between Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) predation risk and elk (Cervus canadensis) behavior. We conducted behavioral observations on adult female elk and developed predation risk indices using GPS collar data from Mexican wolves, locations of elk killed by wolves, and landscape covariates. We compared a priori models to determine the best predictors of adult female behavior and multitasking. Metrics that quantified both spatial and temporal predation risk were the most predictive. Vigilance was positively associated with increased predation risk. The effect of predation risk on foraging and resting differed across diurnal periods. During midday when wolf activity was lower, the probability of foraging increased while resting decreased in high-risk areas. During crepuscular periods when elk and wolves were most active, increased predation risk was associated with increased vigilance and slight decreases in foraging. Our results suggest elk are temporally avoiding predation risk from Mexican wolves by trading resting for foraging, a trade-off often not evaluated in behavioral studies. Probability of multitasking depended on canopy openness and an interaction between maternal period and predation risk; multitasking decreased prior to parturition and increased post parturition in high-risk areas. Openness was inversely related to multitasking. These results suggest adult female elk are altering the type of vigilance used depending on resource availability/quality, current energetic needs, and predation risk. Our results highlight potentially important, but often-excluded behaviors and trade-offs prey species may use to reduce the indirect effects of predation and contribute additional context to our understanding of predator-prey dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Farley
- Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation EcologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
| | - Cara J. Thompson
- Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation EcologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
| | - Scott T. Boyle
- Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation EcologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - James W. Cain
- U.S. Geological Survey New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation EcologyNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
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2
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Skinner M, Hazell M, Jameson J, Lougheed SC. Social networks reveal sex- and age-patterned social structure in Butler's gartersnakes ( Thamnophis butleri). Behav Ecol 2024; 35:arad095. [PMID: 38193014 PMCID: PMC10773305 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex- and age-based social structures have been well documented in animals with visible aggregations. However, very little is known about the social structures of snakes. This is most likely because snakes are often considered non-social animals and are particularly difficult to observe in the wild. Here, we show that wild Butler's Gartersnakes have an age and sex assorted social structure similar to more commonly studied social animals. To demonstrate this, we use data from a 12-year capture-mark-recapture study to identify social interactions using social network analyses. We find that the social structures of Butler's Gartersnakes comprise sex- and age-assorted intra-species communities with older females often central and age segregation partially due to patterns of study site use. In addition, we find that females tended to increase in sociability as they aged while the opposite occurred in males. We also present evidence that social interaction may provide fitness benefits, where snakes that were part of a social network were more likely to have improved body condition. We demonstrate that conventional capture data can reveal valuable information on social structures in cryptic species. This is particularly valuable as research has consistently demonstrated that understanding social structure is important for conservation efforts. Additionally, research on the social patterns of animals without obvious social groups provides valuable insight into the evolution of group living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Skinner
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Megan Hazell
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 99 University Ave, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joel Jameson
- WSP, 1600 Boulevard Rene-Levesque West, 11th floor, Montreal, QC H3H 1P9, Canada
| | - Stephen C Lougheed
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, 99 University Ave, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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3
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Does predation risk affect spatial use in an introduced ungulate species? The case of a Mediterranean mouflon alpine colony. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPredation risk is known to affect the spatial use of prey species, imposing a trade-off between feeding requirements and predation avoidance. As a result, prey species can leave high-quality forage areas to use sub-optimal, but safer, habitat patches, defined as “refuge areas.” In this study, we describe changes in the spatial use of an introduced ungulate species, the Mediterranean mouflon Ovis aries musimon, following the recolonization (in 1996) of wolves Canis lupus into the Albergian Hunting Estate (Italian Western Alps). Since 1988, we monitored the mouflon population by spring counts from vantage points. We georeferenced all observations and recorded the size and structure of the spotted groups. Finally, we identified available refuges by selecting patches characterized by (i) the presence of rocks and (ii) high values of steepness and ruggedness. We found that mouflons significantly reduced the average distance from refuge areas over the years, with the yearly average distance from refuges being 56% lower after wolves recolonized the area (i.e., 93.8 ± 32.1 vs. 213.1 ± 40.9 m). The analysis of orographic parameters showed that mouflons used patches with higher values in elevation, slope, ruggedness, and a significant difference in all three parameters when comparing years pre and post wolf return. Both sexes were significantly affected, but ewes were particularly sensitive and selected patches closer to refuge areas (75.8 ± 30.3 m) than males (131.0 ± 53.6 m). Our results suggest that the presence of new predators can alter the distribution of an introduced species such as the Mediterranean mouflon, triggering the resurgence of anti-predation behavior.
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Kautz TM, Fowler NL, Petroelje TR, Beyer DE, Duquette JF, Belant JL. White-tailed deer exploit temporal refuge from multi-predator and human risks on roads. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9125. [PMID: 35898426 PMCID: PMC9309034 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most prey have multiple predator species, few studies have quantified how prey respond to the temporal niches of multiple predators which pose different levels of danger. For example, intraspecific variation in diel activity allows white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to reduce fawn activity overlap with coyotes (Canis latrans) but finding safe times of day may be more difficult for fawns in a multi-predator context. We hypothesized that within a multi-predator system, deer would allocate antipredation behavior optimally based on combined mortality risk from multiple sources, which would vary depending on fawn presence. We measured cause-specific mortality of 777 adult (>1-year-old) and juvenile (1-4-month-old) deer and used 300 remote cameras to estimate the activity of deer, humans, and predators including American black bears (Ursus americanus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes, and wolves (Canis lupus). Predation and vehicle collisions accounted for 5.3 times greater mortality in juveniles (16% mortality from bears, coyotes, bobcats, wolves, and vehicles) compared with adults (3% mortality from coyotes, wolves, and vehicles). Deer nursery groups (i.e., ≥1 fawn present) were more diurnal than adult deer without fawns, causing fawns to have 24-38% less overlap with carnivores and 39% greater overlap with humans. Supporting our hypothesis, deer nursery groups appeared to optimize diel activity to minimize combined mortality risk. Temporal refuge for fawns was likely the result of carnivores avoiding humans, simplifying diel risk of five species into a trade-off between diurnal humans and nocturnal carnivores. Functional redundancy among multiple predators with shared behaviors may partially explain why white-tailed deer fawn predation rates are often similar among single- and multi-predator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Kautz
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
| | - Nicholas L Fowler
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
| | - Tyler R Petroelje
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA.,Wildlife Division Michigan Department of Natural Resources Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Dean E Beyer
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Jared F Duquette
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Jerrold L Belant
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York Syracuse New York USA
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5
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European Plethodontid Salamanders on the Forest Floor: Testing for Age-Class Segregation and Habitat Selection. J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/20-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Where are the males? The influence of bottom-up and top-down factors and sociability on the spatial distribution of a territorial ungulate. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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McLaren A, Patterson B. There’s no place like home — site fidelity by female moose ( Alces alces) in central Ontario, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Site fidelity is thought to provide increased fitness through familiarity with the distribution of forage, protective cover, breeding and offspring rearing sites, and predators. For moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)), previous research has documented fidelity at varying spatial scales. Our objective was to build on this knowledge and assess fidelity by adult female moose in two areas of central Ontario, Canada (Algonquin Provincial Park (APP) and Wildlife Management Unit 49 (WMU49)). We used global positioning system data to generate mean weekly locations for collared moose, then measured the distance between paired weekly locations among consecutive years to evaluate site fidelity. We tested for effects of study area, biological season, moose age, and reproductive status using generalized linear mixed models. Moose demonstrated stronger site fidelity in WMU49, an area with more anthropogenic disturbance, than the protected area, APP. Fidelity was weakest in the winter, but was similar among other seasons and was independent of maternal age and the presence of a calf. Our study highlights the need to consider the scale of site fidelity relative to habitat management. Actions aimed at supporting moose populations might benefit more by protecting habitat classes selected by moose rather than specific sites used by individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A.D. McLaren
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
| | - B.R. Patterson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
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8
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Corlatti L, Cotza A, Nelli L. Linking alternative reproductive tactics and habitat selection in Northern chamois. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7057-7068. [PMID: 34141275 PMCID: PMC8207148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In polygynous ungulates, males may achieve fertilization through the use of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), discrete phenotypic variations evolved to maximize fitness. ARTs are often associated with different male spatial strategies during the rut, from territoriality to female-following. Although variation in space use patterns of rutting male ungulates is known to be largely affected by the spatial distribution of females, information on the year-round habitat selection of alternative reproductive types is scant. Here, we investigate the seasonal variation in habitat choice of a large mammal with ARTs (territoriality and nonterritoriality), the Northern chamois Rupicapra rupicapra. Global Positioning System (GPS) data on 28 adult males were collected between February 2010 and December 2013 in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy) and used to fit resource selection functions to explore the ART-specific use of key topographic features, such as elevation, aspect, and slope, and vegetation phenology expressed as NDVI values. Territorial and nonterritorial chamois profoundly differed in their habitat selection not only during the rutting season. Compared to nonterritorial males, territorial males used lower elevations in summer and autumn, preferred southern slopes in spring and summer, and used steeper areas in summer but not in winter. We found no difference in seasonal selection of NDVI values between males adopting ARTs. Our results suggest that territorial males tend to occupy warmer, lower-food-quality habitats in late spring and summer, whereas nonterritorial males are free to follow and exploit vegetation phenology and more favorable temperatures. Different patterns of habitat selection may reflect different trade-offs between the optimization of energy balances throughout the year and the increase of mating opportunities during the rut in males adopting alternative reproductive tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Corlatti
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Antonella Cotza
- Research Unit of Behavioural EcologyEthology and Wildlife ManagementUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Luca Nelli
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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9
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Rodgers PA, Sawyer H, Mong TW, Stephens S, Kauffman MJ. Sex‐specific migratory behaviors in a temperate ungulate. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Rodgers
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming82071USA
| | - Hall Sawyer
- Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. 1610 Reynolds Street Laramie Wyoming82072USA
| | - Tony W. Mong
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department Cody Regional Office 2820 State Highway 120 Cody Wyoming82414USA
| | - Sam Stephens
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department Cheyenne Wyoming82009USA
| | - Matthew J. Kauffman
- U.S. Geological Survey Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming82071USA
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10
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Crampe JP, Gerard JF, Goulard M, Milleret C, Gonzalez G, Bon R. Year-round sexual segregation in the Pyrenean chamois, a nearly monomorphic polygynous herbivore. Behav Processes 2021; 184:104300. [PMID: 33422643 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult females and males live apart outside the mating period in many social vertebrates, but the causes of this phenomenon remain a matter of debate. Current prevailing hypotheses predict no sexual segregation outside the early period of maternal care in nearly monomorphic species such as the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). We examined sexual segregation in a population of the species, using data collected over 143 consecutive months on groups' location and composition, and extending statistical procedures introduced by Conradt (1998b) and Bonenfant et al. (2007). In addition, we analysed the social interactions recorded between group members. As expected, habitat segregation was low throughout the year, with a maximum during the early lactation period. However, social and spatial segregation was consistently high, contradicting the predictions of the current prevailing hypotheses, while suggesting social causes were predominant. The scarcity of social interactions outside the mating season makes unlikely the hypothesis that males segregate to improve their reproductive success. We rather suspect that higher social affinities within than between the two sexes are at work. However, this hypothesis alone is probably insufficient to account for spatial segregation. Our results should revive the debate regarding the causes of sexual segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Crampe
- Parc National des Pyrénées, 2 rue du 4 septembre, 65000, Tarbes, France
| | - Jean-François Gerard
- INRAE, Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
| | - Michel Goulard
- INRAE, UMR 1201 Dynamiques et Ecologie des Paysages Agriforestiers, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NO-1432 Norway
| | - Georges Gonzalez
- INRAE, Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Richard Bon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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11
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Teimori A, Iranmanesh N, Askari Hesni M, Motamedi M. Within‐and among‐population differentiation of
Aphaniops hormuzensis
from ecologically diverse environments (Cyprinodontiformes; Aphaniidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azad Teimori
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Niloufar Iranmanesh
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Majid Askari Hesni
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Mina Motamedi
- Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
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12
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Fuster F, Traveset A. Importance of intraspecific variation in the pollination and seed dispersal functions of a double mutualist animal species. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fuster
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, ES‐07190‐Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB), Miquel Marqués 21, ES‐07190‐Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
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13
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Fattorini N, Brunetti C, Baruzzi C, Chiatante G, Lovari S, Ferretti F. Temporal variation in foraging activity and grouping patterns in a mountain-dwelling herbivore: Environmental and endogenous drivers. Behav Processes 2019; 167:103909. [PMID: 31330169 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In temperate ecosystems, seasonality influences animal behaviour. Food availability, weather, photoperiod and endogenous factors relevant to the biological cycle of individuals have been shown as major drivers of temporal changes in activity rhythms and group size/structure of herbivorous species. We evaluated how diurnal female foraging activity and grouping patterns of a mountain herbivore, the Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata, varied during a decreasing gradient of pasture availability along the summer-autumn progression (July-October), a crucial period for the life cycle of mountain ungulates. Females increased diurnal foraging activity, possibly because of constrains elicited by variation in environmental factors. Size of mixed groups did not vary, in contrast with the hypothesis that groups should be smaller when pasture availability is lower. Proportion of females in groups increased, possibly suggesting that they concentrated on patchily distributed nutritious forbs. Occurrence of yearlings in groups decreased, which may have depended on dispersal of chamois in this age class. Presence of kids in groups did not show variation through summer-autumn, suggesting a close mother-juvenile relationship even at the end of weaning and/or, possibly, low summer mortality. Both endogenous and environmental factors contribute to shape variation in foraging activity and grouping behaviour in mountain-dwelling herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Claudia Brunetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carolina Baruzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianpasquale Chiatante
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sandro Lovari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; Maremma Natural History Museum, Strada Corsini 5, 58100 Grosseto, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena. Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Fattorini N, Ferretti F. To scan or not to scan? Occurrence of the group‐size effect in a seasonally nongregarious forager. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fattorini
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Siena Italy
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology and Wildlife Management, Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Siena Italy
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15
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Ofstad EG, Herfindal I, Solberg EJ, Heim M, Rolandsen CM, Sæther B. Use, selection, and home range properties: complex patterns of individual habitat utilization. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Endre Grüner Ofstad
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Ivar Herfindal
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Morten Heim
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
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16
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Giery ST, Layman CA. Ecological Consequences Of Sexually Selected Traits: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/702341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Wang M, Blank D, Wang Y, Xu W, Yang W, Alves J. Seasonal changes in the sexual segregation patterns of Marco Polo sheep in Taxkorgan Nature Reserve. J ETHOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-019-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Visscher DR, Merrill EH. Functional connectivity in ruminants: A generalized state-dependent modelling approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199671. [PMID: 29944693 PMCID: PMC6019401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviour is increasingly seen as an important component in maintaining functional connectivity between patches in fragmented landscapes. However, models that explicitly incorporate behavioural trade-offs are rarely applied to landscape planning problems like connectivity. The aim of this study was to explore how state-dependent behaviour influenced functional connectivity between patches from a theoretical perspective. We investigated how inter-patch distances influenced functional connectivity using a dynamic state variable model framework. The decision making process of an individual ruminant facing fitness trade-offs in staying in its patch of origin or moving to another patch at various distances were explicitly modelled. We incorporated energetic costs and predation costs of feeding, ruminating, and resting while in the patch and for transit between patches based on inter-patch distance. Functional connectivity was maintained with isolated patches when they offered high intake and the inactivity of rumination associated with rapid gut fill resulted in reduced predation risk. Nevertheless, individuals in high energetic state often would forgo moving to another patch, whereas individuals in poor energetic states were forced to accept the cost of movement to best meet their requirements in the distant patch. The inclusion of state-dependent behavioural models provides important insights into functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes and helps integrate animal behaviour into landscape planning. We discuss the consequences of our findings for landscape planning to show how the approach provides a heuristic tool to assess alternative scenarios for restoring landscape functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy R. Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King’s University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Evelyn H. Merrill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Viana DS, Granados JE, Fandos P, Pérez JM, Cano-Manuel FJ, Burón D, Fandos G, Aguado MÁP, Figuerola J, Soriguer RC. Linking seasonal home range size with habitat selection and movement in a mountain ungulate. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2018; 6:1. [PMID: 29318021 PMCID: PMC5755340 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-017-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Space use by animals is determined by the interplay between movement and the environment, and is thus mediated by habitat selection, biotic interactions and intrinsic factors of moving individuals. These processes ultimately determine home range size, but their relative contributions and dynamic nature remain less explored. We investigated the role of habitat selection, movement unrelated to habitat selection and intrinsic factors related to sex in driving space use and home range size in Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica. We used GPS collars to track ibex across the year in two different geographical areas of Sierra Nevada, Spain, and measured habitat variables related to forage and roost availability. RESULTS By using integrated step selection analysis (iSSA), we show that habitat selection was important to explain space use by ibex. As a consequence, movement was constrained by habitat selection, as observed displacement rate was shorter than expected under null selection. Selection-independent movement, selection strength and resource availability were important drivers of seasonal home range size. Both displacement rate and directional persistence had a positive relationship with home range size while accounting for habitat selection, suggesting that individual characteristics and state may also affect home range size. Ibex living at higher altitudes, where resource availability shows stronger altitudinal gradients across the year, had larger home ranges. Home range size was larger in spring and autumn, when ibex ascend and descend back, and smaller in summer and winter, when resources are more stable. Therefore, home range size decreased with resource availability. Finally, males had larger home ranges than females, which might be explained by differences in body size and reproductive behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Movement, selection strength, resource availability and intrinsic factors related to sex determined home range size of Iberian ibex. Our results highlight the need to integrate and account for process dependencies, here the interdependence of movement and habitat selection, to understand how animals use space. This study contributes to understand how movement links environmental and geographical space use and determines home range behaviour in large herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte S. Viana
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/Américo Vespucio, s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - José Enrique Granados
- Centro Administrativo Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua Sierra Nevada km 7, 18071 Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Fandos
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Junta de Andalucía. C/ Johann G. Gutenberg 1, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Pérez
- Departamento Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cano-Manuel
- Centro Administrativo Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua Sierra Nevada km 7, 18071 Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Burón
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Junta de Andalucía. C/ Johann G. Gutenberg 1, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Fandos
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/Américo Vespucio, s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ramón C. Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C/Américo Vespucio, s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Ahmad R, Sharma N, Mishra C, Singh NJ, Rawat GS, Bhatnagar YV. Security, size, or sociality: what makes markhor (Capra falconeri) sexually segregate? J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Larroque J, Ruette S, Vandel JM, Devillard S. Level- and scale-dependent habitat selection for resting sites by 2 syntopic Martes species. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Li B, Wang M, Blank DA, Xu W, Yang W, Ruckstuhl KE. Sexual segregation in the Darwin's wild sheep,Ovis ammon darwini, (Bovidae, Artiodactyla), in the Mengluoke Mountains of Xinjiang, China. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v66.i2.a7.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China;, , ,
| | - Muyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China;, , ,
| | - David A. Blank
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China;, , ,
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Wenxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China;, , ,
| | - Weikang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China;, , ,
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Büntgen U, Greuter L, Bollmann K, Jenny H, Liebhold A, Galván JD, Stenseth NC, Andrew C, Mysterud A. Elevational range shifts in four mountain ungulate species from the
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wiss
A
lps. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge CB2 3EN Cambridge UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University Brno 613 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Greuter
- Department of Wildlife and Fishery Service Grisons 7001 Chur Switzerland
| | - Kurt Bollmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Hannes Jenny
- Department of Wildlife and Fishery Service Grisons 7001 Chur Switzerland
| | - Andrew Liebhold
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Morgantown West Virginia 26505 USA
| | - J. Diego Galván
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis CEES University of Oslo Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Carrie Andrew
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis CEES University of Oslo Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
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24
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Roffler GH, Adams LG, Hebblewhite M. Summer habitat selection by Dall’s sheep in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Visscher DR, Merrill EH, Martin PK. Hierarchical trade-offs between risk and reward mediated by behavior. MAMMAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-016-0290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Senior AM, Lihoreau M, Charleston MA, Buhl J, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ. Adaptive collective foraging in groups with conflicting nutritional needs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150638. [PMID: 27152206 PMCID: PMC4852629 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Collective foraging, based on positive feedback and quorum responses, is believed to improve the foraging efficiency of animals. Nutritional models suggest that social information transfer increases the ability of foragers with closely aligned nutritional needs to find nutrients and maintain a balanced diet. However, whether or not collective foraging is adaptive in a heterogeneous group composed of individuals with differing nutritional needs is virtually unexplored. Here we develop an evolutionary agent-based model using concepts of nutritional ecology to address this knowledge gap. Our aim was to evaluate how collective foraging, mediated by social retention on foods, can improve nutrient balancing in individuals with different requirements. The model suggests that in groups where inter-individual nutritional needs are unimodally distributed, high levels of collective foraging yield optimal individual fitness by reducing search times that result from moving between nutritionally imbalanced foods. However, where nutritional needs are highly bimodal (e.g. where the requirements of males and females differ) collective foraging is selected against, leading to group fission. In this case, additional mechanisms such as assortative interactions can coevolve to allow collective foraging by subgroups of individuals with aligned requirements. Our findings indicate that collective foraging is an efficient strategy for nutrient regulation in animals inhabiting complex nutritional environments and exhibiting a range of social forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M. Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mathieu Lihoreau
- Research Center on Animal Cognition (CRCA), Center for Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Michael A. Charleston
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Jerome Buhl
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Marshall HH, Sanderson JL, Mwanghuya F, Businge R, Kyabulima S, Hares MC, Inzani E, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Mwesige K, Thompson FJ, Vitikainen EIK, Cant MA. Variable ecological conditions promote male helping by changing banded mongoose group composition. Behav Ecol 2016; 27:978-987. [PMID: 27418750 PMCID: PMC4943108 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological conditions are expected to have an important influence on individuals' investment in cooperative care. However, the nature of their effects is unclear: both favorable and unfavorable conditions have been found to promote helping behavior. Recent studies provide a possible explanation for these conflicting results by suggesting that increased ecological variability, rather than changes in mean conditions, promote cooperative care. However, no study has tested whether increased ecological variability promotes individual-level helping behavior or the mechanisms involved. We test this hypothesis in a long-term study population of the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose, Mungos mungo, using 14 years of behavioral and meteorological data to explore how the mean and variability of ecological conditions influence individual behavior, body condition, and survival. Female body condition was more sensitive to changes in rainfall leading to poorer female survival and pronounced male-biased group compositions after periods of high rainfall variability. After such periods, older males invested more in helping behavior, potentially because they had fewer mating opportunities. These results provide the first empirical evidence for increased individual helping effort in more variable ecological conditions and suggest this arises because of individual differences in the effect of ecological conditions on body condition and survival, and the knock-on effect on social group composition. Individual differences in sensitivity to environmental variability, and the impacts this has on the internal structure and composition of animal groups, can exert a strong influence on the evolution and maintenance of social behaviors, such as cooperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry H Marshall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Jennifer L Sanderson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Francis Mwanghuya
- Banded Mongoose Research Project , Queen Elizabeth National Park, Kasese , Uganda
| | - Robert Businge
- Banded Mongoose Research Project , Queen Elizabeth National Park, Kasese , Uganda
| | - Solomon Kyabulima
- Banded Mongoose Research Project , Queen Elizabeth National Park, Kasese , Uganda
| | - Michelle C Hares
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Emma Inzani
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | | | - Kenneth Mwesige
- Banded Mongoose Research Project , Queen Elizabeth National Park, Kasese , Uganda
| | - Faye J Thompson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Emma I K Vitikainen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Michael A Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus , Treliever Road, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
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Bleich VC, Whiting JC, Kie JG, Bowyer RT. Roads, routes and rams: does sexual segregation contribute to anthropogenic risk in a desert-dwelling ungulate? WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/wr15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Little is known about the consequences of sexual segregation (differential use of resources by the sexes outside of the mating season) for the conservation of large mammals. Roadways (i.e. the strip of land over which a road or route passes) are ubiquitous around the world, and are a major cause of wildlife mortality, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occur at low densities and in a metapopulation structure. Roadways could affect movements of males and females differentially, an outcome that has not been considered previously.
Aims
We investigated the propensity of the sexes to cross a paved two-lane road and a single-lane, maintained dirt route and predicted that adult males, because of their life-history characteristics, would cross those roadways more often than females.
Methods
We investigated movements of male and female bighorn sheep from 1986 to 1990. We used a fixed-wing aircraft with an H-antenna on each wing strut to locate individuals each week from October 1986 to December 1990. We estimated the degree of overlap among 50% core areas of use by males and females with the utilisation distribution overlap index (UDOI).
Key results
We relocated male and female bighorn sheep on 948 occasions during sexual aggregation and on 1951 occasions during sexual segregation. More males than females were likely to cross both types of roadways during segregation, and the dirt route during aggregation. Propensity of males and females to cross roadways was strongly influenced by time of year (i.e. whether the period of sexual aggregation or sexual segregation). The lowest overlap in 50% core areas was between females and males during periods of segregation (UDOI = 0.1447).
Conclusions
More males than females crossed Kelbaker Road and the unnamed dirt route during segregation, as well as the unnamed route during aggregation. Both of those features could affect males more than females, and could result in reductions in the use of habitat or increased mortality of bighorn sheep from vehicle collisions as a result of spatial segregation of the sexes.
Implications
During environmental review, biologists should consider sexual segregation when assessing potential anthropogenic effects on movements of bighorn sheep. Biologists also should consider sexual segregation and how roadways, even lightly traveled routes, affect movements of male and female ungulates differently before manipulating habitat, translocating animals, or constructing or modifying roadways.
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Alonso JC, Salgado I, Palacín C. Thermal tolerance may cause sexual segregation in sexually dimorphic species living in hot environments. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Burns LE, Broders HG. Maximizing mating opportunities: higher autumn swarming activity in male versus femaleMyotisbats. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Steyaert SMJG, Zedrosser A, Rosell F. Socio-ecological features other than sex affect habitat selection in the socially obligate monogamous Eurasian beaver. Oecologia 2015; 179:1023-32. [PMID: 26260166 PMCID: PMC4630256 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Habitat selection is a context-dependent mechanism, in which both the internal state as well as external factors affect the behavior and decisions of an individual. This is well known for polygamous mammals, which are typically sexually dimorphic, and often express great variability in behavior and habitat selection between individuals as well between the sexes. Among monogamous mammals, however, variability in habitat selection should be explained by group characteristics and the presence of offspring rather than by sex. We evaluated this hypothesis in a socially monogamous rodent, the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber), in a saturated Norwegian population. For the first time in this species we applied GPS tracking devices (N = 22 adult beavers, in 15 territories, 2009–2013), and used resource selection functions (i) to document population-wide habitat selection and the importance of ‘territory’ therein, and (ii) to evaluate which socio-ecological factors explained potential individual differences in habitat selection. We found that variation in habitat selection was stronger between territories than between years or individuals nested by territory. We identified that family size and the presence of kits, but not sex, explained individual variation in habitat selection. Adults with kits and/or larger families tended to exhibit low risk-taking behavior (avoiding human-related variables such as roads, buildings, and agricultural land), and stayed close to their main lodge (parental care). Our results show that habitat selection is a context-dependent mechanism even in a species which expresses very little behavioral and morphological dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M J G Steyaert
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430, Ås, Norway.
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, 3800, Bø, Norway.
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, 3800, Bø, Norway.
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Frank Rosell
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, 3800, Bø, Norway.
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Pérez-Barbería FJ, Carranza J, Sánchez-Prieto C. Wear Fast, Die Young: More Worn Teeth and Shorter Lives in Iberian Compared to Scottish Red Deer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134788. [PMID: 26252380 PMCID: PMC4529110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth in Cervidae are permanent structures that are not replaceable or repairable; consequently their rate of wear, due to the grinding effect of food and dental attrition, affects their duration and can determine an animal's lifespan. Tooth wear is also a useful indicator of accumulative life energy investment in intake and mastication and their interactions with diet. Little is known regarding how natural and sexual selection operate on dental structures within a species in contrasting environments and how these relate to life history traits to explain differences in population rates of tooth wear and longevity. We hypothesised that populations under harsh environmental conditions should be selected for more hypsodont teeth while sexual selection may maintain similar sex differences within different populations. We investigated the patterns of tooth wear in males and females of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in Southern Spain and Scottish red deer (C. e. scoticus) across Scotland, that occur in very different environments, using 10343 samples from legal hunting activities. We found higher rates of both incisor and molar wear in the Spanish compared to Scottish populations. However, Scottish red deer had larger incisors at emergence than Iberian red deer, whilst molars emerged at a similar size in both populations and sexes. Iberian and Scottish males had earlier tooth depletion than females, in support of a similar sexual selection process in both populations. However, whilst average lifespan for Iberian males was 4 years shorter than that for Iberian females and Scottish males, Scottish males only showed a reduction of 1 year in average lifespan with respect to Scottish females. More worn molars were associated with larger mandibles in both populations, suggesting that higher intake and/or greater investment in food comminution may have favoured increased body growth, before later loss of tooth efficiency due to severe wear. These results illustrate how independent selection in both subspecies, that diverged 11,700 years BP, has resulted in the evolution of different longevity, although sexual selection has maintained a similar pattern of relative sex differences in tooth depletion. This study opens interesting questions on optimal allocation in life history trade-offs and the independent evolution of allopatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pérez-Barbería
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, AB15 8QH, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Ungulate Research Unit, CRCP, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Grupo PAIDI RNM118, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - J Carranza
- Ungulate Research Unit, CRCP, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Sánchez-Prieto
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
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Allen RB, Forsyth DM, Allen RKJ, Affeld K, MacKenzie DI. Solar Radiation Determines Site Occupancy of Coexisting Tropical and Temperate Deer Species Introduced to New Zealand Forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128924. [PMID: 26061426 PMCID: PMC4465677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assemblages of introduced taxa provide an opportunity to understand how abiotic and biotic factors shape habitat use by coexisting species. We tested hypotheses about habitat selection by two deer species recently introduced to New Zealand's temperate rainforests. We hypothesised that, due to different thermoregulatory abilities, rusa deer (Cervus timorensis; a tropical species) would prefer warmer locations in winter than red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus; a temperate species). Since adult male rusa deer are aggressive in winter (the rut), we also hypothesised that rusa deer and red deer would not use the same winter locations. Finally, we hypothesised that in summer both species would prefer locations with fertile soils that supported more plant species preferred as food. We used a 250 × 250 m grid of 25 remote cameras to collect images in a 100-ha montane study area over two winters and summers. Plant composition, solar radiation, and soil fertility were also determined for each camera location. Multiseason occupancy models revealed that direct solar radiation was the best predictor of occupancy and detection probabilities for rusa deer in winter. Multistate, multiseason occupancy models provided strong evidence that the detection probability of adult male rusa deer was greater in winter and when other rusa deer were present at a location. Red deer mostly vacated the study area in winter. For the one season that had sufficient camera images of both species (summer 2011) to allow two-species occupancy models to be fitted, the detection probability of rusa deer also increased with solar radiation. Detection probability also varied with plant composition for both deer species. We conclude that habitat use by coexisting tropical and temperate deer species in New Zealand likely depends on the interplay between the thermoregulatory and behavioural traits of the deer and the abiotic and biotic features of the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Forsyth
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Daughters are more strongly attached to their mother than sons: a possible mechanism for early social segregation. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stewart KM, Walsh DR, Kie JG, Dick BL, Bowyer RT. Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:709-21. [PMID: 25691992 PMCID: PMC4328773 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how density-dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. During 1999-2001, we experimentally created two population densities of North American elk (Cervus elaphus), a high-density population at 20 elk/km(2), and a low-density population at 4 elk/km(2) to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of resources. We used multi-response permutation procedures to investigate patterns of sexual segregation, and resource selection functions to document differences in selection of resources by individuals in high- and low-density populations during sexual segregation and aggregation. The duration of sexual segregation was 2 months longer in the high-density population and likely was influenced by individuals in poorer nutritional condition, which corresponded with later conception and parturition, than at low density. Males and females in the high-density population overlapped in selection of resources to a greater extent than in the low-density population, probably resulting from density-dependent effects of increased intraspecific competition and lower availability of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Stewart
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno Reno, Nevada, 89557
| | - Danielle R Walsh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno Reno, Nevada, 89557
| | - John G Kie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University Stop 8007, 921 South 8th Avenue, Pocatello, Idaho, 83209
| | - Brian L Dick
- United States Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, Oregon, 97850
| | - R Terry Bowyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University Stop 8007, 921 South 8th Avenue, Pocatello, Idaho, 83209
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Monteith KB, Monteith KL, Bowyer RT, Leslie DM, Jenks JA. Reproductive effects on fecal nitrogen as an index of diet quality: an experimental assessment. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-306.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Steyaert SMJG, Kindberg J, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:836-45. [PMID: 23461483 PMCID: PMC3757318 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal segregation is often explained by the risk for offspring predation or by differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive abilities related to size dimorphism. Most large carnivores are size dimorphic and offspring predation is often intraspecific and related to nonparental infanticide (NPI). NPI can be a foraging strategy, a strategy to reduce competition, or a male reproductive strategy. Spatiotemporal segregation is widespread among large carnivores, but its nature remains poorly understood. We evaluated three hypotheses to explain spatiotemporal segregation in the brown bear, a size-dimorphic large carnivore in which NPI is common; the 'NPI - foraging/competition hypothesis', i.e. NPI as a foraging strategy or a strategy to reduce competition, the 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis', i.e. infanticide as a male reproductive strategy and the 'body size hypothesis', i.e. body-size-related differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive ability causes spatiotemporal segregation. To test these hypotheses, we quantified spatiotemporal segregation among adult males, lone adult females and females with cubs-of-the-year, based on GPS-relocation data (2006-2010) and resource selection functions in a Scandinavian population. We found that spatiotemporal segregation was strongest between females with cubs-of-the-year and adult males during the mating season. During the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year selected their resources, in contrast to adult males, in less rugged landscapes in relative close proximity to certain human-related variables, and in more open habitat types. After the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year markedly shifted their resource selection towards a pattern more similar to that of their conspecifics. No strong spatiotemporal segregation was apparent between females with cubs-of-the-year and conspecifics during the mating and the postmating season. The 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis' best explained spatiotemporal segregation in our study system. We suggest that females with cubs-of-the-year alter their resource selection to avoid infanticidal males. In species exhibiting NPI as a male reproductive strategy, female avoidance of infanticidal males is probably more common than observed or reported, and may come with a fitness cost if females trade safety for optimal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam MJG Steyaert
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheim, NO-7485, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeBø, NO-3800, Norway
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Vanthomme H, Kolowski J, Korte L, Alonso A. Distribution of a community of mammals in relation to roads and other human disturbances in Gabon, central Africa. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2013; 27:281-91. [PMID: 23410077 PMCID: PMC3644169 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present the first community-level study of the associations of both roads and other human disturbances with the distribution of mammals in Gabon (central Africa). Our study site was in an oil concession within a littoral mosaic landscape. We conducted surveys along 199 line transects and installed camera traps on 99 of these transects to document mammal presence and abundance. We used generalized linear mixed-effect models to document associations between variables related to the ecosystem (land cover, topography, and hydrology), roads (coating, width of rights of way, condition, type of vehicle used on the road, traffic level, affiliation of users, and general type of road), and other human disturbances (urbanization, agriculture, hunting, logging, gathering, and industrial activities) and the abundance or presence of 17 species or groups of mammals including elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), smaller ungulates, gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), side-striped jackal (Canis adustus), carnivores, monkeys, and large rodents. Some types of roads and other human disturbances were negatively associated with the abundance or presence of elephants, buffalos, gorillas, sitatungas, some monkeys, and duikers. The pattern of associations of mammals with roads and other human disturbances was diverse and included positive associations with road presence (red river hog, some monkeys, and duikers), agriculture (sitatunga, small carnivores, and large rodents) and industrial activities (sitatunga, red river hog, red duikers, and side-striped jackal). Our results suggest that the community of mammals we studied was mostly affected by hunting, agriculture, and urbanization, which are facilitated by road presence. We recommend increased regulation of agriculture, hunting, and road building in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Vanthomme
- Center for Conservation, Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A.
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Spatial and social sexual segregation patterns in indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e52987. [PMID: 23326370 PMCID: PMC3541364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual segregation seems to be common in bottlenose dolphins, whereby males and females live in different pods that mix mainly for mating. Male dolphins often use aggressive behaviour to mate with females, while females with calves may have different activity and dietary requirements to males and different susceptibility to predation. We investigated the degree of spatial and social sexual segregation in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in a subtropical estuary in Australia. Based on surveys completed over three years, dolphin groups were mostly mixed-sex or female. Mixed-sex groups were found in larger groups in mostly deeper water, whereas, female groups were foraging across all water depths in smaller groups. Aggressive coercive behaviour by males towards females was high, occurring mainly in deeper water, at higher tides, and outside the breeding season. Habitat use by female dolphin groups suggests that shallow tributaries may provide a sanctuary from aggressive males, access to suitable prey items and density for mothers and their calves, or a combination of these factors.
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Marshall HH, Carter AJ, Rowcliffe JM, Cowlishaw G. Linking social foraging behaviour with individual time budgets and emergent group-level phenomena. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Spatial segregation among age classes in cave salamanders: habitat selection or social interactions? POPUL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-012-0350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Leung ES, Chilvers BL, Nakagawa S, Moore AB, Robertson BC. Sexual segregation in juvenile New Zealand sea lion foraging ranges: implications for intraspecific competition, population dynamics and conservation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45389. [PMID: 23028978 PMCID: PMC3445520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual segregation (sex differences in spatial organisation and resource use) is observed in a large range of taxa. Investigating causes for sexual segregation is vital for understanding population dynamics and has important conservation implications, as sex differences in foraging ecology may affect vulnerability to area-specific human activities. Although behavioural ecologists have proposed numerous hypotheses for this phenomenon, the underlying causes of sexual segregation are poorly understood. We examined the size-dimorphism and niche divergence hypotheses as potential explanations for sexual segregation in the New Zealand (NZ) sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri), a nationally critical, declining species impacted by trawl fisheries. We used satellite telemetry and linear mixed effects models to investigate sex differences in the foraging ranges of juvenile NZ sea lions. Male trip distances and durations were almost twice as long as female trips, with males foraging over the Auckland Island shelf and in further locations than females. Sex was the most important variable in trip distance, maximum distance travelled from study site, foraging cycle duration and percent time at sea whereas mass and age had small effects on these characteristics. Our findings support the predictions of the niche divergence hypothesis, which suggests that sexual segregation acts to decrease intraspecific resource competition. As a consequence of sexual segregation in foraging ranges, female foraging grounds had proportionally double the overlap with fisheries operations than males. This distribution exposes female juvenile NZ sea lions to a greater risk of resource competition and bycatch from fisheries than males, which can result in higher female mortality. Such sex-biased mortality could impact population dynamics, because female population decline can lead to decreased population fecundity. Thus, effective conservation and management strategies must take into account sex differences in foraging behaviour, as well as differential threat-risk to external impacts such as fisheries bycatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S Leung
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Bjørneraas K, Herfindal I, Solberg EJ, Sæther BE, van Moorter B, Rolandsen CM. Habitat quality influences population distribution, individual space use and functional responses in habitat selection by a large herbivore. Oecologia 2011; 168:231-43. [PMID: 21766188 PMCID: PMC3254876 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Identifying factors shaping variation in resource selection is central for our understanding of the behaviour and distribution of animals. We examined summer habitat selection and space use by 108 Global Positioning System (GPS)-collared moose in Norway in relation to sex, reproductive status, habitat quality, and availability. Moose selected habitat types based on a combination of forage quality and availability of suitable habitat types. Selection of protective cover was strongest for reproducing females, likely reflecting the need to protect young. Males showed strong selection for habitat types with high quality forage, possibly due to higher energy requirements. Selection for preferred habitat types providing food and cover was a positive function of their availability within home ranges (i.e. not proportional use) indicating functional response in habitat selection. This relationship was not found for unproductive habitat types. Moreover, home ranges with high cover of unproductive habitat types were larger, and smaller home ranges contained higher proportions of the most preferred habitat type. The distribution of moose within the study area was partly related to the distribution of different habitat types. Our study shows how distribution and availability of habitat types providing cover and high-quality food shape ungulate habitat selection and space use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bjørneraas
- Centre for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Xu F, Ma M, Yang W, Blank D, Wu Y. Test of the activity budget hypothesis on Asiatic ibex in Tian Shan Mountains of Xinjiang, China. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bjørneraas K, Solberg EJ, Herfindal I, Moorter BV, Rolandsen CM, Tremblay JP, Skarpe C, Sæther BE, Eriksen R, Astrup R. Moose Alces alces habitat use at multiple temporal scales in a human-altered landscape. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2981/10-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Oehlers SA, Bowyer RT, Huettmann F, Person DK, Kessler WB. Sex and scale: implications for habitat selection by Alaskan mooseAlces alces gigas. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2981/10-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Rowell JT. Tactical population movements and distributions for ideally motivated competitors. Am Nat 2010; 176:638-50. [PMID: 20887191 DOI: 10.1086/656494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distributions of populations are a reflection of underlying rules for movement behavior in the context of the environment encountered by individuals. Here I study how ideal directed movement--in which individuals travel in the direction offering the most immediate perceived improvement to their personal fitness--dictates the spatial position of two populations occupying the same relative niche and engaged in competition via interference to an individual's ability to gather resources. Drawing on the analytic derivation of equilibria, numerical simulations, and graphical assessments, I provide conditions under which sympatry, parapatry, or regional exclusion is expected during different phases of the community's development. I also demonstrate that specific competitive asymmetries produce distinguishable distributions and invasion patterns and identify which populations are found centrally or peripherally. Dynamic and dispersal equilibria were examined for differences in the sensitivity to spatial variations in fitness, per capita mortality, metabolic efficiency, the strength of interspecific interference, resource collection speed, and the optimal location of each population along an environmental cline. These asymmetries were studied both in isolation and pairwise in fitness trade-off scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Rowell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Sensenig RL, Demment MW, Laca EA. Allometric scaling predicts preferences for burned patches in a guild of East African grazers. Ecology 2010; 91:2898-907. [DOI: 10.1890/09-1673.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Sensenig
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
- Mpala Research Centre, Box 555, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Montague W. Demment
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Emilio A. Laca
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
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