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Zhu P, Pan B, Li Z, He H, Hou Y, Zhao G. Responses of biodiversity to microhabitat heterogeneity in debris flow gullies: Assessing the impact of hydrological disturbance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166509. [PMID: 37619718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Rivers play a vital role in the maintenance of the biosphere and human society, since they participate in the global water cycle and provide varied habitats to support biodiversity. Microhabitat heterogeneity is regarded as a key factor driving biodiversity and it plays an active ecological role in different types of mountain rivers. Whether river microhabitat heterogeneity exhibits the same ecological patterns across hydrological periods remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the changes in macroinvertebrate community composition, functional traits, and multi-faceted α-diversity in five debris flow gullies in the Xiaojiang River Basin (southwestern China) between two different hydrological periods. We explored the responses of biodiversity to river microhabitat heterogeneity and its driving factors before and after hydrological disturbance. The results indicated that river microhabitat heterogeneity and three facets of macroinvertebrate α-diversity decreased after hydrological disturbance, with macroinvertebrate state traits becoming more unbalanced. Macroinvertebrate taxonomic diversity increased with increasing river microhabitat heterogeneity across hydrological periods, and this pattern was more prominent before hydrological disturbance. A high correlation emerged between macroinvertebrate phylogenetic diversity and river microhabitat heterogeneity only before hydrological disturbance. Hydrogeomorphic parameters prominently affected macroinvertebrate communities before hydrological disturbance. Water environmental parameters worked together with hydrogeomorphic parameters to shape macroinvertebrate communities in hydrologically disturbed debris flow gullies, indicating a reduced ecological role of river microhabitat heterogeneity. The ecological health of debris flow gullies can be improved by increasing vegetation coverage on river bank slopes to increase slope stability and mitigate hydrological disturbances, as well as placing large rocks into river channels to enhance riverbed stability and create habitats for more biological groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baozhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Haoran He
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
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The Impacts of Different Anthropogenic Disturbances on Macroinvertebrate Community Structure and Functional Traits of Glacier-Fed Streams in the Tianshan Mountains. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macroinvertebrates are sensitive to environmental disturbances, however, the effects of human activities on macroinvertebrate community structures and functional traits in glacier-fed streams are concerning. To elucidate the effects of horse, cattle and sheep grazing, hot spring scenic development, and historic iron ore mine development on macroinvertebrate communities, we conducted a study in three glacier-fed streams of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China in April 2021. Our results showed that the species richness and density significantly decreased due to grazing (p < 0.05). There were more taxa with resilience traits such as “small size at maturity” in the grazing stream. The EPT richness and density affected by hot spring scenic development significantly decreased compared to the undisturbed point (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in taxa with resistance traits such as “bi-or-multivoltine” in the hot spring stream. The stream affected by historic mine development is currently in the self-recovery stage following the closure of the mine ten years ago. Additionally, the species richness, EPT richness, and density at the mining site were significantly higher than the source site (p < 0.05), reflecting that the habitat fragmentation caused by previous mining activities prevented the upward dispersal of macroinvertebrates. The taxa in the mining stream were also characterized by higher resistance traits such as “abundant occurrence in drift”. These results were attributed to the impacts of human disturbance on habitat stability, habitat heterogeneity, water quality, and material cycling of stream ecosystems, indicating human disturbance on the efficiency of resource utilization and functional diversification. In addition, our results showed that functional indicators of macroinvertebrate communities are helpful for monitoring and evaluating habitat conditions.
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Li XF, Ao SC, Shi X, Cheng JJ, Tan L, Cai QH, Tong XL, Jacobus LM. Life history of Caenis lubrica Tong and Dudgeon, 2002 (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) in a Three Gorges Reservoir feeder stream, subtropical Central China. AQUATIC INSECTS 2021; 42:50-61. [DOI: 10.1080/01650424.2020.1867869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility, Three Parallel Rivers Region from Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Yunnan Education Department on Er’hai Catchment Conservation and Sustainable Development, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Si-Cheng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Tong
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Luke M. Jacobus
- Division of Science, Indiana University Purdue University Columbus, Columbus, IN, USA
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Zhu P, Pan B, Li Z, Yuan J, Jiang X, Jiang W, Lu Y. Responses of macroinvertebrate functional traits to riverbed structure of typical debris flow gullies in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:138906. [PMID: 32526415 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Debris flow is a typical natural disaster in mountainous areas. Its occurrence has serious impacts on the ecological environment and the life, property safety of local people. The structure of mountain riverbed plays an important role in maintaining the ecological stability of debris flow gullies (DFGs) and improving the ecological condition. However, the effects of hydro-geomorphological processes induced by riverbed structure on local macroinvertebrates have not been well examined. A functional approach was applied to macroinvertebrate data collected in a field survey at sites with different riverbed structure to investigate the response of macroinvertebrate functional traits and environment factors to riverbed structure-induced processes. Riverbed structure was quantitatively calculated by concavity-convexity degree. The results showed that (a) Macroinvertebrates were mainly composed of individuals with the ability of avoiding risks and recovering quickly in DFGs. (b) The environmental factors affecting macroinvertebrates (i.e., average particle size, velocity, flow rate, water depth, and gradient) had a great relationship with riverbed structure. (c) Only 3 (trophic habit, attachment and drift) of the 10 benthic functional traits in the study area had a good correlation with riverbed structure. This study thus found that riverbed structure, as a complex of various environmental factors directly or indirectly affected the community structure and functional traits of macroinvertebrates in DFGs. Besides, it was more suitable for macroinvertebrates of different species to live, and more conducive to the maintenance of ecological stability when the concavity-convexity degree value was about 0.075. Because 5 environmental factors affecting macroinvertebrates were moderate when the degree of concavity was about 0.075. These results can provide scientific basis for ecological conservation and management in DFGs where eco-environment is very fragile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baozhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianping Yuan
- North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanxiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
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Li XF, Tan L, Du H, Li SD, Guo SH, Mo JY, Zhang ZQ, Tong XL, Cai QH. Life history flexibility of Drunella submontana Brodsky, 1930 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) along altitude gradients in Shennongjia National Park, China. AQUATIC INSECTS 2020; 41:55-66. [DOI: 10.1080/01650424.2019.1708405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China
- Department on Er’hai Catchment Conservation and Sustainable Development, The Key Laboratory of Yunnan Education, Dali, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hua Du
- School of Environmental Studies, China University Of Geosciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shu-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu-Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia-Yong Mo
- Shennongjia National Park Administration, Shennongjia, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Shennongjia National Park Administration, Shennongjia, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Tong
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing-Hua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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Shi X, Li XF, Ao SC, Luo QY, Tan L, Tong XL, Cai QH. Life history of Ephemera wuchowensisHsu, 1937 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) in a northern subtropical stream in Central China. AQUATIC INSECTS 2020; 41:45-54. [DOI: 10.1080/01650424.2019.1688353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xian-Fu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the Three Parallel Rivers Region of China, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- The Provincial Innovation Team of Biodiversity Conservation and Utility of the Three Parallel Rivers Region from Dali University, Dali, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Yunnan Education Department on Er'hai Catchment Conservation and Sustainable Development, Dali, PR China
| | - Si-Cheng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing-Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Tong
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing-Hua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
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Peterson MG, Lunde KB, Chiu MC, Resh VH. Seasonal Progression of Aquatic Organisms in a Temporary Wetland in Northern California. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2017. [DOI: 10.3398/064.077.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Peterson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114
- E-mail:
| | - Kevin B. Lunde
- San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, 1515 Clay Street, Suite 1400, Oakland, CA 94612
| | - Ming-Chih Chiu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114
| | - Vincent H. Resh
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114
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Forio MAE, Van Echelpoel W, Dominguez-Granda L, Mereta ST, Ambelu A, Hoang TH, Boets P, Goethals PL. Analysing the effects of water quality on the occurrence of freshwater macroinvertebrate taxa among tropical river basins from different continents. AI COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/aic-160712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Anne Eurie Forio
- Aquatic Ecology Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Campus Coupure-Block F, Ghent University, Coupure links 653 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Van Echelpoel
- Aquatic Ecology Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Campus Coupure-Block F, Ghent University, Coupure links 653 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luis Dominguez-Granda
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Centro del Agua y Desarrollo Sustentable, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Seid Tiku Mereta
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Thu Huong Hoang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pieter Boets
- Aquatic Ecology Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Campus Coupure-Block F, Ghent University, Coupure links 653 Ghent, Belgium
- Provincial Centre of Environmental Research, Godshuizenlaan 95, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter L.M. Goethals
- Aquatic Ecology Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Campus Coupure-Block F, Ghent University, Coupure links 653 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Increased Stream Productivity with Warming Supports Higher Trophic Levels. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417199-2.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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10
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Resh VH. Aquatic Insects of California(1956): a landmark event and unique collaboration in benthic biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1899/10-042.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H. Resh
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3114 USA
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11
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Wu D, Legg D. Responses of benthic insect communities to effluent from the abandoned Ferris-Haggarty copper mine in southeast Wyoming, USA. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1894-1903. [PMID: 22432316 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Six criteria were used to evaluate 12 metrics for their sensitivity to effluent flowing from the Ferris-Haggarty copper mine into Haggarty Creek and then into Battle Creek West Fork. Through the evaluation process, we found that the Shannon-Wiener index, the random runs value, and Ephemeroptera taxa richness appeared to best reflect the impacts that have occurred in both Haggarty Creek and Battle Creek West Fork. In addition, Ephemeroptera/Plecoptera/Trichoptera taxa richness, total taxa richness, and Plecoptera taxa richness, were useful in reflecting those impacts. In contrast, we found that the abundance ratios, the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, as well as Trichoptera taxa richness, did not reflect the impacts that occurred in Haggarty Creek and Battle Creek West Fork. Finally, this study provided information about the benthic insect communities that are present in the impacted reaches of Haggarty Creek. Such information is needed to assess the potential of those reaches as habitat for the Colorado River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus, which is a species of special concern to the Wyoming Department of Game and Fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wu
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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12
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Lawrence JE, Lunde KB, Mazor RD, Bêche LA, McElravy EP, Resh VH. Long-term macroinvertebrate responses to climate change: implications for biological assessment in mediterranean-climate streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/09-178.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
| | - Kevin B. Lunde
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
| | - Raphael D. Mazor
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
| | - Leah A. Bêche
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
| | - Eric P. McElravy
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
| | - Vincent H. Resh
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3114 USA
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13
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Benke AC, Huryn AD. Benthic invertebrate production—facilitating answers to ecological riddles in freshwater ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/08-075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C. Benke
- Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Alexander D. Huryn
- Aquatic Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 USA
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Steinman AD, Silver P, Fisher S, Meyer JL. The J-NABS 25th anniversary issue: reflecting on the past, synthesizing the present, and projecting into the future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1899/09-161.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 W. Shoreline Dr., Muskegon, Michigan 49441 USA
| | - Pamela Silver
- School of Science, Penn State Erie, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563 USA
| | - Stuart Fisher
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501 USA
| | - Judy L. Meyer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
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