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Ahmadi S, Ambite I, Brisuda A, Háček J, Haq F, Sabari S, Vanarsa K, Mohan C, Babjuk M, Svanborg C. Similar immune responses to alpha1-oleate and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment in patients with bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7091. [PMID: 38553868 PMCID: PMC10980842 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular content of urine is defined by filtration in the kidneys and by local release from tissues lining the urinary tract. Pathological processes and different therapies change the molecular composition of urine and a variety of markers have been analyzed in patients with bladder cancer. The response to BCG immunotherapy and chemotherapy has been extensively studied and elevated urine concentrations of IL-1RA, IFN-α, IFN-γ TNF-α, and IL-17 have been associated with improved outcome. METHODS In this study, the host response to intravesical alpha 1-oleate treatment was characterized in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by proteomic and transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS Proteomic profiling detected a significant increase in multiple cytokines in the treatment group compared to placebo. The innate immune response was strongly activated, including IL-1RA and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the IL-1 family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33), chemokines (MIP-1α, IL-8), and interferons (IFN-α2, IFN-γ). Adaptive immune mediators included IL-12, Granzyme B, CD40, PD-L1, and IL-17D, suggesting broad effects of alpha 1-oleate treatment on the tumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine response profile in alpha 1-oleate treated patients was similar to that reported in BCG treated patients, suggesting a significant overlap. A reduction in protein levels at the end of treatment coincided with inhibition of cancer-related gene expression in tissue biopsies, consistent with a positive treatment effect. Thus, in addition to killing tumor cells and inducing cell detachment, alpha 1-oleate is shown to activate a broad immune response with a protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ahmadi
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ines Ambite
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Antonín Brisuda
- Department of UrologyMotol University Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University PrahaPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jaromír Háček
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMotol University Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University PrahaPragueCzech Republic
| | - Farhan Haq
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Samudra Sabari
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Marek Babjuk
- Department of UrologyMotol University Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University PrahaPragueCzech Republic
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
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Gao Y, Wang X, Luo H, Chen C, Li J, Sun R, Li D, Sun Z. Exosomal Long Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acid Ribonuclease Component of Mitochondrial Ribonucleic Acid Processing Endoribonuclease Is Defined as a Potential Non-Invasive Diagnostic Biomarker for Bladder Cancer and Facilitates Tumorigenesis via the miR-206/G6PD Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5305. [PMID: 37958478 PMCID: PMC10649581 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the cancers that is highly sensitive to specific non-invasive tumor biomarkers that facilitate early diagnosis. Exosome-derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers for BLCA. In this study, we employed RNA-sequencing to compare the expression patterns of lncRNAs in urine exosomes from three BLCA patients and three healthy individuals. RMRP displayed the most significant differential expression. Elevated RMRP expression levels were observed in urinary and plasma exosomes from BLCA patients compared with those from healthy individuals. RMRP exhibited significant associations with certain BLCA patient clinicopathological features, including tumor stage, poor prognosis, and tumor grade. Combined diagnosis using RMRP in urine and plasma exosomes demonstrated a superior diagnostic performance with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RMRP was found to be related to BLCA tumor progression and the cell migration and invasion processes via the miR-206/G6PD axis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RMRP serves as an miR-206 sponge, as suggested by dual-luciferase reporter assays and RNA immunoprecipitation. Our study suggests that the combined diagnosis of RMRP in urinary and plasma exosomes can serve as an excellent non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for BLCA patients. Additionally, targeting the RMRP/miR-206/G6PD axis holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200060, China;
| | - Huarong Luo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China;
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Ruixin Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Zujun Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China; (Y.G.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
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Flores Monar GV, Reynolds T, Gordon M, Moon D, Moon C. Molecular Markers for Bladder Cancer Screening: An Insight into Bladder Cancer and FDA-Approved Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14374. [PMID: 37762677 PMCID: PMC10531979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most financially burdensome cancers globally, from its diagnostic to its terminal stages. The impact it imposes on patients and the medical community is substantial, exacerbated by the absence of disease-specific characteristics and limited disease-free spans. Frequent recurrences, impacting nearly half of the diagnosed population, require frequent and invasive monitoring. Given the advancing comprehension of its etiology and attributes, bladder cancer is an appealing candidate for screening strategies. Cystoscopy is the current gold standard for bladder cancer detection, but it is invasive and has the potential for undesired complications and elevated costs. Although urine cytology is a supplementary tool in select instances, its efficacy is limited due to its restricted sensitivity, mainly when targeting low-grade tumors. Although most of these assays exhibit higher sensitivity than urine cytology, clinical guidelines do not currently incorporate them. Consequently, it is necessary to explore novel screening assays to identify distinctive alterations exclusive to bladder cancer. Thus, integrating potential molecular assays requires further investigation through more extensive validation studies. Within this article, we offer a comprehensive overview of the critical features of bladder cancer while conducting a thorough analysis of the FDA-approved assays designed to diagnose and monitor its recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Reynolds
- NEXT Bio-Research Services, LLC, 11601 Ironbridge Road, Suite 101, Chester, VA 23831, USA;
| | - Maxie Gordon
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
| | - David Moon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
| | - Chulso Moon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 2109, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Cancer Research Building II, 5M3, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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4
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Duquesne I, Abou Chakra M, Hage L, Pinar U, Loriot Y. Liquid biopsies for detection, surveillance, and prognosis of urothelial cancer: a future standard? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2023; 23:995-1007. [PMID: 37542214 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2023.2245144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liquid biopsies are used for the detection of tumor-specific elements in body fluid. Their application in prognosis and diagnosis of muscle/non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC/NMIBC) or upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) remains poorly known and rarely mentioned in clinical guidelines. AREAS COVERED Herein, we provide an overview of current data regarding the use of liquid biopsies in urothelial tumors. EXPERT OPINION Studies that were included analyzed liquid biopsies using the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), exosomes, or metabolomics. The sensitivity of blood CTC detection in patients with localized cancer was 35% and raised to 50% in patients with metastatic cancer. In NMIBC patients, blood CTC was associated with poor prognosis, whereas discrepancies were seen in MIBC patients. Circulating plasma DNA presented a superior sensitivity to urine and was a good indicator for diagnosis, follow-up, and oncological outcome. In urine, specific bladder cancer (BC) microRNA had an overall sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 86% in the diagnosis of urothelial cancer. These results are in favor of the use of liquid biopsies as biomarkers for in urothelial cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Duquesne
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Abou Chakra
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Lory Hage
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Ugo Pinar
- Department of Urology, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Universite Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institute, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, Universite Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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5
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Tuning between Nuclear Organization and Functionality in Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050706. [PMID: 36899842 PMCID: PMC10000962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of eukaryotic genome in the nucleus, a double-membraned organelle separated from the cytoplasm, is highly complex and dynamic. The functional architecture of the nucleus is confined by the layers of internal and cytoplasmic elements, including chromatin organization, nuclear envelope associated proteome and transport, nuclear-cytoskeletal contacts, and the mechano-regulatory signaling cascades. The size and morphology of the nucleus could impose a significant impact on nuclear mechanics, chromatin organization, gene expression, cell functionality and disease development. The maintenance of nuclear organization during genetic or physical perturbation is crucial for the viability and lifespan of the cell. Abnormal nuclear envelope morphologies, such as invagination and blebbing, have functional implications in several human disorders, including cancer, accelerated aging, thyroid disorders, and different types of neuro-muscular diseases. Despite the evident interplay between nuclear structure and nuclear function, our knowledge about the underlying molecular mechanisms for regulation of nuclear morphology and cell functionality during health and illness is rather poor. This review highlights the essential nuclear, cellular, and extracellular components that govern the organization of nuclei and functional consequences associated with nuclear morphometric aberrations. Finally, we discuss the recent developments with diagnostic and therapeutic implications targeting nuclear morphology in health and disease.
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Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
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7
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Zhu RJ, Zhou J, Liang PQ, Xiang XX, Ran J, Xie TA, Guo XG. Accuracy of cytokeratin 19 fragment in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Biomark Med 2022; 16:197-216. [PMID: 35112920 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: CYFRA21-1 is a biomarker of cancer and has a promising future in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CYFRA21-1 for bladder cancer. Methods: We included articles from the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed and Embase. Meta-DiSc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 were used for data analysis. Results: Twenty-eight articles were analyzed, and the results are as follows: sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, DOR and AUC were 0.69 (95% CI [0.67, 0.71]), 0.81 (95% CI [0.80, 0.83]), 5.99 (95% CI [4.42, 8.11]), 0.31 (95% CI [0.25, 0.38]), 24.58 (95% CI [15.15, 39.89]) and 0.8917, respectively. Conclusion: CYFRA21-1 has a high diagnostic efficiency for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jue Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Pan-Qiao Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiao-Xiu Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Tian-Ao Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction & Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
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8
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Pan T, Lehman E, Raman JD. Performance characteristics of urinary cytology in patients presenting with gross and microscopic hematuria. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:384-389. [PMID: 34796254 PMCID: PMC8595085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hematuria investigations presently entail cystoscopy with upper urinary tract imaging albeit without use of urinary biomarkers including cytology. The purpose is to investigate the performance characteristics of urinary cytology in a population of patients presenting with gross (GH) and microscopic (MH) hematuria. METHODS Records for 409 consecutive patients undergoing a complete hematuria evaluation (cystoscopy with upper-tract imaging) who also had urinary cytology were reviewed. Performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV) of cytology for urothelial malignancy were determined. For those with urothelial cancer, the predictive value of a positive cytology for high grade and high stage urothelial cancer was determined. RESULTS 29 of 409 patients (7.1%) were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma including 24 (9.2%) and 5 (3.4%) from the GH and MH populations, respectively. Eighteen (62%) of these tumors were high grade of which 5 (28%) were muscle-invasive. The performance characteristics of cytology for urothelial malignancy included a sensitivity of 41%, specificity of 99%, PPV of 75%, NPV of 96%, and diagnostic accuracy of 95%. No observed differences were noted when comparing gender (P=0.55), type of hematuria (P=0.37), or smoking history (P=0.22). For those diagnosed with urothelial malignancy, a positive cytology was not associated with higher grade (P=1.0) or stage tumors (P=0.62). CONCLUSIONS Urine cytology had low sensitivity and PPV for urothelial carcinoma irrespective of smoker status, hematuria type, or gender. These data support the 2020 AUA Microhematuria Guideline emphasizing that urine cytology should not routinely be used in a hematuria screening population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Pan
- Penn State College of Medicine, HersheyPA 17033, USA
| | - Erik Lehman
- Penn State College of Medicine, HersheyPA 17033, USA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, HersheyPA 17033, USA
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9
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A 25-year perspective on evaluation and understanding of biomarkers in urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:602-617. [PMID: 34315659 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The past 25 years have witnessed an explosion of investigative attempts to identify clinically useful biomarkers which can have meaningful impacts for patients with urologic cancers. However, in spite of the enormous amount of research aiming to identify markers with the hope of impacting patient care, only a handful have proven to have true clinical utility. Improvements in targeted imaging, pan-omics evaluation, and genetic sequencing at the tissue and single-cell levels have yielded many potential targets for continued biomarker investigation. This article, as one in this series for the 25th Anniversary Issue of Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, serves to give a perspective on our progress and failures over the past quarter-century in our highest volume urologic cancers: prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers.
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10
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Rodríguez-Serrano A, Carrión DM, Gómez Rivas J, Álvarez-Maestro M, Sánchez S, Rodríguez de Bethencourt F, Aguilera Bazán A, Martínez-Piñeiro L. Prognostic value of urinary cytology for detecting urothelial carcinoma recurrence after radical cystectomy. Actas Urol Esp 2021; 45:466-472. [PMID: 34148845 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urethral or upper urinary tract (UUT) recurrence of urothelial carcinoma (UC) after radical cystectomy (RC) are rare (4-6%), and their diagnosis usually occurs within the first two years. Although it is known that its early detection offers benefit in terms of survival, currently there are no clear recommendations for the detection of recurrence in the remnant urothelium (RU). Our aim is to determine the diagnostic value of urinary cytology for the detection of recurrences in the RU and to estimate its impact as an early diagnostic method on survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective review of patients who underwent RC for urothelial carcinoma between 2008-2016, with a follow-up of at least 24 months. RESULTS The study included 142 patients. In a median follow-up of 68.5 months, nine patients (6.3%) presented recurrences in the RU (urethra: four, UUT: four, synchronous: one). The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology for the diagnosis of UUT recurrences were 20% and 96%, respectively. No significant differences were found between overall survival and cancer-specific survival among patients according to the urinary cytology results. CONCLUSION Recurrences in the RU after RC are infrequent; our study has shown that urinary cytology offers a low sensitivity for their diagnoses. For these reasons, we do not consider that urinary cytology provides useful information for surveillance of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez-Serrano
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - D M Carrión
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gómez Rivas
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Álvarez-Maestro
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Sánchez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Rodríguez de Bethencourt
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Aguilera Bazán
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Martínez-Piñeiro
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Loras A, Segovia C, Ruiz-Cerdá JL. Epigenomic and Metabolomic Integration Reveals Dynamic Metabolic Regulation in Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2719. [PMID: 34072826 PMCID: PMC8198168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) represents a clinical, social, and economic challenge due to tumor-intrinsic characteristics, limitations of diagnostic techniques and a lack of personalized treatments. In the last decade, the use of liquid biopsy has grown as a non-invasive approach to characterize tumors. Moreover, the emergence of omics has increased our knowledge of cancer biology and identified critical BC biomarkers. The rewiring between epigenetics and metabolism has been closely linked to tumor phenotype. Chromatin remodelers interact with each other to control gene silencing in BC, but also with stress-inducible factors or oncogenic signaling cascades to regulate metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and lipogenesis. Concurrently, one-carbon metabolism supplies methyl groups to histone and DNA methyltransferases, leading to the hypermethylation and silencing of suppressor genes in BC. Conversely, α-KG and acetyl-CoA enhance the activity of histone demethylases and acetyl transferases, increasing gene expression, while succinate and fumarate have an inhibitory role. This review is the first to analyze the interplay between epigenome, metabolome and cell signaling pathways in BC, and shows how their regulation contributes to tumor development and progression. Moreover, it summarizes non-invasive biomarkers that could be applied in clinical practice to improve diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and the therapeutic options in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Loras
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en TICs Aplicadas a la Reingeniería de Procesos Socio-Sanitarios (eRPSS), Universitat Politècnica de València-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Segovia
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Ruiz-Cerdá
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Ding Z, Ying W, He Y, Chen X, Jiao Y, Wang J, Zhou X. lncRNA-UCA1 in the diagnosis of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24805. [PMID: 33725946 PMCID: PMC7982181 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the diagnostic value of long-chain non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoembryonic antigen 1 (lncRNA-UCA1) for bladder cancer, and to provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. METHODS By searching PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang, Weipu and other databases, in order to collect relevant literature of lncRNA-UCA1 for diagnosis of bladder cancer. The starting and ending time of the search is from the establishment of the database to December 31, 2019. Screen documents and extract data according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. QUADAS entry tool was used to evaluate the quality of literature. Meta-Disc 1.4 and Stata 12.0 software were used for statistical analysis, and UCA1 was combined for the statistics of bladder cancer diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 7 articles were included in this study, including 954 cases of bladder cancer patients and 482 cases of non-bladder cancer patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve AUC of lncRNA-UCA1 used to diagnose bladder cancer was 0.86. The sensitivity was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80-0.85), and the specificity was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.89). The positive likelihood ratio is 6.38 (95% CI: 3.01-13.55), and the negative likelihood ratio is 0.20 (95% CI: 0.13-0.31). The diagnostic odds ratio is 33.13 (95% CI: 11.16-98.33). CONCLUSION lncRNA-UCA1 has a high value of clinical auxiliary diagnosis for bladder cancer, and it can be further promoted and applied clinically.
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Georgantzoglou N, Pergaris A, Masaoutis C, Theocharis S. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers Carriers in Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052744. [PMID: 33803085 PMCID: PMC7963171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, enriched in biomolecular cargo consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which take part in intercellular communication and play a crucial role in both physiologic functions and oncogenesis. Bladder cancer is the most common urinary malignancy and its incidence is steadily rising in developed countries. Despite the high five-year survival in patients diagnosed at early disease stage, survival substantially drops in patients with muscle-invasive or metastatic disease. Therefore, early detection of primary disease as well as recurrence is of paramount importance. The role that exosomal biomarkers could play in bladder cancer patient diagnosis and surveillance, as well as their potential therapeutic applications, has not been extensively studied in this malignancy. In the present review, we summarize all relevant data obtained so far from cell lines, animal models, and patient biofluids and tissues. Current literature suggests that urine is a rich source of extracellular vesicle-derived biomarkers, compared with blood and bladder tissue samples, with potential applications in bladder cancer management. Further studies improving sample collection procedures and optimizing purification and analytical methods should augment bladder cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic input of extracellular vesicles biomarkers in the future.
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Rodríguez-Serrano A, Carrión D, Gómez Rivas J, Álvarez-Maestro M, Sánchez S, Rodríguez de Bethencourt F, Aguilera Bazán A, Martínez-Piñeiro L. Prognostic value of urinary cytology for detecting urothelial carcinoma recurrence after radical cystectomy. Actas Urol Esp 2021. [PMID: 33509614 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urethral or upper urinary tract (UUT) recurrence of urothelial carcinoma (UC) after radical cystectomy (RC) are rare (4-6%), and their diagnosis usually occurs within the first two years. Although it is known that its early detection offers benefit in terms of survival, currently there are no clear recommendations for the detection of recurrence in the remnant urothelium (RU). Our aim is to determine the diagnostic value of urinary cytology for the detection of recurrences in the RU and to estimate its impact as an early diagnostic method on survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective review of patients who underwent RC for urothelial carcinoma between 2008-2016, with a follow-up of at least 24 months. RESULTS The study included 142 patients. In a median follow-up of 68.5 months, nine patients (6.3%) presented recurrences in the RU (urethra: four, UUT: four, synchronous: one). The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology for the diagnosis of UUT recurrences were 20% and 96%, respectively. No significant differences were found between overall survival and cancer-specific survival among patients according to the urinary cytology results. CONCLUSION Recurrences in the RU after RC are infrequent; our study has shown that urinary cytology offers a low sensitivity for their diagnoses. For these reasons, we do not consider that urinary cytology provides useful information for surveillance of these patients.
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Lee HH, Kim SH. Review of non-invasive urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6554-6564. [PMID: 35117265 PMCID: PMC8798424 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth-most prevalent cancer. The standard diagnostic tool of BC is cystoscopy, whereas cystoscopy has several disadvantages in terms of symptomatic invasiveness and operator-dependency. The urinary markers are attractive because the testing is non-invasive and cost-efficient, and sample collection is easy. Urinary marker is thereby a good tool to detect exfoliated tumor cell in the urine samples for the diagnosis and therapeutic surveillance of BC to supplement the limitations of the cystoscopy. However, they are not recommended as a population-based screening tool because of the low rate of BC prevalence. Although both cystoscopy and urine cytology improve BC diagnostic power, the field still needs additional non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools. Various urinary markers with different mechanisms and different targets have been developed and under investigation in these days. However, the accuracy of the urinary marker including its sensitivity and specificity is the most important factor for the diagnosis and surveillance in cancer that this review deals with multiple FDA-approved and non-FDA approved commercialized urinary markers with their accuracy in different purposes for BC. We then discuss more about the potential candidate targets for the future urinary markers in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Cancer Center, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Department of Urology, Urological Cancer Center, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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de Oliveira MC, Caires HR, Oliveira MJ, Fraga A, Vasconcelos MH, Ribeiro R. Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1400. [PMID: 32485907 PMCID: PMC7352974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castanheira de Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avelino Fraga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Whole-Organ Genomic Characterization of Mucosal Field Effects Initiating Bladder Carcinogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2241-2256.e4. [PMID: 30784602 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used whole-organ mapping to study the locoregional molecular changes in a human bladder containing multifocal cancer. Widespread DNA methylation changes were identified in the entire mucosa, representing the initial field effect. The field effect was associated with subclonal low-allele frequency mutations and a small number of DNA copy alterations. A founder mutation in the RNA splicing gene, ACIN1, was identified in normal mucosa and expanded clonally with an additional 21 mutations in progression to carcinoma. The patterns of mutations and copy number changes in carcinoma in situ and foci of carcinoma were almost identical, confirming their clonal origins. The pathways affected by the DNA copy alterations and mutations, including the Kras pathway, were preceded by the field changes in DNA methylation, suggesting that they reinforced mechanisms that had already been initiated by methylation. The results demonstrate that DNA methylation can serve as the initiator of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Yu X, Wang R, Han C, Wang Z, Jin X. A Panel of Urinary Long Non-coding RNAs Differentiate Bladder Cancer from Urocystitis. J Cancer 2020; 11:781-787. [PMID: 31949480 PMCID: PMC6959012 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is becoming a promising method for non-invasive cancer detection. In several proof-of-concept studies, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to be potential biomarkers for bladder cancer detection. The objective of this study was to discover a panel of cell-free, urinary lncRNAs as liquid biopsy biomarkers to non-invasively differentiate bladder cancer from chronic urocystitis. To this end, we collected urine samples from both bladder cancer patients and urocystitis patients. These samples were divided into discovery group and validation group. In the discovery group, the expression levels of 16 cell-free urinary lncRNAs were measured by qPCR to discover candidate biomarkers. The diagnostic performance of the candidate lncRNA biomarkers was then evaluated, which led to a panel of lncRNA biomarkers for bladder cancer detection. The performance of this panel of biomarkers was further evaluated in the validation group to see if these lncRNA biomarkers could discriminate the bladder cancer patients from urocystitis patients. We found that all of the 16 lncRNAs evaluated in this study demonstrated significant difference (p<0.05) of expression between bladder cancer patients and urocystitis patients. Nine lncRNAs provided decent diagnostic performance with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) reaching 0.70 or higher. We then selected the top four lncRNAs, namely UCA1-201, HOTAIR, HYMA1 and MALAT1, to form a panel of urinary biomarkers. Using this panel, bladder cancer patients could be discriminated from urocystitis patients, with sensitivity and specificity reaching 95.7% and 94.3%, respectively. Finally, we confirmed the applicability of the four-lncRNA panel in an independent validation study that included 60 bladder cancer patients and 60 urocystitis patients. Our study paves the way for further studies aimed at large-scale clinical tests of developing lncRNA biomarkers in urine for bladder cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Ruiwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Chenglin Han
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
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Takke A, Shende P. Non-invasive Biodiversified Sensors: A Modernized Screening Technology for Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:4108-4120. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191022162232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Biological sensors revolutionize the method of diagnoses of diseases from early to final
stages using the biomarkers present in the body. Biosensors are advantageous due to the involvement of minimal
sample collection with improved specificity and sensitivity for the detection of biomarkers.
Methods:
Conventional biopsies restrict problems like patient non-compliance, cross-infection and high cost and to
overcome these issues biological samples like saliva, sweat, urine, tears and sputum progress into clinical and diagnostic
research for the development of non-invasive biosensors. This article covers various non-invasive measurements
of biological samples, optical-based, mass-based, wearable and smartphone-based biosensors for the detection
of cancer.
Results:
The demand for non-invasive, rapid and economic analysis techniques escalated due to the modernization
of the introduction of self-diagnostics and miniature forms of devices. Biosensors have high sensitivity and
specificity for whole cells, microorganisms, enzymes, antibodies, and genetic materials.
Conclusion:
Biosensors provide a reliable early diagnosis of cancer, which results in faster therapeutic outcomes
with in-depth fundamental understanding of the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Takke
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Chakraborty A, Dasari S, Long W, Mohan C. Urine protein biomarkers for the detection, surveillance, and treatment response prediction of bladder cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1104-1117. [PMID: 31285945 PMCID: PMC6610049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The "gold standard" diagnostic procedure for bladder cancer is cystoscopy, a technique that can be invasive, expensive, and a possible cause of urinary tract infection. Unlike techniques such as histology, PCR, and staining, assays for protein biomarkers lend themselves well to the creation of efficient point-of-care tests, which are easy to use and yield fast results. A couple of urine-based tests have been approved by the U.S. FDA, but these tests suffer from low sensitivity. Hence, there is clearly a need for more reliable non-invasive biomarkers of bladder cancer. Urinary biomarkers are particularly attractive due to the direct contact of the urine with the urothelial tumor and the ease of sample collection. With these considerations, this review aims to provide a comprehensive listing of the most promising protein biomarkers of bladder cancer in urine. Biomarkers are organized by their potential role in detection, surveillance, or monitoring of treatment response. The purpose of this review is to assess progress towards the goal of identifying ideal urinary proteins for use in each of the above three biomarker applications in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Shobha Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Wang Long
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA
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Diagnostic value of combined IQGAP3/BMP4 and IQGAP3/FAM107A expression ratios in urinary cell-free DNA for discriminating bladder cancer from hematuria. Urol Oncol 2018; 37:86-96. [PMID: 30446454 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary cell-free DNA (ucfDNA) has great potential as a "liquid biopsy" for use in diagnosis of urological cancers. In this study, we compared ucfDNA gene expression levels between patients with bladder cancer (BC) and those with hematuria, and determined whether they could be used as a noninvasive urine-based marker. METHODS The study cohort of 355 patients included a screening group (40 BC and 41 hematuria controls) and a validation cohort (149 BC and 125 hematuria controls). Expression levels ratios of 1 up-regulated gene (IQGAP3) to those of 7 down-regulated genes were examined in ucfDNA in the screening group to identify ratios that differed significantly between BC and hematuria patients. IQGAP3/BMP4 and IQGAP3/FAM107A ratios were selected and combined to develop a discriminant score (DS) index, which was tested in the validation cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curve were calculated to evaluate the performance of the DS index. RESULTS IQGAP3/BMP4 and IQGAP3/FAM107A ratios in ucfDNA were both significantly higher in BC patients than in hematuria patients (both P < 0.001). The DS index had an area under the curve of 0.862, a sensitivity of 71.0%, a specificity of 88.6%, a positive predictive value of 90.3%, and a negative predictive value of 67.2%. CONCLUSIONS Both IQGAP3/BMP4 and IQGAP3/FAM107A ratios in ucfDNA were significantly higher in patients with BC than in those with hematuria. The DS index exhibits good diagnostic performance as a noninvasive biomarker.
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Unmet Clinical Needs and Future Perspectives in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus 2018; 4:472-480. [PMID: 30172757 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Molecularly-driven precision medicine for advanced bladder cancer. World J Urol 2018; 36:1749-1757. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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