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Heanoy EZ, Brown NR. Impact of Natural Disasters on Mental Health: Evidence and Implications. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1812. [PMID: 39337153 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12181812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural disasters are large-scale catastrophic events, and they are increasing in frequency and severity. Converging evidence indicates that the mental health consequences of disasters are extensive and are often associated with trauma and the disruption of personal and socioeconomic factors in people's lives. Although most individuals experiencing disaster-related traumatic events do not develop mental illnesses, some experience adverse psychological effects of disasters. These mental health effects begin immediately following a disaster and may persist for extended periods. In this article, we summarize the literature findings to provide a narrative review that focuses on the mental health consequences of natural disasters. An overview of the disaster mental health research field is provided, and the findings are ordered into theoretical frameworks. Then, the development and course of psychopathology regarding disaster aftermath are described in a methodological context. Next, understanding a disaster as an event of transition is highlighted, and the impact of this disaster-specific transition is discussed. Lastly, a potential relationship between the transitional impact of a disaster and mental health consequences is speculated on, and the implications are discussed. The impact of disasters on mental health can be direct or indirect, short-term or long-term, and to some extent depends on the recovery process of the affected community. Also, we propose the possible merits of using the Transitional Impact Scale in the context of disaster mental health research by assessing the features of disaster-related transition and its effects on mental health. We conclude by suggesting a direction for future research in terms of measuring the disaster mental health effects in community settings (affected vs. non-affected) and also considering cross-cultural and cross-regional differences. In recent decades, a large amount of knowledge has been gathered from disaster mental health research, but, still, more research is needed to resolve some irregular findings through refining the methodological variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamin Z Heanoy
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Norman R Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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Sackey ET, Stewart RW, Young J, Orengo-Aguayo R. Disaster exposure and mental health among Puerto Rican teachers after Hurricane Maria. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:1066-1076. [PMID: 37782477 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence rates of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes among teachers (N = 8,167) exposed to Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. The findings indicate that the rates of likely significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD were 13.1%, 8.7%, and 5.4%, respectively. There were no significant disparities in psychopathological symptoms based on sex, except that female participants were more likely to exhibit anxiety symptoms than their male counterparts, odds ratio (OR) = 1.53. Key disaster-related factors, such as perceived threat, actual threat, and disruption of life were found to significantly influence all psychopathology outcomes, ORs = 1.20-3.57, whereas increased social support significantly buffered the manifestation of clinically significant psychopathology symptoms across all domains, ORs = 0.30-0.46. These outcomes, strongly linked to peritraumatic consequences, were not constrained by geographical or socioeconomic boundaries, highlighting the wide-ranging impact of the hurricane. Nevertheless, social support emerged as a significant counteracting force, reducing the likelihood of detrimental mental health symptoms. Consistent with prior studies, this study emphasizes the crucial role of social support in nurturing posttraumatic resilience and curbing the severity of posttraumatic stress outcomes, thus underscoring the need for incorporating robust social support systems within disaster response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch T Sackey
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Regan W Stewart
- Mental Health Disparities and Diversity Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - John Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rosaura Orengo-Aguayo
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Golitaleb M, Mazaheri E, Bonyadi M, Sahebi A. Prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Flood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:890671. [PMID: 35815011 PMCID: PMC9259936 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.890671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Flood as the most common kind of the natural disasters has unpleased short, medium, and long-term consequences on the victims' welfare, relationships, and physical and mental health. One of the most common mental health disorders in these victims is Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of PTSD on the flood victims. Methods Data resources including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, Google Scholar, conference and congress papers, key journals, the reference list of selected articles as well as systematic reviews were searched to identify studies that reported the prevalence of PTSD in flood victims. Random Effect Model was used to perform meta-analysis of the studies. Cochran test and I2 indicator were used to explore heterogeneity between the studies. Publication bias of the study was evaluated using Begg'test. Data were analyzed by STATA (version 14) software. Results After a comprehensive search, 515 papers were extracted. After eliminating duplicates and final screening, 23 studies were selected and entered the meta-analysis phase after qualitative evaluation. The results showed that the prevalence of PTSD in flood victims is 29.48% (95% CI: 18.64-40.31, I2 = 99.3%, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of PTSD is relatively high in the flood victims. So, it is necessary to take preventive, supportive, therapeutic and effective actions for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Golitaleb
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mazaheri
- Health Information Technology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Bonyadi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Sahebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Garfin DR, Thompson RR, Holman EA, Wong-Parodi G, Silver RC. Association Between Repeated Exposure to Hurricanes and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of Florida Residents. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2217251. [PMID: 35708689 PMCID: PMC9204543 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE During the past century, more than 100 catastrophic hurricanes have impacted the Florida coast; climate change will likely be associated with increases in the intensity of future storms. Despite these annual threats to residents, to our knowledge, no longitudinal studies of representative samples at risk of hurricane exposure have examined psychological outcomes associated with repeated exposure. OBJECTIVE To assess psychosocial and mental health outcomes and functional impairment associated with repeated hurricane exposure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this survey study, a demographically representative sample of Florida residents was assessed in the 60 hours prior to Hurricane Irma (wave 1: September 8-11, 2017). A second survey was administered 1 month after Hurricane Irma (wave 2: October 12-29, 2017), and a third survey was administered after Hurricane Michael (wave 3: October 22 to November 6, 2018). Data were analyzed from July 19 to 23, 2021. EXPOSURE Hurricanes Irma and Michael. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomes were posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), global distress, worry about future events (generalized worries), and functional impairment. Path models were used to assess associations of individual-level factors (prior mental health, recent adversity), prior storm exposures (loss and/or injury, evacuation), and direct, indirect, and media-based exposures to hurricanes Irma and Michael with those outcomes. Poststratification weights were applied to facilitate population-based inferences. RESULTS Of 2873 individuals administered the survey in wave 1, 1637 responded (57.0% completion rate) (894 [54.6%, weighted] women; mean [SD] age, 51.31 [17.50] years); 1478 in wave 2 (90.3% retention from wave 1) and 1113 in wave 3 (75.3% retention from wave 2) responded. Prior mental health ailments (b, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07-0.28), prior hurricane-related loss and/or injury (b, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02-0.17), hours of Hurricane Irma-related media exposure (b, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.04), being in an evacuation zone during Hurricane Irma and not evacuating (b, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.27), and loss and/or injury in Hurricane Irma (b, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.25-0.44) were positively associated with PTSS after Hurricane Irma; most associations persisted and were associated with responses to Hurricane Michael. Prior mental health ailments (b, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03-0.17), hours of Hurricane Michael-related media exposure (b, 0.01; 95% CI, 0.003-0.02), hurricane Irma-related PTSS (b, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.34-0.50), recent individual-level adversity (b, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.005-0.05), being in an evacuation zone during Hurricane Irma and evacuating (b, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.002-0.19), and direct (b, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.55) and indirect (b, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.18) Hurricane Michael-related exposures were directly associated with Hurricane Michael-related PTSS. After Hurricane Michael, prior mental health ailments (b, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.28), and PTSS related to hurricanes Irma (b, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.001-0.22) and Michael (b, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47-0.69) were associated with respondents' functional impairment. Analogous analyses using global distress and generalized worries as mediators of functional impairment yielded a similar pattern of results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study, repeated direct, indirect, and media-based exposures to hurricanes were associated with increased mental health symptoms among Florida residents who experienced hurricanes Irma and Michael, suggesting that people were sensitized to respond with more psychological symptoms over time. These results may inform targeted public health intervention efforts for natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rose Garfin
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - E. Alison Holman
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Gabrielle Wong-Parodi
- Earth System Science and Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Roxane Cohen Silver
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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Monsour M, Clarke-Rubright E, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Timmins C, Taioli E, Schwartz RM, Corley SS, Laucis AM, Morey RA. The impact of climate change on the prevalence of mental illness symptoms. J Affect Disord 2022; 300:430-440. [PMID: 34986372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repercussions of climate change threaten the population with an increased prevalence of extreme climate events. We explored the impact of climate change induced sea level rise (SLR) and tropical cyclone (TC) exposure on mental illness symptom prevalence. METHODS Using three datasets, TC exposure scores were calculated for each subject to determine how exposure affects posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and major depressive disorder (MDD) symptom prevalence. Inundation mapping of various SLR and storm surge (SS) scenarios were performed for the susceptible region of Miami-Dade and Broward counties to determine the population impact of flooding. RESULTS We found an elevated risk of mental illness symptoms from exposure to more high- intensity TCs and identified demographic variables that may contribute to this risk. Furthermore, inundation mapping demonstrated severe and widespread impact of SLR and SS on the mental health of communities. LIMITATIONS This study did not include data directly measuring comorbidity, resilience, preparedness, or ability to adapt to climate change. Also, multiple imputation using chained equations may have been imperfect. Furthermore, there is uncertainty in predicting and mapping SLR and TC intensity, which limits complete confidence in our SS predictions. CONCLUSION The impacts of climate change have been frequently studied in terms of physical health, natural disaster prevalence, and economic impacts, but rarely on mental health burden. However, it is vital that national, state, and local governments develop and deploy plans to address mental health needs along with expenditures for protecting infrastructure, the economy, and physical health from the combined effects of SLR and climate change-induced natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Neuroscience Department, Duke University, Durham NC USA.
| | | | - Wil Lieberman-Cribbin
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY USA
| | | | - Emanuela Taioli
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY USA
| | - Rebecca M Schwartz
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Great Neck, NY USA
| | - Samantha S Corley
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Great Neck, NY USA
| | - Anna M Laucis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Health Education and Clinical Center, Durham NC USA; Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC USA
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Cameron EC, Kalayjian A, Toussaint L, Cunningham FJ, Jacquin KM. Meaning-Making Predicts Forgiveness as an Indicator of Posttraumatic Growth and Resilience in a Culturally Diverse Sample. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678221075910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trauma is a growing public health concern as global crises increase. Trauma can result in significant adverse psychological outcomes such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Past research indicates that forgiveness may buffer the adverse psychological effects of trauma. We hypothesized that restoring individual and collective sense of meaning promotes forgiveness toward self and others and enables posttraumatic growth (PTG). Established PTG models posit that meaning can be found in surviving a traumatic event. We propose that PTG manifests as forgiveness in the face of both natural and humanmade disasters. Data were collected from individuals ( N = 3,534) in 11 countries from diverse global regions that have experienced collective traumas. Our study examined the predictive nature of meaning in life and PTSD symptoms on forgiveness. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that trauma and meaning significantly predicted forgiveness, with a larger effect for humanmade disasters. Results indicated that presence of meaning, but not search for meaning, plays a role in PTG as measured by the ability to forgive after experiencing trauma, thus demonstrating its possible centrality to the healing process. Interventions and community-based programs that foster meaning-making following trauma may be part of an effective multicultural approach for enhancing community-wide PTG and resilience following disasters.
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Rudenstine S, Schulder T, Ettman C, Galea S. Perceived coping mitigates anxiety symptoms in the context of COVID-19 stress in an urban university student sample. Psychol Rep 2022:332941221074038. [PMID: 35084273 PMCID: PMC8894909 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221074038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perceived coping and its two subprocesses, trauma-focused coping (finding meaning in the details and memory of a potential trauma or stressor) and forward-focused coping (focusing on planning for the future) have been shown to be important in the context of potentially traumatic events. The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated stressors have negatively impacted population mental health, and preliminary investigations have demonstrated the importance of perceived abilities to cope during the pandemic. The current study sought to examine the potentially moderating role of each subprocess on the relationship between stress and anxiety symptoms in a low-income student sample during COVID-19 (N = 2364). We computed two hierarchical multiple linear regressions to assess for significant interactions between stress and perceived coping subprocess scores on anxiety outcomes. Our results demonstrated that both trauma-focused coping and forward-focused coping served as effect modifiers in the relationship between COVID-19related stress and anxiety. Such findings highlight the importance of interventions that incorporate both forms of coping for low-income students during a chronic stressor.
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Norman S, Atabaki S, Atmore K, Biddle C, DiFazio M, Felten D, Fox E, Marschall D, Newman J, Robb A, Rowland C, Selekman R, Slovin A, Stein M, Strang J, Sable C. Home direct-to-consumer telehealth solutions for children with mental health disorders and the impact of Covid-19. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:244-258. [PMID: 34923834 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211064134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of mental health treatment in the home can close gaps in care. Telehealth also provides access to healthcare that has been disrupted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2016, a home direct-to-consumer telehealth program was initiated. Mental health encounters made up a significant portion of all telehealth encounters and COVID-19 had a significant impact on accelerating the utilization of telehealth. Telemental health has been more successful at meeting targeted volumes than the overall health system. Of all the mental health diagnoses before and during COVID-19, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder were most common. The direct-to-consumer telehealth program saved patients a significant amount of travel miles and associated time, based on data from the period before COVID-19. Payment reimbursement for direct-to-consumer telehealth professional services was similar to reimbursement for in-person visits. This program demonstrates direct-to-consumer telehealth is a feasible and acceptable care modality for a variety of youth mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Norman
- 12353University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Cara Biddle
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marc DiFazio
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Felten
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eduardo Fox
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Julie Newman
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adelaide Robb
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ariella Slovin
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark Stein
- 7274Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Strang
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Craig Sable
- 8404Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Public health implications of multiple disaster exposures. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e274-e286. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Du L, Liu Q, Chen Q, Wang XQ, Fang S, Chen P, Chen J, Zhang ZJ, Liu Z, Yang BX, Guo Q, Luo D. When health care workers became patients with COVID-19: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Pract 2021; 28:e13034. [PMID: 34935249 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to describe the experiences of nurses and other health care workers who were infected with coronavirus disease 2019. METHODS An empirical phenomenological approach was used. Sixteen participants were recruited in Wuhan using purposive and snowball sampling. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted by telephone in February 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed following Colaizzi's method. RESULTS Two themes emerged: (1) Intense emotional distress since becoming infected. Participants were fearful of spreading the virus to family and overwhelmed by a lack of information, experienced uncertainty and worried about treatment, felt lonely during isolation and reported moral distress about inadequate health care staffing. (2) Coping strategies were needed. They tried their best to address negative psychological reactions using their professional knowledge and gaining support from others and community resources. CONCLUSIONS Preparedness for catastrophic events and providing timely and accurate information are major considerations in government policy development, related to pandemics and adequacy of health care personnel. Mental health resources and support, both short- and long-term should be anticipated for health care providers to alleviate their fear and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Shu Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Chen
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Wuhan, USA
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Beijing, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Xiang Yang
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Guo
- School of Nursing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Archibong V, Usman IM, Kasozi KI, Aigbogun EO, Josiah I, Monima AL, Ssebuufu R, Chekwech G, Terkimbi SD, Owoisinke O, Mbiydzenyuy NE, Adeoye A, Aruwa JO, Afodun AM, Odoma S, Ssempijja F, Ayikobua ET, Ayuba JT, Nankya V, Onongha C, Henry S, Matama K, Yusuf H, Nalugo H, MacLeod E, Welburn SC. Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown. Front Public Health 2021; 9:590458. [PMID: 34956994 PMCID: PMC8695878 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents. Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015). Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Archibong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ibe Michael Usman
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ifie Josiah
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ann Lemuel Monima
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Gaudencia Chekwech
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Swase Dominic Terkimbi
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Okon Owoisinke
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Azeez Adeoye
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Joshua Ojodale Aruwa
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Adam Moyosore Afodun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Busitema, Uganda
| | - Saidi Odoma
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - John Tabakwot Ayuba
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Viola Nankya
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Comfort Onongha
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Sussan Henry
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kevin Matama
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Helen Yusuf
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Halima Nalugo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ewan MacLeod
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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12
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Lee K, Cho Y, Kim D. The Relationship Between Depression, Perceived Social Support, and Suicide Risk in Natural Disaster Survivors. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2021; 31:442-448. [PMID: 38765650 PMCID: PMC11079662 DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2021.21082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Natural disasters often cause a wide array of post-traumatic psychological difficulties among survivors. Increased suicide risk was recently added to the list of lingering traumatic reactions that interfere with natural disaster survivors' adjustment and recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological symptoms, perceived social support, and the risk of suicide among natural disaster survivors in Korea. Methods A total of 451 Korean national disaster survivors participated in this study. Their depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms, perceived social support, and suicide risk were measured. The participants were classified into three groups (minimal, low, and high suicide risk), and the psychosocial factors of the three groups were compared. Results The risk of suicide increased with the severity of depressive symptoms and decreased as social support (particularly family support) increased. Depressive symptoms were identified as the most potent predictor of suicidality. Conclusion Several psychosocial factors, particularly depressive symptoms, may have an impact on suicide risk in natural disaster survivors. Therefore, it is essential to focus on their depressive symptoms when assessing and treating natural disaster survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kounseok Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrae Cho
- Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lucchetti G, Góes LG, Amaral SG, Ganadjian GT, Andrade I, Almeida PODA, do Carmo VM, Manso MEG. Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2021; 67:672-679. [PMID: 33135559 PMCID: PMC7649649 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020970996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that religiosity and spirituality (R/S) are highly used in critical moments of life and that these beliefs are associated with clinical outcomes. However, further studies are needed to assess these beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic. AIMS To evaluate the use of R/S during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and to investigate the association between R/S and the mental health consequences of social isolation. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted in May 2020. Online surveys were carried out assessing sociodemographics, R/S measures, and social isolation characteristics and mental health consequences (hopefulness, fear, worrying and sadness). Adjusted regression models were used. RESULTS A total of 485 participants were included from all regions of Brazil. There was a high use of religious and spiritual beliefs during the pandemic and this use was associated with better mental health outcomes. Lower levels of worrying were associated with greater private religious activities (OR = 0.466, CI 95%: 0.307-0.706), religious attendance (OR = 0.587, CI 95%: 0.395-0.871), spiritual growth (OR = 0.667, CI 95%: 0.448-0.993) and with an increase in religious activities (OR = 0.660, CI 95%: 0.442-0.986); lower levels of fear were associated with greater private religious activities (OR = 0.632, CI 95%: 0.422-0.949) and spiritual growth (OR = 0.588, CI 95%: 0.392-0.882) and, lower levels of sadness (OR = 0.646, CI 95%: 0.418-0.997) were associated with spiritual growth. Finally, hope was associated with all R/S variables in different degrees (ranging from OR = 1.706 to 3.615). CONCLUSIONS R/S seem to have an important role on the relief of suffering, having an influence on health outcomes and minimizing the consequences of social isolation. These results highlight the importance of public health measures that ensure the continuity of R/S activities during the pandemic and the training of healthcare professionals to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Lucchetti
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle Andrade
- School of Medicine, São Camilo University Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Longitudinal Study of Hurricane Preparedness Behaviors: Influence of Collective Efficacy. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1046-1052. [PMID: 33719999 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Community characteristics, such as collective efficacy, a measure of community strength, can affect behavioral responses following disasters. We measured collective efficacy 1 month before multiple hurricanes in 2005, and assessed its association to preparedness 9 months following the hurricane season. METHODS Participants were 631 Florida Department of Health workers who responded to multiple hurricanes in 2004 and 2005. They completed questionnaires that were distributed electronically approximately 1 month before (6.2005-T1) and 9 months after (6.2006-T2) several storms over the 2005 hurricane season. Collective efficacy, preparedness behaviors, and socio-demographics were assessed at T1, and preparedness behaviors and hurricane-related characteristics (injury, community-related damage) were assessed at T2. Participant ages ranged from 21-72 (M(SD) = 48.50 (10.15)), and the majority were female (78%). RESULTS In linear regression models, univariate analyses indicated that being older (B = 0.01, SE = 0.003, P < 0.001), White (B = 0.22, SE = 0.08, P < 0.01), and married (B = 0.05, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001) was associated with preparedness following the 2005 hurricanes. Multivariate analyses, adjusting for socio-demographics, preparedness (T1), and hurricane-related characteristics (T2), found that higher collective efficacy (T1) was associated with preparedness after the hurricanes (B = 0.10, SE = 0.03, P < 0.01; and B = 0.47, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION Programs enhancing collective efficacy may be a significant part of prevention practices and promote preparedness efforts before disasters.
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Hernandez-Tejada MA, Skojec T, Frook G, Steedley M, Davidson TM. Addressing the psychological impact of elder mistreatment: Community-based training partnerships and telehealth-delivered interventions. J Elder Abuse Negl 2021; 33:96-106. [PMID: 33480307 DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2021.1876578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a two-pronged approach to addressing elder abuse in community-residing older adults. Part 1 of the program involves briefly training community healthcare providers to screen for elder abuse and refer for services; Part 2 is an intervention program that addresses mental health impacts of elder abuse in a non-stigmatizing, non-threatening manner, and leverages telehealth for greater reach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Skojec
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gabrielle Frook
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mara Steedley
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Tatiana M Davidson
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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16
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Runkle JD, Michael KD, Stevens SE, Sugg MM. Quasi-experimental evaluation of text-based crisis patterns in youth following Hurricane Florence in the Carolinas, 2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141702. [PMID: 32861078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Crisis text lines have proven to be an effective and low-cost means for delivering texting-based mental health support to youth. Yet there has been limited research examining the use of these services in capturing the psychological impact on youth affected by a weather-related disaster. OBJECTIVE This ecologic study examined changes in help-seeking behavior for adolescents and young adults in North and South Carolina, USA, before and after Hurricane Florence (2018). DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOMES A retrospective, interrupted time-series design was used to examine pre- and post-hurricane changes in crisis text volume among youth help seekers in the Carolinas for the following outcomes: (1) text for any reason; (2) stress & anxiety; (3) depression; and (4) suicidal thoughts. RESULTS Results showed an immediate and sustained increase in crisis texts for stress/anxiety and suicidal thoughts in the six weeks following Florence. Overall, an immediate 15% increase in crisis texts for anxiety/stress (SE = 0.05, p = .005) and a 17% increase in suicidal thoughts (SE = 0.07, p = .02) occurred during the week of the storm. Text volume for anxiety/stress increased 17% (SE = 0.08, p = .005) and 23% for suicidal ideation (SE = 0.08, p = .01) in the 6-week post-hurricane period. Finally, forecast models revealed observed text volume for all mental health outcomes was higher than expected in the 6 weeks post-Florence. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A low-cost, crisis texting platform provided 24/7 mental health support available to young people in the Carolinas impacted by Hurricane Florence. These findings highlight a new application for text-based crisis support services to address the mental health consequences in youth following a weather-related disaster, as well as the potential for these types of crisis platforms to measure situational awareness in impacted communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, United States of America.
| | - Kurt D Michael
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, P.O. Box 32066, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
| | - Scott E Stevens
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, United States of America
| | - Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, P.O. Box 32066, Boone, NC 28608, United States of America
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Longitudinal associations between adolescents' trajectory membership of depressive symptoms and suicidality in young adulthood: a 10-year cohort of Chinese Wenchuan earthquake survivors. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29:e175. [PMID: 33070799 PMCID: PMC7681160 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796020000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies regarding associations between depressive symptoms and suicidality (suicidal ideation, plans and attempts) have usually employed a variable-centred approach, without considering the individual variance in time-varying changes of depressive symptoms. Through 10-year follow-up of a large cohort of Chinese adolescents exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, this study examined whether individual variance in depressive symptoms during the early phases post-earthquake could generate different suicidality outcomes in young adulthood. METHODS A total of 1357 Chinese adolescents exposed to the Wenchuan earthquake were surveyed on depressive symptoms and other variables at 6, 18 and 30 months post-earthquake. In total, 799 participants responded to the 10-year follow-up and completed an online survey covering suicidality and other variables. The analytic sample was 744 participants who had valid data on depressive symptoms and suicidality. Data were analysed using logistic regressions. RESULTS Prevalence estimates of past-year suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts measured at 10 years post-earthquake were found to be 10.8%, 7.3% and 3.0%, respectively. Five trajectories of depressive symptoms were classified: resistance (54.4%), chronicity (13.3%), recovery (10.4%), delayed dysfunction (12.0%) and relapsing/remitting (10.0%). After controlling for covariates, whole-sample regressions revealed only the relapsing/remitting depressive trajectory remained significantly predictive of suicidality. Moreover, males not females in the chronic group were more likely to have suicide plans. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of detecting disaster survivors with different trajectories of mental status and providing with them individualised and effective mental health services, to decrease their risk of suicidality in the future.
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Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim JM. The Impact of Community Disaster Trauma: A Focus on Emerging Research of PTSD and Other Mental Health Outcomes. Chonnam Med J 2020; 56:99-107. [PMID: 32509556 PMCID: PMC7250671 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2020.56.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews community residents' mental health following exposure to a community disaster trauma, with a focus on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health outcomes, such as emotional disorders, behavioral problems including addictive disorders, and personality as a maladaptive trait. This review concludes with recommendations to advance the field of community disaster research by exploring how natural and man-made disasters impact community residents across multiple domains. Moreover, this study suggests that residents impacted by community disaster trauma are frequently appropriate targets for mental health assessments or services in a community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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19
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Making and Receiving Offers of Help on Social Media Following Disaster Predict Posttraumatic Growth but not Posttraumatic Stress. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 15:484-490. [PMID: 32349839 PMCID: PMC8532121 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Social media provides an opportunity to engage in social contact and to give and receive help by means of online social networks. Social support following trauma exposure, even in a virtual community, may reduce feelings of helplessness and isolation, and, therefore, reduce posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS), and increase posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current study aimed to assess whether giving and/or receiving offers of help by means of social media following large community fires predicted PTS and/or PTG. Methods: A convenience sample of 212 adults living in communities that were affected by large-scale community fires in Israel (November 2016) completed questionnaires on giving and receiving offers of help by means of social media within 1 mo of the fire (W1), and the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and PTG questionnaire (PTGI-SF), 4 mo after the fire (W2). Results: Regression analyses showed that, after controlling for age, gender, and distance from fire, offering help by means of social media predicted higher PTG (β = 0.22; t = 3.18; P < 0.01), as did receiving offers of help by means of social media (β = 0.18; t = 2.64; P < 0.01). There were no significant associations between giving and/or receiving offers of help and PTS. Conclusions: Connecting people to social media networks may help in promoting posttraumatic growth, although might not impact on posttraumatic symptoms. This is one of the first studies to highlight empirically the advantages of social media in the aftermath of trauma exposure.
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20
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Wang Y, Xu J, Lu Y. Associations among trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. J Affect Disord 2020; 264:407-413. [PMID: 31791678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently occurs in survivors of natural disasters, while symptom of depression is related mostly to interpersonal trauma. These conditions are highly correlated and strongly impact adolescent quality of life. This study aimed to explore the relationship among trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and/or depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan (China) earthquake. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 2921 adolescents in the Longmenshan seismic fault zone was conducted three years after the Lushan earthquake. Participants were evaluated using the Earthquake Experience Scale, the Adolescent Self-rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC), the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13), and the Depression Self-Rating Scale (KADS-6). Stepwise regression was used to explore relationships between trauma exposure and PTSD or depression symptoms. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between PTSD and depression symptoms, with a 10.7% comorbidity. Earthquake-related exposure, negative life events, prior exposure to the 2008 Wenchuan (China) earthquake, and being left behind by parents all contributed to PTSD and depressive symptoms. Earthquake exposures contributed mainly to PTSD symptoms, while interpersonal traumas contributed mainly to depression symptoms. CONCLUSION PTSD and depression symptoms strongly correlate in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake. The high comorbidity between PTSD and depression symptoms may reflect shared risk factors. Natural disasters are more likely to cause PTSD symptoms, while interpersonal traumas are more likely to cause depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Business School, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Business School, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Business School, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Institute of Emergency Management and Reconstruction in Post-disaster, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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21
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Grattan LM, Lindsay A, Liang Y, Kilmon KA, Cohen S, Irani T, Morris JG. The Short- and Long-Term Impacts of Hurricane Irma on Florida Agricultural Leaders as Early Emergency Responders: The Importance of Workplace Stability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031050. [PMID: 32046012 PMCID: PMC7038044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of hurricane-related disasters in agricultural communities include extensive losses of fields, orchards, and livestock, the recovery of which could span many years. Agricultural Extension Agents (EAs) try to manage and mitigate these losses, while simultaneously overseeing emergency shelter operations. These non-professional emergency responders face numerous potential stressors, the outcomes of which are minimally known. This study examined the short- and long-term medical and behavioral outcome of 36 University of Florida Agricultural Extension Agents within two months and one year after Hurricane Irma, Florida, USA, taking into consideration personal/home and work-related hurricane impacts. Regression analyses indicated that combined home and work hurricane impacts were associated with greater anxiety, depression, and medical symptoms controlling for age and number of prior hurricane experiences within two months of landfall. One year later, depression symptoms increased as well as the use of negative disengagement coping strategies for which stability of the work environment was protective. The findings suggest that advanced training in emergency response, organization and time management skills, time off and temporary replacement for personally impacted EAs, and workplace stability, including enhanced continuity of operations plans, represent critical elements of health prevention and early intervention for this occupational group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Grattan
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Lindsay
- Department of Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.L.); (T.I.)
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Kelsey A. Kilmon
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Scott Cohen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Tracy Irani
- Department of Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.L.); (T.I.)
| | - John Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, FL University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Wang Z, Wu X, Dai W, Kaminga AC, Wu X, Pan X, Liu Z, Wen S, Hu S, Liu A. The Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Survivors After a Typhoon or Hurricane: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2019; 13:1065-1073. [PMID: 31204633 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2019.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder, which could be caused by traumatic events. The prevalence of PTSD among survivors after a typhoon or hurricane varied widely. Therefore, this study aimed to determine a combined prevalence of PTSD among survivors after a typhoon or hurricane. A systematic search of literature was performed in the 3 English databases: PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), ISI Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), and Embase (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Also, a similar search was performed in the 2 Chinese databases such as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and WanFang. Loney et al.'s criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the selected articles for this study. The combined prevalence of PTSD among the study population was estimated using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation method. Subgroup analyses and a meta-regression analysis were carried out to explore the origin of heterogeneity. Thirty-nine eligible articles were included in this study. They comprised 43 123 typhoon and hurricane survivors of which 9373 were diagnosed with PTSD. The combined prevalence of PTSD among this population was 17.81%. Subgroup analyses revealed that the combined prevalence of PTSD related to typhoon and hurricane Categories 5, 4, and 2 showing a corresponding decreasing tendency. About 18% of people who experienced a severe typhoon or hurricane develop PTSD with the prevalence decreasing with reduced severity of the typhoon or hurricane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Atipatsa C Kaminga
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Mathematics, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiwu Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- OMNI Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health, and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hunan, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Promoting Integrated Mental Health Care Services in Disaster Response Programs: Lessons Learned After the Impact of Hurricane María in Puerto Rico. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2019; 14:130-138. [PMID: 31429397 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2019.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Meteorological and even human-made disasters are increasing every year in frequency and magnitude. The passage of a disaster affects a society without distinction, but groups with social vulnerability (low socioeconomic status, chronic medical, or psychological conditions, limited access to resources) face the most significant impact. As a result, psychological and behavioral symptoms (eg, depression and anxiety) can ensue, making the immediate response of mental health services crucial. Secondary data from a database of a temporary healthcare unit were analyzed. A total of 54 records were reviewed to collect information; univariate and bivariate analyses were done. The purpose of this article is to present our experience regarding the incorporation of a mental health services model, with its respective benefits and challenges, into a temporary healthcare unit, after Hurricane Maria in 2017.
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The Prevalence of PTSD Symptoms and Depressive Symptoms and Related Predictors in Children and Adolescents 3 Years After the Ya'an Earthquake. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:300-307. [PMID: 30302576 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and depressive symptoms in teenage survivors three years after the Ya'an earthquake to assess the differences between left-behind (LBC) and non-left-behind (non-LBC) children, and to explore predictors for PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms. The participants were assessed using children's revised impact of event scale (CRIES) and short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ), after which t tests, Chi square tests, and a multivariate logistic regression were conducted to examine the differences in the LBC and identify the associated predictors. It was found that the PTSD and depressive symptom prevalences were 13.10% and 20.75%, with the LBC having a significantly higher prevalence than the non-LBC. The PTSD and depression symptoms tended to be highly comorbid (r = .52, p < .001). Being female, being aged less than 15, having siblings, being an LBC, and having higher exposure were found to be associated with PTSD and depressive symptoms.
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Bunnell BE, Davidson TM, Winkelmann JR, Maples-Keller JL, Ridings LE, Dahne J, Fakhry SM, Ruggiero KJ. Implementation and Utility of an Automated Text Messaging System to Facilitate Symptom Self-Monitoring and Identify Risk for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Trauma Center Patients. Telemed J E Health 2019; 25:1198-1206. [PMID: 30730263 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2018.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Introduction: Comprehensive monitoring and follow-up after traumatic injury is important for psychological recovery. However, scalable services to facilitate this are limited. Automated text message-based symptom self-monitoring (SSM) may be a feasible approach. This study examined its implementation and utility in identifying patients at risk for mental health difficulties after traumatic injury. Materials and Methods: Five hundred two patients admitted to a Level I trauma center between June 20, 2016 and July 31, 2017 were offered enrollment in a text message-based SSM service. Patients who enrolled received daily text message prompts over 30 days and most participated in a mental health screening 30 days postbaseline. Results: Approximately 67% of patients enrolled in the service; of these, 58% responded to the text messages, with an average response rate of 53%. Younger patients and those with elevated peritraumatic distress were more likely to enroll. Patients with higher levels of mental health stigma, who were White, or had been in a motor vehicle collision were more likely to enroll and respond to text messages once enrolled. Patients' daily ratings of distress detected clinically elevated 30-day mental health screens with high sensitivity (83%) and specificity (70%). Discussion and Conclusions: Text message-based SSM can be implemented as a clinical service in Level I trauma centers, and patient participation may increase engagement in mental health follow-up. Further, it can inform the use of risk assessments in practice, which can be used to identify patients with poor psychological recovery who require additional screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Bunnell
- Biomedical Informatics Center, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tatiana M Davidson
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jennifer R Winkelmann
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica L Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leigh E Ridings
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jennifer Dahne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Samir M Fakhry
- Synergy Surgicalists, Reston Hospital Center, Reston, Virginia
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mental Distress Following the 2004 and 2005 Florida Hurricanes. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2019; 13:44-52. [PMID: 30616708 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Community characteristics, such as perceived collective efficacy, a measure of community strength, can affect mental health outcomes following disasters. We examined the association of perceived collective efficacy with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and frequent mental distress (14 or more mentally unhealthy days in the past month) following exposure to the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons. METHODS Participants were 1486 Florida Department of Health workers who completed anonymous questionnaires that were distributed electronically 9 months after the 2005 hurricane season. Participant ages ranged from 20 to 79 years (mean, 48; SD, 10.7), and the majority were female (79%), white (75%), and currently married (64%). Fifty percent had a BA/BS degree or higher. RESULTS In 2 separate logistic regression models, each adjusted for individual sociodemographics, community socioeconomic characteristics, individual injury/damage, and community storm damage, lower perceived collective efficacy was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of having PTSD (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96), and lower collective efficacy was significantly associated with frequent mental distress (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Programs enhancing community collective efficacy may be a significant part of prevention practices and possibly lead to a reduction in the rate of PTSD and persistent distress postdisaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:44-52).
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Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescent earthquake victims: comorbidity and associated sleep-disturbing factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2018; 53:1241-1251. [PMID: 30109368 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-018-1576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and their comorbidity and correlation with sleep problems among adolescent survivors 3 years after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. METHODS A representative sample of 6132 adolescent students was analysed from 11 primary and high schools in the three counties most severely affected by the earthquake. Students were invited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. RESULTS Three years after this major earthquake, 1-month prevalence of mental health problems was 13.1% for PTSD, 37.3% for anxiety, and 19.8% for depression. Among the participants who reported PTSD, 71.5% also reported anxiety, and 49.7% also reported depression. At least half of those with any type of mental health problem reported concurrent sleeping problems. Specific sleep risk factors were independently associated with increased risk of PTSD, depression or anxiety. Girls were more likely than boys to exhibit symptoms of PTSD, depression or anxiety. Older adolescents were more likely to have depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems are prevalent with high comorbidity and are associated with sleep-related problems among adolescent survivors, even years after the occurrence of a major earthquake. Nightmares and difficulty initiating sleep are independently associated with PTSD. Insufficient sleep is independently associated with anxiety and depression. Sleep-related problems may be effective targets of preventive interventions, which may need to be optimised for gender and age.
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Sands LP, Xie Y, Pruchno R, Heid A, Hong Y. Older Adults' Health Care Utilization a Year After Experiencing Fear or Distress from Hurricane Sandy. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2018; 12:578-581. [PMID: 29397807 PMCID: PMC6077111 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether self-reports of disaster-related psychological distress predict older adults' health care utilization during the year after Hurricane Sandy, which hit New Jersey on October 29, 2012. METHODS Respondents were from the ORANJ BOWL Study, a random-digit dialed sample from New Jersey recruited from 2006 to 2008. Medicare hospital, emergency department (ED) and outpatient claims data from 2012 and 2013 were matched to 1607 people age 65 and older in 2012 who responded to follow-up surveys conducted from July 2013 to July 2015 to determine their hurricane-related experiences. RESULTS In total, 7% (107) of respondents reported they experienced a lot versus 93% (1493) respondents reported they experienced little or no fear and distress from Hurricane Sandy. Those who experienced a lot versus little or no fear and distress had higher probability of all-cause hospital admissions and more ED visits through 3 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.03-4.63; incidence ratio [IR]: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.21-5.35), and ED and outpatient visits (IR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.44-3.37; IR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.02-1.87) through the year after the hurricane. CONCLUSIONS A self-reported assessment of disaster-related psychological distress is a strong predictor of older adults' health care needs the year after the disaster. The results indicate that disaster preparedness should extend beyond acute health care needs to address longer-term health consequences of disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:578-581).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimeng Xie
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Rachel Pruchno
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey
| | - Allison Heid
- New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey
| | - Yili Hong
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Prevalence and predictors of PTSD and depression among adolescent victims of the Summer 2016 tornado in Yancheng City. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:777-781. [PMID: 30201208 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in the adolescents who experienced the 2016 Yancheng tornado 3 months ago, as well as to analyze the related risk factors. A total of 247 tornado adolescent survivors were recruited to complete child PTSD symptom scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. Results showed that 57.5% and 58.7% of the participants reported suspected symptoms of PTSD and depression respectively. PTSD is highly comorbid with depression. Risk factors of these two disorders were age and tornado exposure. Finally, the implications of intervention and prevention of mental health problems among adolescents who experienced tornado were discussed.
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Agyapong VIO, Hrabok M, Juhas M, Omeje J, Denga E, Nwaka B, Akinjise I, Corbett SE, Moosavi S, Brown M, Chue P, Greenshaw AJ, Li XM. Prevalence Rates and Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms in Residents of Fort McMurray Six Months After a Wildfire. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 30108527 PMCID: PMC6079280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fort McMurray wildfire was the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with far-reaching impacts. The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence and risk factors of elevated generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptomatology in residents of Fort McMurray 6 months after the wildfire. Data were collected via random selection procedures from 486 participants. Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms were measured via the GAD-7. The 1-month prevalence rate for GAD symptomatology 6 months after the disaster was 19.8% overall, regression analyses revealed six variables with significant unique contributions to prediction of GAD symptomatology. Significant predictors were: pre-existing anxiety disorder, witnessing of homes being destroyed by the wildfire, living in a different home after the wildfire, receiving limited governmental support or limited family support, and receiving counseling after the wildfire. Participants with these risk factors were between two to nearly seven times more likely to present with GAD symptomatology. In addition, participants who presented with elevated symptomatology were more likely to increase use or problematically use substances post-disaster. This study extends the literature on mental health conditions and risk factors following disasters, specifically in the area of generalized anxiety. Findings and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent I. O. Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianne Hrabok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michal Juhas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joy Omeje
- Department of Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada
| | - Edward Denga
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bernard Nwaka
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Idowu Akinjise
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Corbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Northern Lights Regional Health Centre, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada
| | - Shahram Moosavi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pierre Chue
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Addiction and Mental Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Zhong S, Yang L, Toloo S, Wang Z, Tong S, Sun X, Crompton D, FitzGerald G, Huang C. The long-term physical and psychological health impacts of flooding: A systematic mapping. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:165-194. [PMID: 29339262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flooding has caused significant and wide ranging long-term health impacts for affected populations. However, until now, the long-term health outcomes, epidemiological trends and specific impact factors of flooding had not been identified. In this study, the relevant literature was systematically mapped to create the first synthesis of the evidence of the long-term health impacts of flooding. METHODS The systematic mapping method was used to collect and categorize all the relevant literature. A study was included if it had a description or measurement of health impacts over six months after flooding. The search was limited to peer reviewed articles and grey literature written in English, published from 1996 to 2016. RESULTS A total of 56 critical articles were extracted for the final map, including 5 qualitative and 51 quantitative studies. Most long-term studies investigated the psychological impacts of flooding, including PTSD, depression, anxiety, psychiatric disorders, sleep disorder and suicide. Others investigated the physiological impacts, including health-related quality of life, acute myocardial infarction, chronic diseases, and malnutrition. Social support was proved to be protective factors that can improve health outcomes in the long-term after flooding. To date, there have been relatively few reviews had focused on the long-term health impacts of flooding. This study coded and catalogued the existing evidence across a wide range of variables and described the long-term health consequences within a conceptual map. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although there was no boundary between the short-term and the long-term impacts of flooding, the identified health outcomes in this systematic mapping could be used to define long-term health impacts. The studies showed that the prevalence of psychological diseases had a reversed increasing trend occurred even in the long-term in relatively poor post-flooding environments. Further cohort or longitudinal research focused on disability, chronic diseases, relocation population, and social interventions after flooding, are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhong
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research, School of Government, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianping Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sam Toloo
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhe Wang
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shilu Tong
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - David Crompton
- Metro South Mental Health District, Sanders Street, Upper Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerard FitzGerald
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Cunrui Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Goenjian AK, Khachadourian V, Armenian H, Demirchyan A, Steinberg AM. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 23 Years After the 1988 Spitak Earthquake in Armenia. J Trauma Stress 2018. [PMID: 29513918 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This population-based longitudinal study examined the rates and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 725 differentially exposed survivors of the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia, 23 years after the event. Participants had been previously evaluated in 1991. Evaluations included assessment of current PTSD (based on DSM-5 criteria), and a variety of potential risk and protective factors. For the whole sample, the rate of PTSD attributed to the earthquake decreased from 48.7% in 1991 to 11.6% in 2012 (p < .001). A "dose of exposure" pattern persisted, and 15.7% of participants who were in Spitak (high exposure) and 6.6% of participants who were in Kirovagan (low exposure) during the earthquake met the criteria for PTSD (p = .003). Additionally, in 2012, another 9.9% of participants met PTSD criteria due to post-earthquake traumas, which is a 5-fold increase from pre- to postearthquake (p < . 001). Factors positively associated with PTSD included earthquake-related job loss, exposure to post-earthquake traumas, depression at baseline, and chronic illness since the earthquake. Factors inversely associated with PTSD included housing assistance within two years after the earthquake, support of family and/or friends, and to a lesser degree, higher education and high living standard. These variables accounted for 23.1% of the variance in current PTSD severity scores. These findings indicate that PTSD rates subside significantly after a catastrophic disaster, although earthquake-related PTSD persists among a subgroup of exposed individuals. Predictors of PTSD identified in this study provide guidance for planning acute and longer-term postdisaster public mental health recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen K Goenjian
- UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vahe Khachadourian
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haroutune Armenian
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anahit Demirchyan
- American University of Armenia Center for Health Services Research and Development, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Alan M Steinberg
- UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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The Influence of Exposure to Natural Disasters on Depression and PTSD Symptoms among Firefighters. Prehosp Disaster Med 2017; 33:102-108. [PMID: 29223176 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x17007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Firefighters represent an important population for understanding the consequences of exposure to potentially traumatic stressors. Hypothesis/Problem The researchers were interested in the effects of pre-employment disaster exposure on firefighter recruits' depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms during the first three years of fire service and hypothesized that: (1) disaster-exposed firefighters would have greater depression and PTSD symptoms than non-exposed overall; and (2) depression and PTSD symptoms would worsen over years in fire service in exposed firefighters, but not in their unexposed counterparts. METHODS In a baseline interview, 35 male firefighter recruits from seven US cities reported lifetime exposure to natural disaster. These disaster-exposed male firefighter recruits were matched on age, city, and education with non-exposed recruits. RESULTS A generalized linear mixed model revealed a significant exposure×time interaction (e coef =1.04; P<.001), such that depression symptoms increased with time for those with pre-employment disaster exposure only. This pattern persisted after controlling for social support from colleagues (e coefficient=1.05; P<.001), social support from families (e coefficient=1.04; P=.001), and on-the-job trauma exposure (coefficient=0.06; e coefficient=1.11; P<.001). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms did not vary significantly between exposure groups at baseline (P=.61). CONCLUSION Depression symptoms increased with time for those with pre-employment disaster exposure only, even after controlling for social support. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms did not vary between exposure groups. Pennington ML , Carpenter TP , Synett SJ , Torres VA , Teague J , Morissette SB , Knight J , Kamholz BW , Keane TM , Zimering RT , Gulliver SB . The influence of exposure to natural disasters on depression and PTSD symptoms among firefighters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):102-108.
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Feeley N, Hayton B, Gold I, Zelkowitz P. A comparative prospective cohort study of women following childbirth: Mothers of low birthweight infants at risk for elevated PTSD symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2017; 101:24-30. [PMID: 28867420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Feeley
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Nursing Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Barbara Hayton
- Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ian Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Philosophy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Phyllis Zelkowitz
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Pabayo R, Fuller D, Goldstein RB, Kawachi I, Gilman SE. Income inequality among American states and the conditional risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1195-1204. [PMID: 28667485 PMCID: PMC5937284 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vulnerability to post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic event can be influenced by individual-level as well as contextual factors. Characteristics of the social and economic environment might increase the odds for PTSD after traumatic events occur. One example that has been identified as a potential environmental determinant is income inequality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between State-level income inequality and PTSD among adults who have been exposed to trauma. METHODS We used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 34,653). Structured diagnostic interviews were administered at baseline (2001-2002) and follow-up (2004-2005). Weighted multi-level logistic regression was used to determine if US State-level income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was associated with incident episodes of PTSD during the study's 3-year follow-up period adjusting for individual and state-level covariates. RESULTS The mean Gini coefficient across states in the NESARC was 0.44 (SD = 0.02) and ranged from 0.39 to 0.53. Of the respondents, 27,638 reported exposure to a traumatic event. Of this sample, 6.9 and 2.3% experienced persistent or recurrent and incident PTSD, respectively. State-level inequality was not associated with increased odds for persistent or recurrent PTSD (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.85, 1.22), but was associated with incident PTSD (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.04, 1.63). CONCLUSION The degree of income inequality in one's state of residence is associated with vulnerability to PTSD among individuals exposed to traumatic events. Additional work is needed to determine if this association is causal (or alternatively, is explained by other socio-contextual factors associated with income inequality), and if so, what anxiogenic mechanisms explain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pabayo
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Daniel Fuller
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation
| | - Risë B. Goldstein
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Stephen E. Gilman
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences,Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology
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Xie Z, Xu J, Wu Z. Mental health problems among survivors in hard-hit areas of the 5.12 Wenchuan and 4.20 Lushan earthquakes. J Ment Health 2017; 26:43-49. [PMID: 28084103 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2016.1276525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earthquake exposure has often been associated with psychological distress. However, little is known about the cumulative effect of exposure to two earthquakes on psychological distress and in particular, the effect on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression disorders. AIMS This study explored the effect of exposure on mental health outcomes after a first earthquake and again after a second earthquake. METHODS A population-based mental health survey using self-report questionnaires was conducted on 278 people in the hard-hit areas of Lushan and Baoxing Counties 13-16 months after the Wenchuan earthquake (Sample 1). 191 of these respondents were evaluated again 8-9 months after the Lushan earthquake (Sample 2), which struck almost 5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. RESULTS In Sample 1, the prevalence rates for PTSD, anxiety and depression disorders were 44.53, 54.25 and 51.82%, respectively, and in Sample 2 the corresponding rates were 27.27, 38.63 and 36.93%. Females, the middle-aged, those of Tibetan nationality, and people who reported fear during the earthquake were at an increased risk of experiencing post-traumatic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of PTSD, anxiety and depression disorders decreased from Sample 1 to Sample 2, the cumulative effect of exposure to two earthquakes on mental health problems was serious in the hard-hit areas. Therefore, it is important that psychological counseling be provided for earthquake victims, and especially those exposed to multiple earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtang Xie
- a School of Business, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- a School of Business, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- a School of Business, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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Shultz JM, Cela T, Marcelin LH, Espinola M, Heitmann I, Sanchez C, Jean Pierre A, Foo CY, Thompson K, Klotzbach P, Espinel Z, Rechkemmer A. The trauma signature of 2016 Hurricane Matthew and the psychosocial impact on Haiti. DISASTER HEALTH 2016; 3:121-138. [PMID: 28321360 DOI: 10.1080/21665044.2016.1263538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Hurricane Matthew was the most powerful tropical cyclone of the 2016 Atlantic Basin season, bringing severe impacts to multiple nations including direct landfalls in Cuba, Haiti, Bahamas, and the United States. However, Haiti experienced the greatest loss of life and population disruption. Methods. An established trauma signature (TSIG) methodology was used to examine the psychological consequences of Hurricane Matthew in relation to the distinguishing features of this event. TSIG analyses described the exposures of Haitian citizens to the unique constellation of hazards associated with this tropical cyclone. A hazard profile, a matrix of psychological stressors, and a "trauma signature" summary for the affected population of Haiti - in terms of exposures to hazard, loss, and change - were created specifically for this natural ecological disaster. Results. Hazard characteristics of this event included: deluging rains that triggered mudslides along steep, deforested terrain; battering hurricane winds (Category 4 winds in the "eye-wall" at landfall) that dismantled the built environment and launched projectile debris; flooding "storm surge" that moved ashore and submerged villages on the Tiburon peninsula; and pummeling wave action that destroyed infrastructure along the coastline. Many coastal residents were left defenseless to face the ravages of the storm. Hurricane Matthew's slow forward progress as it remained over super-heated ocean waters added to the duration and degree of the devastation. Added to the havoc of the storm itself, the risks for infectious disease spread, particularly in relation to ongoing epidemics of cholera and Zika, were exacerbated. Conclusions. Hurricane Matthew was a ferocious tropical cyclone whose meteorological characteristics amplified the system's destructive force during the storm's encounter with Haiti, leading to significant mortality, injury, and psychological trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shultz
- Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Toni Cela
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Louis Herns Marcelin
- Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development (INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Social Sciences, Department of Anthropology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Maria Espinola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kip Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Clinical Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Zelde Espinel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and Jackson Memorial Hospital , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andreas Rechkemmer
- Graduate School of Social Work (GSSW), University of Denver , Denver, CO, USA
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Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, Chae JH. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health 2016; 38:e2016048. [PMID: 28196409 PMCID: PMC5177805 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Isolation due to the management of infectious diseases is thought to affect mental health, but the effects are still unknown. We examined the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and anger in persons isolated during the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) epidemic both at isolation period and at four to six months after release from isolation. We also determined risk factors associated with these symptoms at four to six months. METHODS Of 14,992 individuals isolated for 2-week due to having contact with MERS patients in 2015, when MERS was introduced to Korea, 1,692 individuals were included in this study. Anxiety symptoms were evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale and anger was assessed with the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory at four to six months after release from isolation for MERS. RESULTS Of 1,692 who came in contact with MERS patients, 1,656 were not diagnosed with MERS. Among 1,656, anxiety symptoms showed 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3 to 8.9%) and feelings of anger were present in 16.6% (95% CI, 14.8 to 18.4%) during the isolation period. At four to six months after release from isolation, anxiety symptoms were observed in 3.0% (95%CI, 2.2 to 3.9%). Feelings of anger were present in 6.4% (95% CI, 5.2 to 7.6%). Risk factors for experiencing anxiety symptoms and anger at four to six months after release included symptoms related to MERS during isolation, inadequate supplies (food, clothes, accommodation), social networking activities (email, text, Internet), history of psychiatric illnesses, and financial loss. CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems at four to six month after release from isolation might be prevented by providing mental health support to individuals with vulnerable mental health, and providing accurate information as well as appropriate supplies, including food, clothes, and accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong-Jun Song
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Moran Ki
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Min
- Department of Psychiatry, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Juhee Cho
- Cancer Education Center, Samsung Comprehensive Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Cohen JR, Adams ZW, Menon SV, Youngstrom EA, Bunnell BE, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Danielson CK. How should we screen for depression following a natural disaster? An ROC approach to post-disaster screening in adolescents and adults. J Affect Disord 2016; 202:102-9. [PMID: 27259082 PMCID: PMC4947444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study's aim was to provide the foundation for an efficient, empirically based protocol for depression screening following a natural disaster. Utilizing a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analytic approach, the study tested a) what specific disaster-related stressors (i.e., property damage, loss of basic services) and individual-related constructs (i.e., PTSD symptoms, trauma history, social support) conveyed the greatest risk for post-natural disaster depression, b) specific cutoff scores across these measures, and c) whether the significance or cutoff scores for each construct varied between adolescents and adults. METHODS Structured phone-based clinical interviews were conducted with 2000 adolescents who lived through a tornado and 1543 adults who survived a hurricane. RESULTS Findings suggested that in both adolescents and adults, individual-related constructs forecasted greater risk for depressive symptoms following a natural disaster compared to disaster-related stressors. Furthermore, trauma history and PTSD symptoms were particularly strong indicators for adolescent depressive symptoms compared to adult depressive symptoms. Adolescents and adults who reported vulnerable scores for social support, trauma history, and lifetime PTSD symptoms were approximately twice as likely to present as depressed following the natural disaster. LIMITATIONS Findings from the present study were limited to post-disaster assessments and based on self-reported functioning 6-12 months following the natural disaster. CONCLUSIONS The present study synthesizes the extensive body of research on post-disaster functioning by providing a clear framework for which questions may be most important to ask when screening for depression following a natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL,Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820. Charleston, SC 29425; Tel.: (843) 792 0259. Electronic mail may be sent to
| | - Zachary W. Adams
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | - Brian E. Bunnell
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ron Acierno
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Kenneth J. Ruggiero
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Carla Kmett Danielson
- National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Rung AL, Gaston S, Oral E, Robinson WT, Fontham E, Harrington DJ, Trapido E, Peters ES. Depression, Mental Distress, and Domestic Conflict among Louisiana Women Exposed to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the WaTCH Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1429-35. [PMID: 27164620 PMCID: PMC5010393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological sequelae are among the most pronounced effects in populations following exposure to oil spills. Women in particular represent a vulnerable yet influential population but have remained relatively understudied with respect to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS). OBJECTIVE To describe the relationship between oil spill exposure and mental health among women living in the southern coastal Louisiana parishes affected by the DHOS. METHODS The Women and Their Children's Health Study administered telephone interviews to a population-based sample of 2,842 women between 2012 and 2014 following the DHOS. Participants were asked about depression, mental distress, domestic conflict, and exposure to the oil spill. RESULTS Over 28% of the sample reported symptoms of depression, 13% reported severe mental distress, 16% reported an increase in the number of fights with their partners, and 11% reported an increase in the intensity of partner fights. Both economic and physical exposure were significantly associated with depressive symptoms and domestic conflict, whereas only physical exposure was related to mental distress. CONCLUSIONS This large, population-based study of women in southern coastal Louisiana, a particularly disaster-prone area of the country, revealed high rates of poor mental health outcomes. Reported exposure to the DHOS was a significant predictor of these outcomes, suggesting avenues for future disaster mitigation through the provision of mental health services. CITATION Rung AL, Gaston S, Oral E, Robinson WT, Fontham E, Harrington DJ, Trapido E, Peters ES. 2016. Depression, mental distress, and domestic conflict among Louisiana women exposed to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the WaTCH Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1429-1435; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP167.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Harrington
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Kopala-Sibley DC, Danzig AP, Kotov R, Bromet EJ, Carlson GA, Olino TM, Bhatia V, Black SR, Klein DN. Negative emotionality and its facets moderate the effects of exposure to Hurricane Sandy on children's postdisaster depression and anxiety symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 125:471-81. [PMID: 27030993 PMCID: PMC4850107 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to diathesis-stress models, temperament traits such as negative emotionality (NE) may moderate the effects of stressors on the development of symptoms of psychopathology, although little research has tested such models in children. Moreover, there are few data on whether specific facets of NE (sadness, fear, or anger) may specifically moderate the effects of stress on depression versus anxiety. Finally, there is a paucity of research examining whether childhood temperament moderates the effect of disaster exposure on depressive or anxiety symptoms. Hurricane Sandy, which affected many thousands of people in New York State and the surrounding regions in October 2012, offers a unique opportunity to address these gaps. Seven to eight years prior to Hurricane Sandy, 332 children 3 years old completed lab-based measures of NE and its facets. Six years later, when they were 9 years old, each mother rated her child's depressive and anxiety symptoms. Approximately 8 weeks post-Sandy (an average of 1 year after the age 9 assessment), mothers again rated their child's depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as a measure of exposure to stress from Hurricane Sandy. Adjusting for symptom levels at age 9, higher levels of stress from Hurricane Sandy predicted elevated levels of depressive symptoms only in participants with high levels of temperamental sadness and predicted elevated levels of anxiety symptoms only in participants high in temperamental fearfulness. These findings support the role of early childhood temperament as a diathesis for psychopathology and highlight the importance of considering facets of temperament when examining their relationship to psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | | | - Thomas M. Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Vickie Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Sarah R. Black
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Kopala-Sibley DC, Kotov R, Bromet EJ, Carlson GA, Danzig AP, Black SR, Klein DN. Personality diatheses and Hurricane Sandy: effects on post-disaster depression. Psychol Med 2016; 46:865-875. [PMID: 26619902 PMCID: PMC4752928 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to diathesis-stress models, personality traits, such as negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE), may moderate the effects of stressors on the development of depression. However, relatively little empirical research has directly examined whether NE and PE act as diatheses in the presence of stressful life events, and no research has examined whether they moderate the effect of disaster exposure on depressive symptoms. Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest hurricane in US history, offers a unique opportunity to address these gaps. METHOD A total of 318 women completed measures of NE and PE 5 years prior to Hurricane Sandy. They were also assessed for lifetime depressive disorders on two occasions, the latter occurring an average of 1 year before the hurricane. Approximately 8 weeks after the disaster (mean = 8.40, s.d. = 1.48 weeks), participants completed a hurricane stress exposure questionnaire and a measure of current depressive symptoms. RESULTS Adjusting for lifetime history of depressive disorders, higher levels of stress from Hurricane Sandy predicted elevated levels of depressive symptoms, but only in participants with high levels of NE or low levels of PE. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the role of personality in the development of depression and suggest that personality traits can be useful in identifying those most vulnerable to major stressors, including natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kotov
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - E. J. Bromet
- Psychiatry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - G. A. Carlson
- Psychiatry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A. P. Danzig
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - S. R. Black
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D. N. Klein
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Stress and cortisol in disaster evacuees: an exploratory study on associations with social protective factors. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016; 40:33-44. [PMID: 25787070 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Though cumulative emotional and physical effects of disasters may diminish evacuees' short and long-term mental and physical health, social factors may buffer such consequences. We approached survivors of the October 2007 San Diego, California firestorms. We gathered data during the evacuation and 3 months afterward. Questionnaires measured social support as well as PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Saliva samples were used to assess the stress hormone, cortisol. Analyses, adjusting for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, showed PTSD symptoms were associated with flattening of the diurnal cortisol rhythm during evacuation. Secondary analyses showed those reporting a family emphasis on moral and religious values had lower psychological distress. Though anxiety symptoms had significantly decreased in the overall sample at follow-up, blunted cortisol rhythms persisted among those individuals with continued high anxiety. Results highlight a possible psychological, and perhaps a physiological, benefit of social and existential factors in disaster situations. Future work should explore the role of psychosocial factors and stress physiology in the development of long-term health concerns among individuals exposed to disaster.
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Pless Kaiser A, Seligowski A, Spiro III A, Chopra M. Health status and treatment-seeking stigma in older adults with trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 53:391-402. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2015.03.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Danielson CK, Sumner JA, Adams ZW, McCauley JL, Carpenter M, Amstadter AB, Ruggiero KJ. Adolescent Substance Use Following a Deadly U.S. Tornado Outbreak: A Population-Based Study of 2,000 Families. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 46:732-745. [PMID: 26605673 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1079780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite conceptual links between disaster exposure and substance use, few studies have examined prevalence and risk factors for adolescent substance use and abuse in large, population-based samples affected by a recent natural disaster. We addressed this gap using a novel address-based sampling methodology to interview adolescents and parents who were affected by the 4th deadliest tornado outbreak in U.S. HISTORY Postdisaster interviews were conducted with 2,000 adolescent-parent dyads living within a 5-mile radius of the spring 2011 U.S. tornadoes. In addition to descriptive analyses to estimate prevalence, hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine a range of protective and risk factors for substance use and abuse. Approximately 3% reported substance abuse since the tornado. Greater number of prior traumatic events and older age emerged as consistent risk factors across tobacco and alcohol use and substance abuse since the tornado. Tornado incident characteristics, namely, greater loss of services and resources after the tornado and posttraumatic stress disorder since the tornado, were associated with greater alcohol consumption. Service loss increased risk for binge drinking, whereas, for substance abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder increased risk and parent presence during the tornado decreased risk. Greater family tornado exposure was associated with a greater number of cigarettes smoked in female but not male teen participants. Both trauma and non-trauma-related factors are relevant to postdisaster substance abuse among adolescents. Future research should examine the role of broader ecological systems in heightening or curtailing substance use risk for adolescents following disaster exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Kmett Danielson
- a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- b Department of Epidemiology , Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
| | - Zachary W Adams
- a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Jenna L McCauley
- a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Matthew Carpenter
- a Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences , Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- d College of Nursing , Medical University of South Carolina.,e Ralph H. Johnson VAMC
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Zhou X, Song H, Hu M, Li X, Cai Y, Huang G, Li J, Kang L, Li J. Risk factors of severity of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors with physical disabilities one year after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:468-74. [PMID: 26163729 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
On May 12, 2008, a devastating earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan County and surrounding areas in China. This study aimed to assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to evaluate factors of severity of PTSD symptoms among survivors with physical disabilities. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey and recruited 817 survivors with physical disabilities in three stricken areas. Assessment measures included the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Our study showed that 27.42% of the survivors with physical disabilities had PTSD symptoms one year after the Wenchuan earthquake. In the regression model, geographic location, female, suffering from paralysis following the earthquake, and going into a coma in the earthquake were associated with severe PTSD symptoms. Our findings suggest that a substantial proportion of physically disabled survivors of a big earthquake may have severe PTSD symptoms. The associated factors of PTSD identified in our study could inform the implementation of preventive programs for this population and give hint on the way to cope with this kind of disaster in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhou
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third People's Hospital of Mianyang City, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province 621000, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu City, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610000, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Guoping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Third People's Hospital of Mianyang City, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province 621000, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, the Demobilized Veterans' Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chongzhou City, Sichuan Province 611200, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
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Pre-migration Trauma Exposure and Psychological Distress for Asian American Immigrants: Linking the Pre- and Post-migration Contexts. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 18:728-739. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-015-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Forbes D, Alkemade N, Waters E, Gibbs L, Gallagher C, Pattison P, Lusher D, MacDougall C, Harms L, Block K, Snowdon E, Kellet C, Sinnott V, Ireton G, Richardson J, Bryant RA. The role of anger and ongoing stressors in mental health following a natural disaster. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2015; 49:706-13. [PMID: 25586750 DOI: 10.1177/0004867414565478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has established the mental health sequelae following disaster, with studies now focused on understanding factors that mediate these outcomes. This study focused on anger, alcohol, subsequent life stressors and traumatic events as mediators in the development of mental health disorders following the 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires, Australia's worst natural disaster in over 100 years. METHOD This study examined data from 1017 (M = 404, F = 613) adult residents across 25 communities differentially affected by the fires and participating in the Beyond Bushfires research study. Data included measures of fire exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol abuse, anger and subsequent major life stressors and traumatic events. Structural equation modeling assessed the influence of factors mediating the effects of fire exposure on mental health outcomes. RESULTS Three mediation models were tested. The final model recorded excellent fit and observed a direct relationship between disaster exposure and mental health outcomes (b = .192, p < .001) and mediating relationships via Anger (b = .102, p < .001) and Major Life Stressors (b = .128, p < .001). Each gender was compared with multiple group analyses and while the mediation relationships were still significant for both genders, the direct relationship between exposure and outcome was no longer significant for men (p = .069), but remained significant (b = .234, p < .001) for women. CONCLUSIONS Importantly, anger and major life stressors mediate the relationship between disaster exposure and development of mental health problems. The findings have significant implications for the assessment of anger post disaster, the provision of targeted anger-focused interventions and delivery of government and community assistance and support in addressing ongoing stressors in the post-disaster context to minimize subsequent mental health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Forbes
- Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Nathan Alkemade
- Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Colin Gallagher
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Phillipa Pattison
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dean Lusher
- Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Colin MacDougall
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louise Harms
- Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Karen Block
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Elyse Snowdon
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health and Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Connie Kellet
- Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Vikki Sinnott
- Prevention and Population Health Branch, Department of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Greg Ireton
- Health and Human Services Emergency Management, Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Richardson
- Emergency Services, Australian Red Cross, Carlton, Australia
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Martin U. Health after disaster: A perspective of psychological/health reactions to disaster. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1053741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Caramanica K, Brackbill RM, Stellman SD, Farfel MR. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Hurricane Sandy among Persons Exposed to the 9/11 Disaster. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MENTAL HEALTH 2015; 17:356-362. [PMID: 25960693 PMCID: PMC4424196 DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic exposure during a hurricane is associated with adverse mental health conditions post-event. The World Trade Center Health Registry provided a sampling pool for a rapid survey of persons directly affected by Hurricane Sandy in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area in late October 2012. This study evaluated the relationship between Sandy experiences and Sandy-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among individuals previously exposed to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) disaster. METHODS A total of 4,558 surveys were completed from April 10-November 7, 2013. After exclusions for missing data, the final sample included 2,214 (53.5%) respondents from FEMA-defined inundation zones and 1,923 (46.5%) from non-inundation zones. Sandy exposures included witnessing terrible events, Sandy-related injury, fearing for own life or safety of others, evacuation, living in a home that was flooded or damaged, property loss, and financial loss. Sandy-related PTSD was defined as a score of ≥44 on a Sandy-specific PTSD Checklist. RESULTS PTSD prevalence was higher in the inundation zones (11.3%) and lower in the non-inundation zones (4.4%). The highest prevalence of Sandy-related PTSD was among individuals in the inundation zone who sustained an injury (31.2%), reported a history of 9/11-related PTSD (28.8%), or had low social support prior to the event (28.6%). In the inundation zones, significantly elevated adjusted odds of Sandy-related PTSD were observed among persons with a prior history of 9/11-related PTSD, low social support, and those who experienced a greater number of Sandy traumatic events. CONCLUSIONS Sandy-related stress symptoms indicative of PTSD affected a significant proportion of persons who lived in flooded areas of the NYC metropolitan area. Prior 9/11-related PTSD increased the likelihood of Sandy-related PTSD, while social support was protective. Public health preparation for events similar to Sandy should incorporate outreach and linkages to care for persons with prior disaster-related trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven D Stellman
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, USA ; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Mark R Farfel
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, USA
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