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Salehi Z, Motlagh Ghoochani BFN, Hasani Nourian Y, Jamalkandi SA, Ghanei M. The controversial effect of smoking and nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 37264452 PMCID: PMC10234254 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke in many diseases, notably COVID-19 infection, are being debated more frequently. The current basic data for COVID-19 is increasing and indicating the higher risk of COVID-19 infections in smokers due to the overexpression of corresponding host receptors to viral entry. However, current multi-national epidemiological reports indicate a lower incidence of COVID-19 disease in smokers. Current data indicates that smokers are more susceptible to some diseases and more protective of some other. Interestingly, nicotine is also reported to play a dual role, being both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. In the present study, we tried to investigate the effect of pure nicotine on various cells involved in COVID-19 infection. We followed an organ-based systematic approach to decipher the effect of nicotine in damaged organs corresponding to COVID-19 pathogenesis (12 related diseases). Considering that the effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke are different from each other, it is necessary to be careful in generalizing the effects of nicotine and cigarette to each other in the conducted researches. The generalization and the undifferentiation of nicotine from smoke is a significant bias. Moreover, different doses of nicotine stimulate different effects (dose-dependent response). In addition to further assessing the role of nicotine in COVID-19 infection and any other cases, a clever assessment of underlying diseases should also be considered to achieve a guideline for health providers and a personalized approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yazdan Hasani Nourian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kuo CW, Lin CF, Chen CY, Wang RH, Chou CY, Cheng HJ, Wu JS, Chen CW, Shieh CC, Yu T. Body-Weight Gain in Women During Smoking Cessation Is a Sex-Specific Predictor of 6-Month Abstinence: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:872220. [PMID: 35646773 PMCID: PMC9139838 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.872220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSmoking behavior differs between the sexes. Weight control is one of the main reasons leading to tobacco abuse in women but not in men. Studies on the predictive factors of cessation failure between sexes are scarce. This study is aim to investigate whether there are sex differences in the effect of weight gain on smoking cessation rate.MethodsParticipants in the smoking-cessation program at a Medical Center in Taiwan between 2018 and 2019 were included. Details of age, sex, comorbidities, depression screening, nicotine dependence, body weight, and cessation medications of the participants were collected. The participants were classified based on their sex, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed for sensitivity analysis after stratifying the participants according to their weight loss (weight loss ≥ 1.5 kg and weight loss ≥ 3.0 kg).ResultsA total of 1,475 participants were included. The body-weight gain in women was associated with failed abstinence (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 3.10, 95% CI: 1.10–9.04). In contrast, body-weight gain in men was associated with successful 6-month prolonged abstinence (adjusted OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61–0.98). The adjusted ORs for any body-weight loss, body-weight loss ≥1.5 kg, and body-weight loss ≥3.0 kg were 0.28 (95% CI: 0.09–0.88), 0.14 (95% CI: 0.03–0.55), and 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01–0.42), respectively.ConclusionBody-weight gain in women during a hospital-based smoking-cessation program is associated with abstinence failure. Further multicenter studies, including participants of different races and cultural backgrounds, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wei Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Fu Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Health Promotion Association, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Hsueh Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ju Cheng
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Shieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Yu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Tsung Yu
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Balmori A, Macías A, de la Puente MP. Hormonal Differences Between Women and Men, Their Consequences on Addiction to Substances and Considerations on the Therapeutic Approach. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fobian AD, Schiavon S, Elliott L, Stager L, Cropsey KL. Body Mass Index Changes Associated with Smoking are Moderated by Race and Depression. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2021; 31:1115-1123. [PMID: 33416684 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Smoking and obesity relate to several leading causes of death in the U.S. and are common within the criminal justice system. Previous studies demonstrate links between smoking, obesity, depression, and race but have not examined all four variables together. The current study evaluated these relationships after a smoking cessation intervention. Participants (N=500) were recruited from community corrections. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) measured depression. Self-reported number of cigarettes and weight and height measurements assessed smoking status and body mass index (BMI) at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Depression was associated with increased BMI. Among Blacks without depression, there was a significant relationship between smoking and BMI, such that greater smoking reduction was associated with greater weight gain. This is the first study to assess the interaction between race, smoking, BMI and depression. These findings support tailoring smoking cessation and depression interventions for different races.
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Bondolfi C, Taffe P, Augsburger A, Jaques C, Malebranche M, Clair C, Bodenmann P. Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039278. [PMID: 33067292 PMCID: PMC7569938 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is an underappreciated issue in prison medicine. Recent studies have revealed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) among individuals in prison, but the impact of incarceration on CVDRFs over time is not well understood. This review aimed to assess available literature and quantify the relationship between incarceration and trends in major CVDRFs in high-income countries. DESIGN Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-regression on weight change and obesity. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Wiley and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Longitudinal studies reporting on the incidence of, or trends in any CVDRF among current or former people in prison over time, in high-income countries. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two authors independently screened articles for eligibility, extracted data and assessed quality using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Trends in CVDRFs during and following incarceration were summarised and in those with sufficient data a meta-regression was performed. RESULTS Twenty-six articles were identified. CVDRFs assessed included obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. A meta-regression on change in weight during incarceration found a mean increase of 5.3 kg (95% CI 0.5 to 10.1) and change in body mass index of 1.8 kg/m2 (95% CI -0.9 to 4.6) at 2 years. Weight gain appeared most pronounced right after entering prison and then plateaued at 2 years. Concerning hypertension, the results were inconclusive, despite a trend towards rising blood pressure or prevalence of hypertension during incarceration, and an increased incidence of hypertension following incarceration. Results are contradictory or inconclusive for the other CVDRFs reviewed. CONCLUSION Possible explanations for the association between incarceration and weight include a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, forced smoking cessation, psychotropic medication use and high levels of stress. Incarceration may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Bondolfi
- Department of Vulnerable Populations and Social Medicine, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taffe
- Division of Biostatistics, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Augsburger
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | | | - Mary Malebranche
- Department of Vulnerable Populations and Social Medicine, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carole Clair
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bodenmann
- Department of Vulnerable Populations and Social Medicine, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
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Johnson C, Chaput JP, Diasparra M, Richard C, Dubois L. How did the tobacco ban increase inmates' body weight during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries? A cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024552. [PMID: 31315854 PMCID: PMC6661556 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine how inmates' body weight changed during incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries, based on their history of tobacco use. Since tobacco was banned from all Canadian federal penitentiaries in 2008, little is known about the unintended health consequences of this ban, especially on inmates' body weight. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Participants were male and female inmates incarcerated for at least 6 months in Canadian federal penitentiaries. We collected data from 10 institutions in two Canadian regions (Ontario and Atlantic). PARTICIPANTS We collected data from 754 inmates who volunteered to participate in the study. INTERVENTION This study examined weight change in relation to a history of tobacco use. In 2016-2017, anthropometric data were collected and compared with recorded anthropometric data at the beginning of incarceration (mean follow-up of 5.0±8.3 years). Self-reported data on tobacco and substance use were collected. Weight change was compared between inmates with and without a history of tobacco use. OUTCOMES The main outcome measures were body weight change (kg), body mass index (BMI) change (kg/m2), annual weight change (kg/year), and BMI and waist circumference (cm) at the time of the interview. RESULTS During incarceration, ex-smokers gained more than twice the amount of weight compared with non-smokers (7.5 kg weight gain for smokers vs 3.7 kg weight gain for non-smokers). Once adjusted for covariates in a regression analysis, for inmates who gained the most weight (75th and 90th percentiles), non-smokers had, respectively, 1.64 and 2.3 lower BMI points than ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS During incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries, inmates with a history of tobacco use gained significantly more weight than non-smokers. This put them at increased risk of developing obesity-related health problems. This information is important for the prison setting when planning related programmes and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johnson
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Department of Human Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maikol Diasparra
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Richard
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Dubois
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Johnson C, Chaput JP, Diasparra M, Richard C, Dubois L. Canadian federal penitentiaries as obesogenic environments: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open 2018; 6:E347-E352. [PMID: 30154218 PMCID: PMC6182125 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20180044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very little is known about how incarceration influences a person's weight in Canada. We sought to determine how inmates' weights change during their incarceration in Canadian federal penitentiaries. METHODS We performed a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study to examine weight change in Canadian federal penitentiaries. To participate, inmates had to have been incarcerated for at least 6 months at the time of the study. Current anthropometric data were measured or taken from medical records, then compared with anthropometric data from the beginning of incarceration (mean follow-up of 5.0 ± 8.3 yr). We examined 3 outcomes: change in weight (kg), change in body mass index (BMI) and rate of weight change (kg/yr) during incarceration. RESULTS A total of 1420 inmates participated in this study. Almost three-quarters (73.0%, n = 1037)) of participants gained weight during incarceration. Inmates gained a median of 6.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6-6.9) kg, and BMI increased by 2.0 (95% CI 1.8-2.2). Obesity rates increased by 71%, from 26.6% of participants (n = 378) on admission to 45.4% of participants at follow-up (n = 645). The proportion of inmates with a BMI in the normal range (18.5-24.9) decreased by 52%. Weight gain was found to be associated with older age, region (Ontario v. Atlantic), ethnicity (Aboriginal inmates showed the highest weight gain), longer incarceration, and longer total sentence. However, weight gain was not associated with sex, feeding system or spoken language. INTERPRETATION The Canadian correctional environment can be considered obesogenic, with most inmates experiencing undesirable and rapid weight gain during their incarceration. Rates of obesity increased dramatically during incarceration, and could put inmates at increased risk of obesity-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Johnson
- Interdisciplinary School of Health (Johnson), University of Ottawa; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (Chaput); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Diasparra, Richard, Dubois), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Interdisciplinary School of Health (Johnson), University of Ottawa; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (Chaput); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Diasparra, Richard, Dubois), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Maikol Diasparra
- Interdisciplinary School of Health (Johnson), University of Ottawa; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (Chaput); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Diasparra, Richard, Dubois), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Catherine Richard
- Interdisciplinary School of Health (Johnson), University of Ottawa; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (Chaput); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Diasparra, Richard, Dubois), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Lise Dubois
- Interdisciplinary School of Health (Johnson), University of Ottawa; Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (Chaput); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; School of Epidemiology and Public Health (Diasparra, Richard, Dubois), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
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Sun Y, Duan W, Meng X, Li H, Jia C. Varenicline is associated with a modest limitation in weight gain in smokers after smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf) 2017; 40:e126-e132. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhou Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijie Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Emery RL, Levine MD. Optimal Carbon Monoxide Criteria to Confirm Smoking Status Among Postpartum Women. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:966-70. [PMID: 26386471 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) is a well characterized biomarker of cigarette smoking, limited research has assessed whether the standard clinical CO cutoffs need to be altered for postpartum women and whether these cutoffs remain constant across the postpartum year. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of using CO as a method to confirm smoking status relative to salivary cotinine among postpartum women and assessed optimal CO criteria to confirm smoking status across the postpartum year. Differences in optimal CO criteria to confirm smoking status also were examined between black and white postpartum women. METHODS Women (N = 208) for the present study had quit smoking for their current pregnancy and were enrolled in a larger postpartum relapse prevention intervention. Smoking status was assessed at 12, 24, and 52 weeks postpartum using both expired-air CO and salivary cotinine. RESULTS Receiver-operating characteristic analyses indicated that CO provided moderately high diagnostic accuracy to distinguish between women who were and were not smoking when using salivary cotinine as the reference criterion to confirm smoking status. CO cutoffs of 2 and 3 parts per million (ppm) had the highest overall efficiency and combined sensitivity and specificity across the postpartum year. Results were consistent for black and white women. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that optimal CO criteria to confirm smoking status remains stable throughout the postpartum year and support a need to utilize CO cutoffs much lower than the standard clinical CO criterion of 8 ppm to confirm abstinence among postpartum women. IMPLICATIONS Findings from the present study confirm the value of CO as a biomarker of smoking status among postpartum women. Results indicate that CO cutoffs of 2 and 3 ppm were optimal for confirming smoking status across the entire postpartum year in both black and white women. These findings offer a replication and extension of previous work and indicate that optimal CO criteria to confirm smoking status remain stable throughout the postpartum period and further support a need to utilize CO cutoffs much lower than the standard clinical criterion of 8 ppm to confirm smoking status among postpartum women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Emery
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
| | - Michele D Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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Scherr A, Seifert B, Kuster M, Meyer A, Fagerstroem KO, Tamm M, Stolz D. Predictors of marked weight gain in a population of health care and industrial workers following smoking cessation. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:520. [PMID: 26025035 PMCID: PMC4448294 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Concerns about postcessational weight gain might hamper rather than encourage smokers to quit smoking. Methods We conducted a comprehensive multi-institutional smoking cessation program for health care and industrial workers (n = 654) employed at University Hospital Basel (Switzerland) and two local health industry companies (Novartis International AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG). The program contained counselling with an option of pharmacological support. Changes in body weight were observed during 24 months of follow-up. Factors associated with longitudinal weight gain (>5 % of baseline weight) were identified by cox-regression analysis. Results In 51 % of permanent quitters no significant changes of mean body weight were observed after 12 (0.52 kg, SD ±2.87 kg) and 24 months (0.40 kg, SD ± 2.99 kg). Marked weight gain following smoking cessation was characterized by a wide margin of changes. In more than a half of former smokers (58 %) weight increases were moderate (<5 kg), whereas excessive increases (>10 kg) were seen in only 10 % of quitters. Lower baseline BMI (HR 0.60, 95 % CI 0.40- 0.80, p = 0.03), daily consumption of less than ten cigarettes (HR 0.53, 95 % CI 0.27- 0.63, p = 0.04) and ischemic cardiopathy (HR 0.21, 95 % CI 0.07-0.62; p < 0.01) were associated with a lower risk for weight gain. Employees with lower educational levels (HR 2.60, 95 % CI 1.60-5.50, p < 0.01), diabetes mellitus (HR 3.05, 95 % CI 2.20-8.06, p = 0.02) and those smoking to reduce boredom in life (HR 1.68, 95 % CI 1.21-2.33, p < 0.01) were at highest risk. Conclusion Marked postcessational weight gain occurs less often than expected, but remains difficult to be predicted. Our findings might be helpful to alleviate weight concerns in the average smoker willing to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Scherr
- Clinic of Pneumology and Pulmonary Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Seifert
- Industrial Health Service, F. Hoffman- La Roche AG,, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kuster
- Industrial Health Service, Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Meyer
- Clinic of Pneumology and Pulmonary Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Michael Tamm
- Clinic of Pneumology and Pulmonary Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Clinic of Pneumology and Pulmonary Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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Bush T, Hsu C, Levine MD, Magnusson B, Miles L. Weight gain and smoking: perceptions and experiences of obese quitline participants. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1229. [PMID: 25428130 PMCID: PMC4295229 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Weight gain that commonly accompanies smoking cessation can undermine a person’s attempt to quit and increase the risk for metabolic disorders. Research indicates that obese smokers have more weight concerns and gain more weight after quitting than non-obese smokers, yet little is known about possible reasons for these outcomes. We sought to gain an understanding of obese smokers’ experiences of quitting and their attitudes and beliefs about the association between smoking and weight gain. Methods In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with obese smokers who called a state tobacco quitline. Interviewers elicited discussion of obese smokers’ thoughts about smoking, the effects of quitting on change in weight, challenges they faced with quitting, and how quitlines might better serve their needs. Results Participants (n = 29) discussed their fear of gaining weight after quitting, their beliefs about smoking and their weight and significant experiences related to quitting. Participants’ awareness of weight gain associated with quitting was based on prior experience or observation of others who quit. Most viewed cessation as their primary goal and discussed other challenges as being more important than their weight, such as managing stress or coping with a chronic health condition. Although weight gain was viewed as less important than quitting, many talked about changes they had made to mitigate the anticipated weight gain. Conclusions Weight gain is a concern for obese smokers interested in quitting. Understanding the relative importance of body weight and other challenges related to smoking cessation can help tailor interventions for the specific group of smokers who are obese and interested in smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Bush
- Alere Wellbeing, 999 3rd Ave, Suite 2000, Seattle, WA 98104-1139, USA.
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12
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Bush TM, Levine MD, Magnusson B, Cheng Y, Chen X, Mahoney L, Miles L, Zbikowski SM. Impact of baseline weight on smoking cessation and weight gain in quitlines. Ann Behav Med 2014; 47:208-17. [PMID: 24048952 PMCID: PMC3960374 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-013-9537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use and effectiveness of tobacco quitlines by weight is still unknown. PURPOSE This study aims to determine if baseline weight is associated with treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain following quitline treatment. METHODS Quitline participants (n = 595) were surveyed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Baseline weight was not associated with treatment engagement. In unadjusted analyses, overweight smokers reported higher quit rates and were more likely to gain weight after quitting than obese or normal weight smokers. At 3 months, 40 % of overweight vs. 25 % of normal weight or obese smokers quit smoking (p = 0.01); 42 % of overweight, 32 % of normal weight, and 33 % of obese quitters gained weight (p = 0.05). After adjusting for covariates, weight was not significantly related to cessation (approaching significance at 6 months, p = 0.06) or weight gain. CONCLUSIONS In the first quitline study of this kind, we found no consistent patterns of association between baseline weight and treatment engagement, cessation, or weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Bush
- Alere Wellbeing, 999 Third Avenue, Ste 2100, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA,
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Allen AM, Oncken C, Hatsukami D. Women and Smoking: The Effect of Gender on the Epidemiology, Health Effects, and Cessation of Smoking. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014; 1:53-60. [PMID: 27213132 PMCID: PMC4871621 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-013-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is still the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality. This paper examines new research on gender differences and the epidemiology of smoking, smoking-related morbidity and mortality, and factors that affect smoking cessation. The rate of decline in the prevalence of smoking has been slowing, especially among adolescent girls. New research suggests that, compared with men, women may be more susceptible to smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Gender-related barriers to smoking cessation include weight gain, sex hormones, and mood. Furthermore, the sensory aspects of smoking may have more of an effect on smoking treatment for women than for men. We discuss new studies that examine smoking-cessation interventions that may be particularly beneficial for women, including exercise (as an adjunct intervention), very low nicotine content cigarettes, and a variety of pharmacotherapy. Further research is needed to identify and target the gender-specific needs of smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Allen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 422, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Cheryl Oncken
- Department of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington, Farmington, CT 06030, USA,
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Room 256, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA,
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Prod'hom S, Locatelli I, Giraudon K, Marques-Vidal P, Clair C, Bize R, Cornuz J. Predictors of weight change in sedentary smokers receiving a standard smoking cessation intervention. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:910-6. [PMID: 23048177 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quitting smoking is associated with weight gain, which may threaten motivation to engage or sustain a quit attempt. The pattern of weight gained by smokers treated according to smoking cessation guidelines has been poorly described. We aimed to determine the weight gained after smoking cessation and its predictors, by smokers receiving individual counseling and nicotine replacement therapies for smoking cessation. METHODS We performed an ancillary analysis of a randomized controlled trial assessing moderate physical activity as an aid for smoking cessation in addition to standard treatment in sedentary adult smokers. We used mixed longitudinal models to describe the evolution of weight over time, thus allowing us to take every participant into account. We also fitted a model to assess the effect of smoking status and reported use of nicotine replacement therapy at each time point. We adjusted for intervention group, sex, age, nicotine dependence, and education. RESULTS In the whole cohort, weight increased in the first 3 months, and stabilized afterwards. Mean 1-year weight gain was 3.3kg for women and 3.9kg for men (p = .002). Higher nicotine dependence and male sex were associated with more weight gained during abstinence. Age over median was associated with continuing weight gain during relapse. There was a nonsignificant trend toward slower weight gain with use of nicotine replacement therapies. CONCLUSION Sedentary smokers receiving a standard smoking cessation intervention experience a moderate weight gain, limited to the first 3 months. Older age, male sex, and higher nicotine dependence are predictors of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Prod'hom
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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van den Borst B, Koster A, Yu B, Gosker HR, Meibohm B, Bauer DC, Kritchevsky SB, Liu Y, Newman AB, Harris TB, Schols AMWJ. Is age-related decline in lean mass and physical function accelerated by obstructive lung disease or smoking? Thorax 2011; 66:961-9. [PMID: 21724748 PMCID: PMC3285455 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and aims Cross-sectional studies suggest that obstructive lung disease (OLD) and smoking affect lean mass and mobility. A study was undertaken to investigate whether OLD and smoking accelerate the ageing-related decline in lean mass and physical functioning. METHODS 260 patients with OLD (mean±SD forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 63±18% predicted), 157 smoking controls (FEV(1) 95±16% predicted), 866 former-smoking controls (FEV1 100±16% predicted) and 891 never-smoking controls (FEV1 104±17% predicted) participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) Study were studied. At baseline the mean age was 74±3 years and participants reported no functional limitations. Baseline and 7-year longitudinal data of body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength (by hand and leg dynamometry) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were investigated. RESULTS Compared with never-smoking controls, patients with OLD and smoking controls had a significantly lower weight, fat mass, lean mass and bone mineral content (BMC) at baseline (p<0.05). While the loss of weight, fat mass, lean mass and strength was comparable between patients with OLD and never-smoking controls, the SPPB declined 0.12 points/year faster in men with OLD (p=0.01) and BMC declined 4 g/year faster in women with OLD (p=0.02). In smoking controls only lean mass declined 0.1 kg/year faster in women (p=0.03) and BMC 8 g/year faster in men (p=0.02) compared with never-smoking controls. CONCLUSIONS Initially well-functioning older adults with mild-to-moderate OLD and smokers without OLD have a comparable compromised baseline profile of body composition and physical functioning, while 7-year longitudinal trajectories are to a large extent comparable to those observed in never-smokers without OLD. This suggests a common insult earlier in life related to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van den Borst
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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