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Square T, Romášek M, Jandzik D, Cattell MV, Klymkowsky M, Medeiros DM. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: a powerful tool for understanding ancestral gene functions in vertebrates. DEVELOPMENT (CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND) 2015. [PMID: 26511928 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125609.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lamprey is one of only two living jawless vertebrates, a group that includes the first vertebrates. Comparisons between lamprey and jawed vertebrates have yielded important insights into the origin and evolution of vertebrate physiology, morphology and development. Despite its key phylogenetic position, studies of lamprey have been limited by their complex life history, which makes traditional genetic approaches impossible. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a bacterial defense mechanism that was recently adapted to achieve high-efficiency targeted mutagenesis in eukaryotes. Here we report CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the genes Tyrosinase and FGF8/17/18 in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, and detail optimized parameters for producing mutant F0 embryos. Using phenotype and genotype analyses, we show that CRISPR/Cas9 is highly effective in the sea lamprey, with a majority of injected embryos developing into complete or partial mutants. The ability to create large numbers of mutant embryos without inbred lines opens exciting new possibilities for studying development in lamprey and other non-traditional model organisms with life histories that prohibit the generation of mutant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Square
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marek Romášek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
| | - Maria V Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Klymkowsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Square T, Romášek M, Jandzik D, Cattell MV, Klymkowsky M, Medeiros DM. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: a powerful tool for understanding ancestral gene functions in vertebrates. Development 2015; 142:4180-7. [PMID: 26511928 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lamprey is one of only two living jawless vertebrates, a group that includes the first vertebrates. Comparisons between lamprey and jawed vertebrates have yielded important insights into the origin and evolution of vertebrate physiology, morphology and development. Despite its key phylogenetic position, studies of lamprey have been limited by their complex life history, which makes traditional genetic approaches impossible. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a bacterial defense mechanism that was recently adapted to achieve high-efficiency targeted mutagenesis in eukaryotes. Here we report CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the genes Tyrosinase and FGF8/17/18 in the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, and detail optimized parameters for producing mutant F0 embryos. Using phenotype and genotype analyses, we show that CRISPR/Cas9 is highly effective in the sea lamprey, with a majority of injected embryos developing into complete or partial mutants. The ability to create large numbers of mutant embryos without inbred lines opens exciting new possibilities for studying development in lamprey and other non-traditional model organisms with life histories that prohibit the generation of mutant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Square
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marek Romášek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava 84215, Slovakia
| | - Maria V Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Klymkowsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Campo-Paysaa F, Jandzik D, Takio-Ogawa Y, Cattell MV, Neef HC, Langeland JA, Kuratani S, Medeiros DM, Mazan S, Kuraku S, Laudet V, Schubert M. Evolution of retinoic acid receptors in chordates: insights from three lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis, Petromyzon marinus, and Lethenteron japonicum. EvoDevo 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25984292 PMCID: PMC4432984 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid (RA) signaling controls many developmental processes in chordates, from early axis specification to late organogenesis. The functions of RA are chiefly mediated by a subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs), that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. While RARs have been extensively studied in jawed vertebrates (that is, gnathostomes) and invertebrate chordates, very little is known about the repertoire and developmental roles of RARs in cyclostomes, which are extant jawless vertebrates. Here, we present the first extensive study of cyclostome RARs focusing on three different lamprey species: the European freshwater lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. Results We identified four rar paralogs (rar1, rar2, rar3, and rar4) in each of the three lamprey species, and phylogenetic analyses indicate a complex evolutionary history of lamprey rar genes including the origin of rar1 and rar4 by lineage-specific duplication after the lamprey-hagfish split. We further assessed their expression patterns during embryonic development by in situ hybridization. The results show that lamprey rar genes are generally characterized by dynamic and highly specific expression domains in different embryonic tissues. In particular, lamprey rar genes exhibit combinatorial expression domains in the anterior central nervous system (CNS) and the pharyngeal region. Conclusions Our results indicate that the genome of lampreys encodes at least four rar genes and suggest that the lamprey rar complement arose from vertebrate-specific whole genome duplications followed by a lamprey-specific duplication event. Moreover, we describe a combinatorial code of lamprey rar expression in both anterior CNS and pharynx resulting from dynamic and highly specific expression patterns during embryonic development. This ‘RAR code’ might function in regionalization and patterning of these two tissues by differentially modulating the expression of downstream effector genes during development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0016-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Campo-Paysaa
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - David Jandzik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA ; Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina B-1, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yoko Takio-Ogawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Maria V Cattell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital, 13065 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Haley C Neef
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, 1200 Academy Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA ; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive SPC 4259, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - James A Langeland
- Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, 1200 Academy Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008 USA
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Daniel M Medeiros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley Biology, 1800 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France ; CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan ; Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France ; CNRS, UMR 7009, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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Green SA, Bronner ME. The lamprey: a jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits. Differentiation 2014; 87:44-51. [PMID: 24560767 PMCID: PMC3995830 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys are a group of jawless fishes that serve as an important point of comparison for studies of vertebrate evolution. Lampreys and hagfishes are agnathan fishes, the cyclostomes, which sit at a crucial phylogenetic position as the only living sister group of the jawed vertebrates. Comparisons between cyclostomes and jawed vertebrates can help identify shared derived (i.e. synapomorphic) traits that might have been inherited from ancestral early vertebrates, if unlikely to have arisen convergently by chance. One example of a uniquely vertebrate trait is the neural crest, an embryonic tissue that produces many cell types crucial to vertebrate features, such as the craniofacial skeleton, pigmentation of the skin, and much of the peripheral nervous system (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). Invertebrate chordates arguably lack unambiguous neural crest homologs, yet have cells with some similarities, making comparisons with lampreys and jawed vertebrates essential for inferring characteristics of development in early vertebrates, and how they may have evolved from nonvertebrate chordates. Here we review recent research on cyclostome neural crest development, including research on lamprey gene regulatory networks and differentiated neural crest fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Green
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Abstract
The vertebrate oral region represents a key interface between outer and inner environments, and its structural and functional design is among the limiting factors for survival of its owners. Both formation of the respective oral opening (primary mouth) and establishment of the food-processing apparatus (secondary mouth) require interplay between several embryonic tissues and complex embryonic rearrangements. Although many aspects of the secondary mouth formation, including development of the jaws, teeth or taste buds, are known in considerable detail, general knowledge about primary mouth formation is regrettably low. In this paper, primary mouth formation is reviewed from a comparative point of view in order to reveal its underestimated morphogenetic diversity among, and also within, particular vertebrate clades. In general, three main developmental modes were identified. The most common is characterized by primary mouth formation via a deeply invaginated ectodermal stomodeum and subsequent rupture of the bilaminar oral membrane. However, in salamander, lungfish and also in some frog species, the mouth develops alternatively via stomodeal collar formation contributed both by the ecto- and endoderm. In ray-finned fishes, on the other hand, the mouth forms via an ectoderm wedge and later horizontal detachment of the initially compressed oral epithelia with probably a mixed germ-layer derivation. A very intriguing situation can be seen in agnathan fishes: whereas lampreys develop their primary mouth in a manner similar to the most common gnathostome pattern, hagfishes seem to undergo a unique oropharyngeal morphogenesis when compared with other vertebrates. In discussing the early formative embryonic correlates of primary mouth formation likely to be responsible for evolutionary-developmental modifications of this area, we stress an essential role of four factors: first, positioning and amount of yolk tissue; closely related to, second, endoderm formation during gastrulation, which initiates the process and constrains possible evolutionary changes within this area; third, incipient structure of the stomodeal primordium at the anterior neural plate border, where the ectoderm component of the prospective primary mouth is formed; and fourth, the prime role of Pitx genes for establishment and later morphogenesis of oral region both in vertebrates and non-vertebrate chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Soukup
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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