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Trinh HB, Kim S, Son T, Lee J. The Effect of Complexity of a Matrix on Variation of Platinum Group Metal Determination Using ICP OES and Correction Method: A Spent Catalyst as a Case Study. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:39013-39022. [PMID: 39310169 PMCID: PMC11411549 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Recycling of platinum group metals (PGMs) from spent catalysts is a promising alternative to the sustainable metallurgy of critical metals, which requires an accurate and reliable analytical approach for their determination. A potential microwave-assisted digestion and multivariate calibration procedure was investigated to determine the PGM contents in various spent catalyst samples. The effect of several interelements (Al, Mg, Ce, and Na) was evaluated by the single factor at once and multilinear regression models, which demonstrated a significant variation in PGM determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The magnitude of effect due to these interferents can be -30% for Pt and Pd, and 20% for Rh. The application of multivariate calibration was effective for Pt and Pd determination from spent catalysts by reducing standard error of prediction from >10% to <3.5% for Pt and 8.0% to 2.6% for Pd; however, the effectiveness was more moderate for Rh. The crossed gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) study showed a high value of contribution by part-to-part variation to the total variation (>98%) for all PGMs. Although the total GR&R contribution for Rh determination 19.77% was higher than those of Pt and Pd (11.03% and 8.31%), the analytical procedure was acceptable as a reliable approach. Microwave-assisted digestion and multivariate calibration showed efficient dissolution of the samples and less effects by interelements, which was suitable for investigating PGM-containing samples with a complicated matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Bich Trinh
- Department of Integrated
Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kim
- Department of Integrated
Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehun Son
- Department of Integrated
Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeryeong Lee
- Department of Integrated
Energy and Infra System, Kangwon National
University, Chuncheon-si, Kangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wu C, Deng C, Zhang JX, Pan W, Yang L, Pan K, Tan QG, Yue T, Miao AJ. Silica nanoparticles inhibit cadmium uptake by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila without the need for adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133569. [PMID: 38266583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous presence of nanoparticles (NPs) and heavy metals in the environment may affect their mutual biological uptake. Although previous studies showed that NPs could alter the cellular uptake of heavy metals by their adsorption of heavy metals, whether they could affect metal uptake without the need for adsorption is unknown. This study examined the effects of silica (SiO2) NPs on the uptake of Cd ion by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. We found that, even with negligible levels of adsorption, SiO2 NPs at concentrations of 3 to 100 mg/L inhibited Cd uptake. This inhibitory effect decreased as the ambient Cd concentration increased from 1 to 100 μg/L, suggesting the involvement of at least two transporters with different affinities for Cd. The transporters were subsequently identified by the specific protein inhibitors amiloride and tariquidar as NCX and ABCB1, which are responsible for the uptake of Cd at low and high Cd levels, respectively. RT-qPCR and molecular dynamics simulation further showed that the inhibitory effects of SiO2 NPs were attributable to the down-regulated expression of the genes Ncx and Abcb1, steric hindrance of Cd uptake by NCX and ABCB1, and the shrinkage of the central channel pore of the transporters in the presence of SiO2 NPs. SiO2 NPs more strongly inhibited Cd transport by NCX than by ABCB1, due to the higher binding affinity of SiO2 NPs with NCX. Overall, our study sheds new light on a previously overlooked influence of NPs on metal uptake and the responsible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Chaofan Deng
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Wei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266100, China.
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Chen T, Zhang C. BP@Au undergoes rapid degradation and releases singlet oxygen under dark conditions: Doping effect and detrimental effects on superoxide-producing marine algae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131502. [PMID: 37121040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) shows encouraging utility in many fields, and metal doping has been suggested as an efficient way to improve stability. However, controversial results and inconsistent mechanisms have been reported for doping modulation and stability change. We observed the unforeseen evolution of singlet oxygen (1O2) from BP integrated with gold nanoparticles (BP@Au) under dark conditions, and this led to rapid BP deterioration, even though enhanced stability is commonly thought via surface doping. Briefly, the BP reacted with oxygen and water to yield superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide. Au0 acted as an enzyme mimic and catalyzed the conversion of these derivatives, and Au0 was converted to a mixture of Au3+ and Au+. The O2•- was converted to 1O2 via direct donation of electrons to the Au3+/+. The Au-catalyzed redox reactions accelerated the degradation of the BP nanosheets. BP@Au showed significant toxicity toward marine alga that produce O2•- in the dark, as indicated by a more than 30% reduction in cell viability after 12 h of incubation with 7.56 mg/L BP@Au. The novelty of this work lies in the demonstration of a dopant-related degradation pathway of BP that shows unrevealed toxicity toward O2•--producing marine algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Wu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Yating Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Qiurong Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tianmin Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China.
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4
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He H, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Hu R, Li L. Determination of rare earth elements in uranium ores by ICP-MS after total dissolution with NH4F and matrix separation with TRU resin. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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5
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Musil S, Jeníková E, Vyhnanovský J, Sturgeon RE. Highly Efficient Photochemical Vapor Generation for Sensitive Determination of Iridium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3694-3702. [PMID: 36763590 PMCID: PMC10016747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the highly efficient photochemical vapor generation (PVG) of a volatile species of Ir (presumably iridium tetracarbonyl hydride) for subsequent detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). A thin-film flow-through photoreactor, operated in flow injection mode, provided high efficiency following optimization of identified key PVG parameters, notably, irradiation time, pH of the reaction medium, and the presence of metal sensitizers. For routine use and analytical application, PVG conditions comprising 4 M formic acid as the reaction medium, the presence of 10 mg L-1 Co2+ and 25 mg L-1 Cd2+ as added sensitizers, and an irradiation time of 29 s were chosen. An almost 90% overall PVG efficiency for both Ir3+ and Ir4+ oxidation states was accompanied by excellent repeatability of 1.0% (n = 15) of the peak area response from a 50 ng L-1 Ir standard. Limits of detection ranged from 3 to 6 pg L-1 (1.5-3 fg absolute), dependent on use of the ICPMS reaction/collision cell. Interferences from several transition metals and metalloids as well as inorganic acids and their anions were investigated, and outstanding tolerance toward chloride was found. Accuracy of the developed methodology was verified by analysis of NIST SRM 2556 (Used Auto Catalyst) following peroxide fusion for sample preparation. Practical application was further demonstrated by the direct analysis of spring water, river water, lake water, and two seawater samples with around 100% spike recovery and no sample preparation except the addition of formic acid and the sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Musil
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jeníková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Vyhnanovský
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ralph E Sturgeon
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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Tiihonen TE, Nissinen TJ, Turhanen PA, Vepsäläinen JJ, Riikonen J, Lehto VP. Real-Time On-Site Multielement Analysis of Environmental Waters with a Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) System. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11739-11744. [PMID: 35972396 PMCID: PMC9434549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Strict regulations are in place to control the effluents
of mining
sites and other industries. Heavy metal contamination of aquatic systems
caused by leakages is difficult to mitigate as it takes time to detect
and localize the leak. Dynamic sampling would drastically reduce the
time to locate leakages and allow faster actions to reduce the impact
on the environment. The present study introduces a novel portable
multielement water analysis system to simultaneously measure Mn, Ni,
Cu, Zn, Pb, and U in water samples from natural sources within 15
min from the sampling. The metals are preconcentrated from a 10 mL
water sample into a nanoporous filter based on bisphosphonate-modified
thermally carbonized porous silicon. The metals can be conveniently
analyzed from the filter with a portable XRF analyzer in field conditions.
The system was empirically calibrated for a lake water matrix with
neutral pH and low alkaline metal concentration. A strong correlation
between the XRF intensities and the ICP-MS results was obtained in
a concentration range from 50 to 10 000 μg/L. With a
DPO-2000C XRF analyzer, the detection limits were 103, 86, 92, 35,
44, and 43 μg/L for Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and U, respectively.
The corresponding values with X-MET8000 Expert Geo were 137, 46, 62,
38, 29, and 54. The system was successfully validated with simulated
multielement lake water samples and piloted in field conditions. The
system provides an efficient way to monitor metals in environmental
waters in cases where quick on-site results are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi E Tiihonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Petri A Turhanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouko J Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joakim Riikonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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7
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Mosallaei H, Hadadzadeh H, Foelske A, Sauer M, Amiri Rudbari H, Blacque O. [Ru(tmphen) 3] 2[Fe(CN) 6] and [Ru(phen) 3][Fe(CN) 5(NO)] complexes and formation of a heterostructured RuO 2-Fe 2O 3 nanocomposite as an efficient alkaline HER and OER electrocatalyst. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6314-6331. [PMID: 35383818 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00398h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water electrolysis is one of the most capable processes for supplying clean fuel. Herein, two novel ionic Ru(II)-Fe(II) complexes, [Ru(tmphen)3]2[Fe(CN)6] and [Ru(phen)3][Fe(CN)5(NO)], where tmphen = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, FT-IR, and single-crystal X-ray structural analysis. By thermally decomposing the [Ru(tmphen)3]2[Fe(CN)6] complex at 600 °C for 4 h, a heterostructured RuO2-Fe2O3 nanocomposite was fabricated through a facile one-pot treatment and then characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FT-Raman, UV-Vis (DRS), ICP-OES, FE-SEM, TEM, TGA/DTG, BET, and XPS analyses, which revealed the formation of highly crystalline RuO2-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with an average size of 8-12 nm. The prepared nanocomposite was an efficient heterostructured electrocatalyst for performing water-splitting redox reaction processes, including hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) in alkaline solutions. In this regard, RuO2 and Fe2O3 samples were also prepared through thermal decomposition of [Ru(tmphen)3](NO3)2 and K4[Fe(CN)6] precursors, respectively, as control experiments to compare their HER and OER electrocatalytic activity with that of the RuO2-Fe2O3 nanocomposite. Specifically, the RuO2-Fe2O3 nanocomposite exhibited significant electrocatalytic performance, generating 10 mA cm-2 current density at -148 and 292 mV overpotentials, and the Tafel slope results from fitting the LSV curves to the Tafel equation were -43 and 56.08 mV dec-1 for the HER and OER, respectively. Therefore, the heterostructured RuO2-Fe2O3 nanocomposite can be viewed as a bi-functional electrocatalyst for HER and OER because it exploits the synergistic effects of heterostructures and active sites at its interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamta Mosallaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hadadzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Annette Foelske
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Technische Universität Wien, Lehargasse 6, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Sauer
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Technische Universität Wien, Lehargasse 6, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Hadi Amiri Rudbari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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The specialized twin-solution method for selective Pd(II) ions determination and methyl orange removal. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Touni A, Grammenos OA, Banti A, Karfaridis D, Prochaska C, Lambropoulou D, Pavlidou E, Sotiropoulos S. Iridium oxide-nickel-coated titanium anodes for the oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Fungal Tolerance: An Alternative for the Selection of Fungi with Potential for the Biological Recovery of Precious Metals. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10228096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of various filamentous fungi in the presence of metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, and V has been widely reported. However, there is little information regarding metals such as Au, Ag and Pt that are not in the form of nanoparticles. The growth of eight filamentous fungi was evaluated at increasing doses of Au, Ag and Pt. The fungi were reactivated in Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar. Subsequently, individual mycelial disks from each strain were inoculated in PDA plates with the following doses of AuCl3, Ag2SO4 and PtCl4: 0, 50, 150 and 300 mg L−1, respectively. The plates were then incubated for 20 days—a period in which the diameter of the colony was measured every 24 h. Au showed the highest toxicity for the tested fungi. All silver doses decreased the growth of most of the fungi, while platinum did not cause any inhibitory effect on the growth of the eight tested fungi. With a simple test, it was possible to observe the effect of precious metals (PMs) on the growth of filamentous fungi and consider their possible biotechnological applications in the recovery of PMs from primary or secondary sources.
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11
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Senila M, Cadar O, Senila L, Böringer S, Seaudeau-Pirouley K, Ruiu A, Lacroix-Desmazes P. Performance Parameters of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques for Pd and Pt Determination in Automotive Catalysts. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5136. [PMID: 33202565 PMCID: PMC7697727 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) are extensively used as catalysts in the petrochemical and automotive industries, and due to high demand for them on the market, their recycling from spent supported catalysts is clearly needed. To assess the content of Pd and Pt in catalysts in order to establish their commercial value or to evaluate the recovery efficiency of technologies used for recycling, reliable analytical methods for determination of these elements are required. Spectrometric methods, such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) are powerful tools that can be employed for the determination of Pd and Pt in various sample matrices. However, these methods allow only the injection of liquid samples. In this regard, the digestion of solid sample by microwave-assisted acid extraction procedures at high pressures and temperatures is often used. In this study, a microwave acid digestion method was optimized for the extraction of Pd and Pt from spent catalysts, using a four-step program, at a maximum 200 °C. The resulting solutions were analyzed using ICP-OES, at two different wavelengths for each metal (Pd at 340.458 and 363.470 nm, and Pt at 265.945 and 214.423 nm, respectively) and using GFAAS (Pd at 247.64 nm, Pt at 265.94 nm). Five types of spent catalyst were analyzed and the standard deviations of repeatability for five parallel samples were less than predicted relative standard deviations (PRSD%) calculated using Horvitz's equation for all the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Senila
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Oana Cadar
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Lacrimioara Senila
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (O.C.); (L.S.)
| | - Sarah Böringer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT, Department Environmental Engineering, Group Reaction and Separation Techniques, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany;
| | | | - Andrea Ruiu
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France;
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12
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Vasques ICF, Egreja Filho FB, Morais EG, Lima FRD, Oliveira JR, Pereira P, Guilherme LRG, Marques JJ. Mercury fractionation in tropical soils: A critical point of view. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127114. [PMID: 32480084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Problems related to specificity and re-precipitation of metals in sequential chemical extractions can impair their routine use. In order to test the efficiency of a sequential chemical procedure, model compounds composed by soil components commonly found in tropical soils such as goethite, Al-goethite, ferrihydrite, hematite, bauxite, and humic acid were incubated with either Hg(NO3)2 or HgSO4 and submitted to chemical extraction. The procedure aims to assess: (i) water soluble Hg; (ii) bioaccessible Hg at pH near human stomach; (iii) Hg associated with organic matter; (iv) reduced Hg; (v) Hg associated with Fe, Al, and Mn oxides; and, (vi) residual Hg. This procedure was also tested via single and sequential extractions using the surface and subsurface samples of two tropical soils, i.e., a Rhodic Acrudox and a Typic Hapludox, with and without lime application. Soil samples were submitted to an adsorption experiment with HgCl2 and a high adsorption percentage was observed. The majority of Hg at both single and sequential procedure was extracted by an acetic acid solution (pH = 2). Liming, soil depth, and soil type were not determinative on Hg extractability. The sequential extraction applied showed a lack specificity of Hg fractions, confirmed by the model components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela C F Vasques
- Soils Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Egreja Filho
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Avenue, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Everton G Morais
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle R D Lima
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Jakeline R Oliveira
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Polyana Pereira
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto G Guilherme
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - João José Marques
- Soil Science Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Doutor Silvio Menicucci Avenue, Lavras, 37200-900, Brazil.
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13
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A universal approach for the synthesis of mesoporous gold, palladium and platinum films for applications in electrocatalysis. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:2980-3008. [PMID: 32839575 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High-surface-area mesoporous materials expose abundant functional sites for improved performance in applications such as gas storage/separation, catalysis, and sensing. Recently, soft templates composed of amphiphilic surfactants and block copolymers have been used to introduce mesoporosity in various materials, including metals, metal oxides and carbonaceous compounds. In particular, mesoporous metals are attractive in electrocatalysis because their porous networks expose numerous unsaturated atoms on high-index facets that are highly active in catalysis. In this protocol, we describe how to create mesoporous metal films composed of gold, palladium, or platinum using block copolymer micelle templates. The amphiphilic block copolymer micelles are the sacrificial templates and generate uniform structures with tunable pore sizes in electrodeposited metal films. The procedure describes the electrodeposition in detail, including parameters such as micelle diameters, deposition potentials, and deposition times to ensure reproducibility. The micelle diameters can be controlled by swelling the micelles with different solvent mixtures or by using block copolymer micelles with different molecular weights. The deposition potentials and deposition times allow further control of the mesoporous structure and its thickness, respectively. Procedures for example applications are included: glucose oxidation, ethanol oxidation and methanol oxidation reactions. The synthetic methods for preparation of mesoporous metal films will take ~4 h; the subsequent electrochemical tests will take ~5 h for glucose sensing and ~3 h for alcohol oxidation reaction.
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14
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Determination of the iron oxide content in bauxite: comparing ICP-OES with UV–VIS and volumetric analysis. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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The Level of Heavy Metal Contamination in Selected Vegetables and Animal Feed Grasses Grown in Wastewater Irrigated Area, around Asmara, Eritrea. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1359710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils irrigated with wastewater are by and large contaminated with heavy metals, and consumption of vegetables and animal feed grasses grown in contaminated soils have been a major food chain route for human exposure and pose a health hazard. A study was conducted in three sites to assess the accumulation of heavy metals in farms irrigated with wastewater between two and five decades in and around Asmara, Eritrea. The concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, V, and Zn) in soils and plants (Medicago sativa L., Avena sativa L., Cynodon dactylon L., Corchorus olitorius L., and Cynara scholymus L.) grown in the farms were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). Multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), was performed on the distribution of elements in plant species to identify the source of the heavy metals. The level of the metals in the soil samples was in the order of Mo < Cd < Co < Cu < Pb < V < Cr ≈ Zn < Mn < Fe < Al. The order of the metals in the plants of the different sites has been, in general, Cd < Co < V < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Al < Fe. The study revealed that the soil samples of the studied sites were unsafe for agricultural purposes with respect to Fe, Mn, and Pb except for Pb in the case of the soil sample from the Kushet area. The levels of most of the studied heavy metals in the vegetation samples from all the sites were found within the FAO/WHO permissible limit. Al and Fe exceeded the FAO/WHO permissible limit with the exception of all plant samples from the Kushet area and M. sativa from Paradizo. The concentration of Al was also below the limit in C. dactylon from Adi-Segdo and Paradizo. Of the five vegetation considered in this study, C. olitorius was found to be a good accumulator and C. dactylon, the lowest accumulator of heavy metals. Based on the results of this study, the grass species C. olitorius should be further investigated for its phytoremediation capability of contaminated soils. The results of the multivariate analysis revealed that Fe, V, Al, Cr, Co, and Pb were controlled by mixed (natural and anthropogenic) sources and Zn, Mo, Cu, Mn, and Cd originated from the anthropogenic source. Very limited and inadequate studies were conducted on the accumulation of heavy metals in plants grown in wastewater irrigated farms around Asmara. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to shed light on the understanding of the community and enable the City Council to monitor the environmental quality and take appropriate actions.
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Wijenayake A, Pitawala A, Bandara R, Abayasekara C. Characterization of biotite drugs used in traditional medicine. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04483. [PMID: 32760827 PMCID: PMC7393536 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-induced mineral alterations are extensively used in traditional pharmaceutical industry. Studies on the traditional heating methods for enhancing pharmaceutical properties and on the toxicity of mineral-based medicines are limited. This study focuses on the effect of thermal alterations on mineralogical and chemical changes of biotite with respect to two traditional drugs (Abhrak Bhasma and Abhrak Chendhuram). Samples of the drugs and heat-treated and untreated biotite minerals were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Total and water-soluble cation concentrations of drugs were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. The study reveals that the degree of collapsing the biotite structure increased with the thermal oxidation process that produced nanoparticles of crystalline and amorphous iron oxides and secondary silicates. The thermal products of biotite had nano-crystallinity and high water solubility. The study suggests that modern pharmaceuticals can be developed from mineral-based traditional drugs.
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Grebneva-Balyuk ON, Kubrakova IV. Determination of Platinum Group Elements in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Possibilities and Limitations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Buechler DT, Zyaykina NN, Spencer CA, Lawson E, Ploss NM, Hua I. Comprehensive elemental analysis of consumer electronic devices: Rare earth, precious, and critical elements. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 103:67-75. [PMID: 31865037 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, electronic devices of all kinds, and especially consumer electronics, have evolved in function and composition, in parallel to increasing manufacture and use. There is great potential for recovering economic value and reducing environmental impact by recycling devices and extracting various elements. However, there are few studies that comprehensively identify the elemental content of electronic devices or electronic waste. In the present study, consumer electronics and components (hard drives, ethernet hubs, portable media players, printers, answering machines, mobile phones, Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) players, computer wiring, and printed circuit boards) and electronic waste (low-grade scrap from one commercial recycling facility) were analyzed for rare earth, precious and critical metals. The overall procedure included size reduction, microwave assisted digestion, and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. Fifty-six elements were quantified or detected in these devices: 14 rare earth elements, six platinum group metals, 20 critical metals, and 16 other elements, including some precious metals. A single device could include a wide range of elements: 48 metals were quantified in the computer hard drives. The estimated economic value of the metals in each device ranged from $12.94 USD (computer wiring) to $454 USD (hard drives). The variety of metals in electronic devices suggests that end-of-life management strategies should focus on recycling and recovery, which also decreases the overall environmental impacts of the devices, especially associated with mining and refining metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Buechler
- Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Nadezhda N Zyaykina
- Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States; Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Cole A Spencer
- Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Emily Lawson
- Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Natasha M Ploss
- Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Inez Hua
- Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States; Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
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19
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Vardali SC, Manousi N, Barczak M, Giannakoudakis DA. Novel Approaches Utilizing Metal-Organic Framework Composites for the Extraction of Organic Compounds and Metal Traces from Fish and Seafood. Molecules 2020; 25:E513. [PMID: 31991663 PMCID: PMC7036755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of organic and inorganic pollutants in fish samples is a complex and demanding process, due to their high protein and fat content. Various novel sorbents including graphene, graphene oxide, molecular imprinted polymers, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reported for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide range of contaminants from fish tissue. MOFs are crystalline porous materials that are composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic linkers. Those materials exhibit extraordinary properties including high surface area, tunable pore size as well as good thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, metal-organic frameworks have been recently used in many fields of analytical chemistry including sample pretreatment, fabrication of stationary phases and chiral separations. Various MOFs, and especially their composites or hybrids, have been successfully utilized for the sample preparation of fish samples for the determination of organic (i.e., antibiotics, antimicrobial compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) and inorganic pollutants (i.e., mercury, palladium, cadmium, lead, etc.) as such or after functionalization with organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C. Vardali
- Institute of Biological Marine Resources, Hellenic Center of Marine Research, Agios Kosmas, Hellenikon, 16777 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mariusz Barczak
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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20
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Diaz D, Molina A, Hahn DW. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis for the Classification of Spectra from Gold-Bearing Ores. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:42-54. [PMID: 31617370 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819881444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the classification of LIBS spectra from gold ores prepared as pressed pellets from pulverized bulk samples. For each sample, 5000 single-shot LIBS spectra were obtained. Although the gold concentrations in the samples were as high as 7.7 µg/g, Au emission lines were not observed in most single-shot LIBS spectra, rendering the application of the usual ensemble-averaging approach for spectral processing to be infeasible. Instead, a PCA approach was utilized to analyze the collection of single-shot LIBS spectra. Two spectral ranges of 21 nm and 0.15 nm wide were considered, and LIBS variables (i.e., wavelengths) reduced to no more than three principal components. Single-shot spectra containing Au emission lines (positive spectra) were discriminated by PCA from those without the spectral feature (negative spectra) in a spectral range of less than 1 nm wide around the Au(I) 267.59 nm emission line. Assuming a discrete gold distribution at very low concentration, LIBS sampling of gold particles seemed unlikely; therefore, positive spectra were considered as data outliers. Detection of data outliers was possible using two PCA statistical parameters, i.e., sample residual and Mahalanobis distance. Results from such a classification were compared with a standard database created with positive spectra identified with a filtering algorithm that rejected spectra with an Au intensity below the smallest detectable analytical LIBS signal (i.e., below the LIBS limit of detection). The PCA approach successfully identified 100% of the data outliers when compared with the standard database. False identifications in the multivariate approach were attributed to variations in shot-to-shot intensity and the presence of interfering emission lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Diaz
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Molina
- College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David W Hahn
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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21
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Touni A, Papaderakis A, Karfaridis D, Banti A, Mintsouli I, Lambropoulou D, Sotiropoulos S. Oxygen evolution at IrO2-modified Ti anodes prepared by a simple galvanic deposition method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Sample Digestion and Combined Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Ultra-Low Gold Levels in Rocks. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091778. [PMID: 31071914 PMCID: PMC6540055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold is a monoisotopic element that exhibits a nugget effect, it is very difficult to quantify its ultra-low levels in rocks, which significantly limits our understanding of the origin of gold and its circulation between the Earth crust, mantle, and core. In this work, we summarize various sample digestion and combined preconcentration methods for the determination of gold amounts in rocks. They include fire assay, fire assay combined with Te coprecipitation and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fusion combined with Te coprecipitation and anion exchange resins, dry chlorination, wet acid digestion combined with precipitation, ion exchange resins, solvent extraction, polyurethane foam, extraction chromatography, novel solid adsorbents, and direct determination by INAA. In addition, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
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23
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de Moura Souza F, Pollo Paniz F, Pedron T, Coelho dos Santos M, Lemos Batista B. A high-throughput analytical tool for quantification of 15 metallic nanoparticles supported on carbon black. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01308. [PMID: 30906892 PMCID: PMC6411515 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in different areas of science. Usually, they are immobilized on a low-cost support for catalysis purposes. However, there is a lack of studies for specific methods for analytical quantification since the extraction of these metallic NPs from the matrix is still a challenge. In this work, 15 metallic NPs were synthesized (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Rh, Ru, Nb, Mn, Co, Cu, Zr, Sn, Ce, Ni and W) supported on a commercial carbon black (Vulcan XC72). Then, six different methods were employed for sample preparation and further determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results can be divided in three groups concerning the extraction of metallic NPs: the first group could be extracted from the matrix with nitric acid, for the second one it was necessary to employ a digestion at 25 °C (room temperature), and finally a third group which was found to be independent of acid and temperature. These findings can contribute to future research in the field of catalysis to improve their characterization regarding the metallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC – Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia 166, Bairro Bangu, CEP 09.210-170, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Cabrini TMB, Barboza CAM, Skinner VB, Hauser-Davis RA, Rocha RC, Saint'Pierre TD, Valentin JL, Cardoso RS. Investigating heavy metal bioaccumulation by macrofauna species from different feeding guilds from sandy beaches in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:655-662. [PMID: 29983205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between metal accumulation and feeding behavior of macrofauna species is a key concept to understand the bioavailability of different metals in the marine environment. We examined and compared the concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Co and V) in different feeding guilds of macrofauna species, from a data set including 68 sandy beaches along the Rio de Janeiro coast. For this purpose, macrofauna species were classified in five feeding guild categories: carnivorous, herbivorous, detritivorous, suspensivorous and filter feeders. The coast of Rio de Janeiro was divided into seven regions according to environmental characteristics and historical human activities. For each region, generalized linear models were adjusted to test for differences between feeding guild abundances. Redundancy Analysis was performed to explore the relationship among the feeding guilds composition and the environmental variables. We found high variability in abundance and composition among feeding guilds, linked with environmental heterogeneity. In general, carnivorous species showed a higher heavy metal concentrations compared to other trophic guilds evaluated. However, bioaccumulation across the feeding guild was not the rule and patterns varied across regions. Our hypothesis is that variations are probably related to the different magnitudes of metal contamination along the coast as also in to the trophic structure found in each beach. This data highlighted the crucial role of the relationship between variability of environmental drivers and bioaccumulation in macrofauna species in sandy beaches ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M B Cabrini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca 22240-290, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A M Barboza
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. São José Barreto, 764 - São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Viviane B Skinner
- Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca 22240-290, Brazil
| | - Rachel A Hauser-Davis
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), ENSP, FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Rocha
- Departamento de Química, PUC - Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jean L Valentin
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Cardoso
- Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca 22240-290, Brazil
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Lu Y, Li G, Liu W, Yuan H, Xiao D. The application of microwave digestion in decomposing some refractory ore samples with solid fusion agent. Talanta 2018; 186:538-544. [PMID: 29784399 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that most of the refractory ore are the basis of national economy and widely applied in various fields, however, the complexity of the chemical composition and the diversity of the crystallinity in the mineral phases make the sample pre-treatment of refractory ore still remains a challenge. In this work, the complete decomposition of the refractory ore sample can be achieved just by exposing the solid fusion agent and the refractory ore sample in the microwave irradiation environment for a few minutes, and induced by a drop of water. A digestion time of 15 min for 3.0 g solid fusion agent mixture of sodium peroxide/sodium carbonate (Na2O2/Na2CO3) in a corundum crucible via microwave heating is sufficient to decompose 0.1 g refractory ore sample. An excellent microwave digestion solid agent should meet the following conditions, a good decomposition ability, an outstanding ability of absorbing microwave energy and converting it into heat quickly, a higher melting point than the decomposing temperature of the ore sample. In the research, the induction effect of water plays an important role for the microwave digestion. The energy which is released by the reaction of water and the solid fusion agent (Na2O2) is the key to decompose refractory ore samples with solid fusion agent, which replenished the total energy required for the microwave digestion and made the microwave digestion completed successfully. This microwave digestion technique has good reproducibility and precision, RSD % for Mo, Fe, Ti, Cr and W in the refractory ore samples were all better than 6, except RSD % for Be of about 8 because of the influence of matrix-effect. Meanwhile, the analysis results of the elements in the refractory ore samples provided by the microwave digestion technique were all in good agreement with the analysis results provided by the traditional fusion method except for Cr in the mixture ore samples. In the study, the non-linear dependence of the electromagnetic and thermal properties of the solid fusion agent on temperature under microwave irradiation and the selective heating of microwave are fully applied in this simple microwave technique. Comparing to the traditional fusion decomposition method, this microwave digestion technique is a simple, economical, fast and energy-saving sample pre-treatment technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, No.5 3rd section, Southern 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, No.5 3rd section, Southern 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, No.5 3rd section, Southern 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China.
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Bonta M, Frank J, Taibl S, Fleig J, Limbeck A. Online-LASIL: Laser Ablation of Solid Samples in Liquid with online-coupled ICP-OES detection for direct determination of the stoichiometry of complex metal oxide thin layers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1000:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sessa C, Bagán H, Romero MT, García JF. Effects of variability sources on analysis of the composition of large ancient metal objects. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cabrini TMB, Barboza CAM, Skinner VB, Hauser-Davis RA, Rocha RC, Saint'Pierre TD, Valentin JL, Cardoso RS. Heavy metal contamination in sandy beach macrofauna communities from the Rio de Janeiro coast, Southeastern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:116-129. [PMID: 27914858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated concentrations of eight heavy metals Cr, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Co and V, in tissues of representative macrofauna species from 68 sandy beaches from the coast of Rio de Janeiro state. The links between contamination levels and community descriptors such as diversity, evenness, density and biomass, were also investigated. Metal concentrations from macrofaunal tissues were compared to maximum permissible limits for human ingestion stipulated by the Brazilian regulatory agency (ANVISA). Generalized linear models (GLM's) were used to investigate the variability in macrofauna density, richness, eveness and biomass in the seven different regions. A non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (n-MDS) was used to investigate the spatial pattern of heavy metal concentrations along the seven regions of Rio de Janeiro coast. Variation partitioning was applied to evaluate the variance in the community assemblage explained by the environmental variables and the heavy metal concentrations. Our data suggested high spatial variation in the concentration of heavy metals in macrofauna species from the beaches of Rio de Janeiro. This result highlighted a diffuse source of contamination along the coast. Most of the metals concentrations were under the limits established by ANVISA. The variability in community descriptors was related to morphodynamic variables, but not with metal contamination values, indicating the lack of direct relationships at the community level. Concentration levels of eight heavy metals in macrofauna species from 68 sandy beaches on Rio de Janeiro coast (Brazil) were spatially correlated with anthropogenic activities such as industrialization and urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M B Cabrini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca, 22240-290, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A M Barboza
- Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca, 22240-290, Brazil; Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane B Skinner
- Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca, 22240-290, Brazil
| | - Rachel A Hauser-Davis
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Instituto de Biociências, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Rocha
- Departamento de Química, PUC - Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jean L Valentin
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Cardoso
- Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 458, sala 407, Urca, 22240-290, Brazil
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Senthil K, Akiba U, Fujiwara K, Hamada F, Kondo Y. New Heterocyclic Dithioether Ligands for Highly Selective Separation and Recovery of Pd(II) from Acidic Leach Liquors of Spent Automobile Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Senthil
- Center
for Regional Revitalization in Research and Education, and ‡Graduate School
of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Uichi Akiba
- Center
for Regional Revitalization in Research and Education, and ‡Graduate School
of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Center
for Regional Revitalization in Research and Education, and ‡Graduate School
of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Fumio Hamada
- Center
for Regional Revitalization in Research and Education, and ‡Graduate School
of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kondo
- Center
for Regional Revitalization in Research and Education, and ‡Graduate School
of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagakuen-cho Akita 010-8502, Japan
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Pacheco CSV, da Silva EGP, Hauser-Davis RA, Dias F, Amorim FAC, de Jesus RM, Novaes CG, Dos Santos AMP, Saint'Pierre TD. Determination and Evaluation of Metallothionein and Metals in Mugil cephalus (Mullet) from Pontal Bay, Brazil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:84-90. [PMID: 27878611 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess environmental contamination, studies have been increasingly carried out using biomarkers to diagnose the effects of toxic metal exposure, such as metallothionein (MT). In this context, the aims of the present study were to determine Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations, by ICP-MS, in liver samples from Mugil cephalus from the municipality of Ilhéus, located in North-Southeastern Brazil, in the state of Bahia, which has been increasingly suffering from anthropogenic pressure, and to quantify total MT in liver and gills. Among essential metals, copper (199.2 μg g-1) presented concentrations approximately 7 times higher than allowed by the World Health Organization (30 μg g-1). Liver samples showed higher concentrations than gills. Metallothionein concentrations indicate differential contamination along the study area. The first sampling showed higher induction of MT synthesis overall. Differences between liver and gill MT concentration trends were relatively minor, which may indicate the adequacy of analyzing gills in an environmental monitoring context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clissiane Soares Viana Pacheco
- Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus universitário de Jequié-BA, Avenida José Moreira Sobrinho, 677-Jequiezinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Erik Galvão Paranhos da Silva
- Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus universitário de Jequié-BA, Avenida José Moreira Sobrinho, 677-Jequiezinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Km 16 BR-415, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), ENSP, FIOCRUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Fábio Dias
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Campus Universitario de Cruz das Almas, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alan Carqueija Amorim
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Km 16 BR-415, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Raildo Mota de Jesus
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Km 16 BR-415, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão Novaes
- Departamento de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus universitário de Jequié-BA, Avenida José Moreira Sobrinho, 677-Jequiezinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pinto Dos Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Dillenburg Saint'Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica - Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, 22453-900, Brazil
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Eskina VV, Dalnova OA, Filatova DG, Baranovskaya VB, Karpov YA. Separation and preconcentration of platinum-group metals from spent autocatalysts solutions using a hetero-polymeric S, N-containing sorbent and determination by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 159:103-110. [PMID: 27474285 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the potential of high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of Pt, Pd and Rh after separation and concentration by original in-house developed heterochain polymer S, N-containing sorbent. The methods of sample preparation of spent ceramic-based autocatalysts were considered, two of which were used: autoclave decomposition in mixture of acids HCl:HNO3 (3:1) and high-temperature melting with K2S2O7. Both methods anyway limit the direct determination of analytes by HR CS GFAAS. Using the first method it is an incomplete digestion of spent autocatalysts samples, since the precipitate is Si, and the rhodium metal dissolves with difficulty and partially passes into solution. In contrast to the first method, the second method allow to completely transfer analytes into solution, however, the background signal produced by the chemical composition of the flux, overlaps the analytical zone. It was found, that Pt, Pd and Rh contained in the spent ceramic automotive catalysts could be effectively separated and concentrated by heterochain polymer S, N-containing sorbent, which has high sorption capacity, selectivity and resistant to dilute acids. The chosen HR CS GFAAS analysis conditions enable us to determine Pt, Pd and Rh with good metrological characteristics. The concentrations of Pt, Pd and Rh in two samples of automobile exhaust catalysts were found in range of 0.00015-0.00050; 0.170-0.189; 0.0180-0.0210wt%, respectively. The relative standard deviation obtained by HR CS GFAAS was not more than 5%. Limits of detection by HR CS GFAAS achieved were 6.2·10(-6)wt% for Pt, 1.8·10(-6)wt% for Pd, and 3.4·10(-6)wt% for Rh. Limits of determination achieved by HR CS GFAAS were 1.1·10(-5)wt% for Pt, 6.9·10(-5)wt% for Pd, and 8.3·10(-5)wt% for Rh. To control the accuracy of PGM in sorption concentrates by HR CS GFAAS method, it was appropriate to conduct an inter-method comparative experiment. The researches on the application of atomic-emission spectroscopy method with inductively coupled plasma as a comparative method were conducted. In addition, the trueness control of the obtained results is confirmed by added-found method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilina V Eskina
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospekt 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.
| | - Olga A Dalnova
- State Research and Design Institute of Rare-Metal Industry "Giredmet" JSC, Building 5-1, B. Tolmachevsky Lane, Moscow 119017, Russia.
| | - Daria G Filatova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vasilisa B Baranovskaya
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospekt 4, Moscow 119049, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Yuri A Karpov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospekt 4, Moscow 119049, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Wijenayake AU, Abayasekara CL, Pitawala HMTGA, Bandara BMR. Antimicrobial potential of two traditional herbometallic drugs against certain pathogenic microbial species. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:365. [PMID: 27632980 PMCID: PMC5025548 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Mineral based preparations are widely used for centuries as antimicrobial agents. However, the efficacy and the mode of action of mineral based preparations are uncertain due to the insufficient antimicrobial studies. Arogyawardhana Vati (AV) and Manikya Rasa (MR) are such two Rasashastra herbo-minerallic drugs commonly in India and other countries in South Asia. Despite of their well known traditional use of skin diseases, reported antimicrobial and mineralogical studies are limited. Therefore, in this study antimicrobial activities of the drugs and their organic, inorganic fractions were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherischia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methecilline Resistance Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA and Candida albicans. Methods Antimicrobial activity of the drugs, their inorganic residues and organic extracts were determined using four assay techniques viz agar well diffusion, modified well diffusion, Miles and Misra viable cell counting and broth turbidity measurements. Mineralogical constituents of the drugs were determined using X-ray diffraction, while total cation constituents and water soluble cation constituents were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the weight percentages of organic and inorganic fraction of the drugs. Particle sizes of the drugs were determined using the particle size analyzer. Results AV and MR drugs showed antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species when analyzed separately. Inorganic residues of the drugs and organic extracts showed activity at least against two or more bacterial species tested. All tested components were inactive against C. albicans. Common mineral constituents of drugs are cinnabar, biotite and Fe-rich phases. Drugs were rich in essential elements such as Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe and toxic elements such as Zn, Cu and As. However, the water soluble concentrations of the toxic elements were below the detection limits. Both drugs have significantly higher percentages of organic constituents and volatile minerals and particle sizes of drugs are in the nanometer range. Conclusions AV and MR Rasashastra preparations could provide alternatives to synthetic antibiotics against human bacterial infections. Improved solubility and reduced particle sizes are influential physicochemical properties used to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the drugs. Therefore, traditional knowledge on the use of antimicrobial mineral sources could provide a novel path for the producing of effective antimicrobial drugs. However, further chemical and toxicological studies are urgently needed for a greater understanding of their toxicity to humans.
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Yan ZY, Ai XX, Su YL, Liu XY, Shan XH, Wu SM. Intracellular Biosynthesis of Fluorescent CdSe Quantum Dots in Bacillus subtilis: A Strategy to Construct Signaling Bacterial Probes for Visually Detecting Interaction Between Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:13-21. [PMID: 26687198 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, fluorescent Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) cells were developed as probes for imaging applications and to explore behaviorial interaction between B. subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A novel biological strategy of coupling intracellular biochemical reactions for controllable biosynthesis of CdSe quantum dots by living B. subtilis cells was demonstrated, through which highly luminant and photostable fluorescent B. subtilis cells were achieved with good uniformity. With the help of the obtained fluorescent B. subtilis cells probes, S. aureus cells responded to co-cultured B. subtilis and to aggregate. The degree of aggregation was calculated and nonlinearly fitted to a polynomial model. Systematic investigations of their interactions implied that B. subtilis cells inhibit the growth of neighboring S. aureus cells, and this inhibition was affected by both the growth stage and the amount of surrounding B. subtilis cells. Compared to traditional methods of studying bacterial interaction between two species, such as solid culture medium colony observation and imaging mass spectrometry detection, the procedures were more simple, vivid, and photostable due to the efficient fluorescence intralabeling with less influence on the cells' surface, which might provide a new paradigm for future visualization of microbial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Yan
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,24 Tongjia Lane,Gulou District,Nanjing 210009,China
| | - Xiao-Xia Ai
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,24 Tongjia Lane,Gulou District,Nanjing 210009,China
| | - Yi-Long Su
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,24 Tongjia Lane,Gulou District,Nanjing 210009,China
| | - Xin-Ying Liu
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,24 Tongjia Lane,Gulou District,Nanjing 210009,China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shan
- 3Laizhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau,Laizhou 261400,China
| | - Sheng-Mei Wu
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry,China Pharmaceutical University,24 Tongjia Lane,Gulou District,Nanjing 210009,China
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Almeida C, Grosselli M, González P, Martínez D, Gil R. Batch leaching tests of motherboards to assess environmental contamination by bromine, platinum group elements and other selected heavy metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1-6. [PMID: 26343021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a batch leaching test was executed to evaluate the toxicity associated with chemicals contained in motherboards. The leaching solutions used were distilled water, nitric acid, acetic acid and synthetic acid rain solution. A total of 21 elements including Ag, As, Au, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hf, Ir, Mn, Ni, Os, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rd, Rh, Se, U and Zn were analyzed. In this study, the pH values of all the leachates fell within the range of 2.33-4.88. The highest concentrations of metals were obtained from the acid rain solution, whilst the maximum value of bromine was achieved with solution of acetic acid. Appreciable concentrations of platinum group elements were detected with concentrations around 3.45, 1.43, 1.21 and 22.19 µg L(-1) for Ir, Pd, Pt and Rh, respectively. The different leaching of the motherboards revealed the predominant presence of the toxic substances in the leached from the e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Almeida
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, C.P. D5700BWQ, Argentina.
| | - Melina Grosselli
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, C.P. D5700BWQ, Argentina
| | - Patricia González
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, C.P. D5700BWQ, Argentina
| | - Dante Martínez
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, C.P. D5700BWQ, Argentina
| | - Raúl Gil
- Instituto de Química de San Luis, INQUISAL (UNSL-CONICET), Chacabuco y Pedernera, San Luis, C.P. D5700BWQ, Argentina
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Hauser-Davis RA, Silva JAN, Rocha RCC, Saint'Pierre T, Ziolli RL, Arruda MAZ. Acute selenium selenite exposure effects on oxidative stress biomarkers and essential metals and trace-elements in the model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 33:68-72. [PMID: 26653745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace-element that becomes toxic when present at high concentrations. Little is known regarding Se effects on parameters such as oxidative stress biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute selenium exposure on oxidative stress biomarkers in a model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were exposed to selenium selenite at 1mgL(-1). Reduced glutathione (GSH), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations were determined in liver, kidney and brain, with MT also being determined in bile. Essential metals and trace-elements were also determined by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to verify possible metal homeostasis alterations. GSH concentrations in liver, kidney and brain increased significantly (1.05±0.03μmolg(-1) ww, 1.42±0.03μmolg(-1) ww and 1.64±0.03μmolg(-1) ww, respectively) in the Se-exposed group when compared to the controls (0.88±0.05μmolg(-1) ww, 0.80±0.04μmolg(-1) ww and 0.89±0.03μmolg(-1) ww for liver, kidney and brain, respectively). MT levels in Se-exposed liver (0.52±0.03μmolg(-1) ww) decreased significantly in comparison to the control group (0.64±0.02μmolg(-1) ww), while levels in bile increased, albeit non-significantly. This is in accordance with previous studies that indicate efficient biliary MT action, leading to a rapid metabolism and elimination of contaminants from the body. Levels in the brain increased significantly after Se-exposure (0.57±0.01μmolg(-1) ww) when compared to the control group (0.35±0.03μmolg(-1) ww) since this organ does not present a detoxification route as quick as the liver-gallbladder route. Several metal and trace-elements were altered with Se-exposure, indicating that excess of selenium results in metal dyshomeostasis. This is the first report on metal dyshomeostasis due to Se-exposure, which may be the first step in the mechanism of action of selenium toxicity, as is postulated to occur in certain major human pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hauser-Davis
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Biodiversidade Neotropical, Av. Pasteur, 458-Urca, CEP, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Grupo de Espectrometria, Preparo de amostras e Mecanização-GEPAM, Cx. Postal 6154, 13084-971Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - J A N Silva
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Biodiversidade Neotropical, Av. Pasteur, 458-Urca, CEP, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael C C Rocha
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Saint'Pierre
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica-Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Chemistry Department, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R L Ziolli
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Biodiversidade Neotropical, Av. Pasteur, 458-Urca, CEP, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M A Z Arruda
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Grupo de Espectrometria, Preparo de amostras e Mecanização-GEPAM, Cx. Postal 6154, 13084-971Campinas, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Cx. Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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New voltammetric sensor based on the renewable bismuth bulk annular band electrode and its application for the determination of palladium(II). Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hodgson APJ, Jarvis KE, Grimes RW, Marsden OJ. Development of an iridium dissolution method for the evaluation of potential radiological device materials. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lavradas RT, Hauser-Davis RA, Lavandier RC, Rocha RCC, Saint' Pierre TD, Seixas T, Kehrig HA, Moreira I. Metal, metallothionein and glutathione levels in blue crab (Callinectes sp.) specimens from southeastern Brazil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:55-60. [PMID: 24905697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were determined in muscle, gills, soft tissues and eggs in male, non-ovigerous and ovigerous female Callinectes sp. specimens from a reference site in Southeastern Brazil. Metallothionein (MT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were also determined. Results demonstrate that sex has a significant influence on metal, MT and GSH concentrations. Significant maternal transfer of Pb and Zn from ovigerous females to eggs was verified, while female crabs, both ovigerous and non-ovigerous, showed elevated GSH and MT in viscera when compared to males, indicating possible MT role in excreting metals to eggs in ovigerous females of this species. Several strong statistical correlations between metals and MT indicate MTs role in detoxification of both toxic and essential elements in different organs. Pb and Zn were significantly correlated to GSH, indicating oxidative stress caused by the former and a direct link between Zn and GSH in maintaining homeostasis. Regarding human consumption, metal concentrations were lower than the maximum permissible levels established by international and Brazilian regulatory agencies, indicating that this species is safe for human consumption concerning this parameter. The presence of metals in Callinectes sp., however, is still of importance considering that this is a key species within the studied ecosystem and, therefore, plays a major role in the transference of pollutants to higher trophic levels. In addition, the presence of significant metal concentrations found in eggs must be considered in this context, since crab eggs are eaten by several other species, such as shorebirds, seabirds, and fish. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding both MT and GSH levels in Callinectes sp. eggs and is of interest in the investigation of molecular mechanisms regarding metal exposure in these crustaceans. Data reported in this study support the conclusions from previous reports, provide mechanistic insights regarding metal exposure, metallothionein and oxidative stress induction in this species and also present novel data regarding eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Teixeira Lavradas
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Cavalcanti Lavandier
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Christian Chávez Rocha
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint' Pierre
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tércia Seixas
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Amaral Kehrig
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Campos dos Goytacazes, CEP: 28013-602 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel Moreira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioanalítica, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, CEP: 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Solid phase extraction using nanoporous MCM-41 modified with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde for simultaneous preconcentration and removal of gold(III), palladium(II), copper(II) and silver(I). J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Alsufyani SJ, Liegey LR, Starovoitova VN. Gold bearing ore assays using 197Au(γ,n)196Au photonuclear reaction. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Tanase IG, Popa DE, Udriştioiu GE, Bunaciu AA, Aboul‐Enein HY. Validation and Quality Control of an ICP‐MS Method for the Quantification and Discrimination of Trace Metals and Application in Paper Analysis: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 44:311-27. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.863141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Suoranta T, Niemelä M, Perämäki P. Comparison of digestion methods for the determination of ruthenium in catalyst materials. Talanta 2014; 119:425-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kong WJ, Xing XY, Xiao XH, Wang JB, Zhao YL, Yang MH. Multi-component analysis of bile acids in natural Calculus bovis and its substitutes by ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction and UPLC-ELSD. Analyst 2013; 137:5845-53. [PMID: 23099565 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (USLE) coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) method has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of six bile acids (BAs) in natural Calculus bovis and its substitutes, collected from different origins. The USLE conditions, UPLC chromatographic and ELSD conditions for BAs were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the six target analytes were efficiently extracted and baseline separated within 10 min. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for six BAs were less than 7 ng and 22 ng, respectively. Average recoveries were within the range of 98.8-100.7% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <2% for the six analytes. This method, due to its convenience, high selectivity, fast analysis efficiency and good reproducibility can be employed for analyzing the content differences of six BAs in 40 batches of natural C. bovis and its existing substitutes. The differences of the content of each BA in natural C. bovis and its substitutes were significant, and the total contents of six BAs in 13 batches of natural C. bovis were in the range of 7.96-160.17 mg g(-1), in 20 natural C. bovis of 0-245.89 mg g(-1), in 2 artificial cultivated C. bovis of 178.48-194.22 mg g(-1), in 3 cultured C. bovis of 41.01-107.3 mg g(-1), and in 2 counterfeit C. bovis of 144.9-340.25 mg g(-1). The significant differences of multi-component contents reflected the various inherent qualities of these samples, so, the use of these substitutes as the replacers of natural source in clinic should be paid more attention. Some substitutes could not be used as the replacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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Silva RG, Nadagouda MN, Webster J, Govindaswamy S, Hristovski KD, Ford RG, Patterson CL, Impellitteri CA. Examining the efficiency of muffle furnace-induced alkaline hydrolysis in determining the titanium content of environmental samples containing engineered titanium dioxide particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:645-652. [PMID: 23738363 DOI: 10.1039/c3em30880d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel muffle furnace (MF)-based potassium hydroxide (KOH) fusion digestion technique was developed and evaluated for different titanium dioxide materials in various solid matrices. Digestion of different environmental samples containing sediments, clay minerals and humic acid with and without TiO(2) particles was first performed utilizing the MF-based KOH fusion technique and its dissolution efficacy was compared to a Bunsen burner (BB)-based KOH fusion method. The three types of TiO(2) particles (anatase, brookite and rutile) were then digested with the KOH fusion techniques and microwave (MW)-based nitric (HNO3)–hydrofluoric (HF) mixed acid digestion methods. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that Ti recoveries were comparable for the KOH fusion methods (BB and MF). For pure TiO(2) particles, the measured Ti recoveries compared to calculated values were 96%, 85% and 87% for anatase, brookite and rutile TiO(2) materials, respectively, by the MF-based fusion technique. These recoveries were consistent and less variable than the BB-based fusion technique recoveries of 104%, 97% and 72% and MW-based HNO3–HF mixed acids digestion recoveries of 80%, 81% and 14%, respectively, for anatase, brookite and rutile. Ti percent recoveries and measurement precision decreased for both the BB and MF methods when TiO(2) was spiked into sediment, clay minerals, and humic acid. This drop in efficacy was counteracted by more thorough homogenization of the spiked mixtures and by increasing the mass of KOH in the MF fusion process from 1.6 g to 10.0 g. The MF-based fusion technique is consistently superior in digestion efficiency for all three TiO(2) polymorphs. The MF-based fusion technique required 20 minutes for digestion of 25 samples (based on in-house Lindberg MF capacity) compared to 8 hours for the same number of samples using the BB-based fusion technique. Thus, the MF-based fusion technique can be used to dissolve a large number of samples in a shorter time (e.g., 500 samples per 8 hours) while conserving energy and eliminating health and safety risks from methods involving HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendahandi G Silva
- Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure Inc., 1600 Gest Street, U.S. EPA Test and Evaluation Facility, Cincinnati, OH 45204, USA
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Bhaumik P, Dhepe PL. Influence of properties of SAPO's on the one-pot conversion of mono-, di- and poly-saccharides into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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46
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Determination of gold in geological materials by carbon slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:750-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of magnetic metal-organic framework (MOF) as a novel sorbent, and its optimization by experimental design methodology for determination of palladium in environmental samples. Talanta 2012; 99:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hamzeh MA, Aftabi A, Mirzaee M. Assessing geochemical influence of traffic and other vehicle-related activities on heavy metal contamination in urban soils of Kerman city, using a GIS-based approach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2011; 33:577-594. [PMID: 21858454 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution caused by traffic activities is increasingly becoming a great threat to urban environmental quality and human health. In this paper, soils of Kerman urban and suburban areas were collected to assess the potential effects of traffic and other vehicle-related pollution by heavy metal accumulation in soils. Eighty-six samples were collected along streets and from residential and rural sectors, as well as vehicle-related workshops from depth of 0-5 and 15-20 cm and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn), as well as major elements (Al, Ca, Fe and Mn). Several hot-spot areas were identified in the composite geochemical maps produced based on Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. The majority of the hot-spot areas were identified to be vehicle-related workshops, fuel stations and road junctions. The most polluted hot-spot in the study area was located in soils close to a car battery processing workshop in the southwestern part of Kerman city, with concentrations of Cd (0.32 mg/kg), Cr (169 mg/kg), Cu (250 mg/kg), Pb (5,780 mg/kg), Sn (27.2 mg/kg) and Zn (178 mg/kg) of 1, 8.5, 8.3, 230, 13.5 and 3 times more than the relevant mean concentrations in natural soils, respectively. Traffic pollution has resulted in significant accumulation of heavy metals in soils and sediments, and that level of accumulation varied remarkably among elements. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, most parts of soils and sediments of the Kerman basement consist of calcite and clay minerals. Abundance of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman.
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Balcerzak M. Methods for the Determination of Platinum Group Elements in Environmental and Biological Materials: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.588922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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NAJAFI E, SADEGHI O, TAVASSOLI N, MIRAHMADPOUR P, LOTFI ZADEH ZHAD HR. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Palladium in Aqueous Samples after Preconcentration Using Nanoparticles of .GAMMA.-Alumina Functionalized with Pyridine Groups. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:479-83. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezatollah NAJAFI
- H2O Group, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch
| | - Omid SADEGHI
- H2O Group, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch
| | - Najmeh TAVASSOLI
- H2O Group, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch
| | - Pari MIRAHMADPOUR
- H2O Group, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch
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