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Wen Z, Fan J, Zhan F, Li X, Li B, Lu P, Yao X, Shen Z, Liu Z, Wang C, Li X, Jin W, Zhang X, Qi Y, Wang X, Song M. The role of FPR2-mediated ferroptosis in formyl peptide-induced acute lung injury against endothelial barrier damage and protective effect of the mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111911. [PMID: 38527401 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) has garnered significant attention in the field of respiratory and critical care due to its high mortality and morbidity, and limited treatment options. The role of the endothelial barrier in the development of ALI is crucial. Several bacterial pathogenic factors, including the bacteria-derived formyl peptide (fMLP), have been implicated in damaging the endothelial barrier and initiating ALI. However, the mechanism by which fMLP causes ALI remains unclear. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanisms of ALI caused by fMLP and evaluate the protective effects of MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide. METHODS We established a rat model of ALI and a human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMVEC) model of ALI by treatment with fMLP. In vivo experiments involved lung histopathology assays, assessments of inflammatory and oxidative stress factors, and measurements of ferroptosis-related proteins and barrier proteins to evaluate the severity of fMLP-induced ALI and the type of tissue damage in rats. In vitro experiments included evaluations of fMLP-induced damage on HPMVEC using cell activity assays, assessments of inflammatory and oxidative stress factors, measurements of ferroptosis-related proteins, endothelial barrier function assays, and examination of the key role of FPR2 in fMLP-induced ALI. We also assessed the protective effect of MOTS-c and investigated its mechanism on the fMLP-induced ALI in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Results from both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that fMLP promotes the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress factors, activates ferroptosis and disrupts the vascular endothelial barrier, ultimately contributing to the development and progression of ALI. Mechanistically, ferroptosis mediated by FPR2 plays a key role in fMLP-induced injury, and the Nrf2 and MAPK pathways are involved in this process. Knockdown of FPR2 and inhibition of ferroptosis can attenuate ALI induced by fMLP. Moreover, MOTS-c could protect the vascular endothelial barrier function by inhibiting ferroptosis and suppressing the expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress factors through Nrf2 and MAPK pathways, thereby alleviating fMLP-induced ALI. CONCLUSION Overall, fMLP disrupts the vascular endothelial barrier through FPR2-mediated ferroptosis, leading to the development and progression of ALI. MOTS-c demonstrates potential as a protective treatment against ALI by alleviating the damage induced by fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Jidan Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Faliang Zhan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yili Friendship Hospital, Yining, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 839300, China
| | - Xiaopei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Zihao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Chufan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Wanjun Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yuanpu Qi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Meijuan Song
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
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Huang Q, Le Y, Li S, Bian Y. Signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Respir Res 2024; 25:30. [PMID: 38218783 PMCID: PMC10788036 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common condition associated with critically ill patients, characterized by bilateral chest radiographical opacities with refractory hypoxemia due to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Despite significant advances, the mortality of ARDS remains unacceptably high, and there are still no effective targeted pharmacotherapeutic agents. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 worldwide, the mortality of ARDS has increased correspondingly. Comprehending the pathophysiology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of ARDS may thus be essential to developing effective therapeutic strategies and reducing mortality. To facilitate further understanding of its pathogenesis and exploring novel therapeutics, this review provides comprehensive information of ARDS from pathophysiology to molecular mechanisms and presents targeted therapeutics. We first describe the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ARDS that involve dysregulated inflammation, alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, impaired alveolar fluid clearance and oxidative stress. Next, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to the above four aspects of ARDS pathophysiology, along with the latest research progress. Finally, we discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies that show exciting promise in ARDS, including several pharmacologic therapies, microRNA-based therapies and mesenchymal stromal cell therapies, highlighting the pathophysiological basis and the influences on signal transduction pathways for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrui Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue Le
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shusheng Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yi Bian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Wang J, Chen G, Li L, Luo S, Hu B, Xu J, Luo H, Li S, Jiang Y. Sustained induction of IP-10 by MRP8/14 via the IFNβ-IRF7 axis in macrophages exaggerates lung injury in endotoxemic mice. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad006. [PMID: 37701855 PMCID: PMC10494486 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Background As a damage-associated molecular pattern, the myeloid-related protein 8/14 (MRP8/14) heterodimer mediates various inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis. However, how MRP8/14 promotes lung injury by regulating the inflammatory response during endotoxemia remains largely unknown. This study aims at illuminating the pathological functions of MRP8/14 in endotoxemia. Methods An endotoxemic model was prepared with wild-type and myeloid cell-specific Mrp8 deletion (Mrp8ΔMC) mice for evaluating plasma cytokine levels. Lung injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, injury scoring and wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio. The dynamic profile of interferon γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) mRNA expression induced by macrophage MRP8/14 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Immunoblotting was used to evaluate the increase in IP-10 level induced by activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the involvement of IRF7 in Ip-10 gene transcription. In vivo air pouch experiments were performed to determine the biological function of IP-10 induced by MRP8/14. Results Experiments with Mrp8ΔMC mice showed that MRP8/14 promoted the production of cytokines, including IP-10, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung injury in endotoxic mice. The result of qPCR showed sustained expression of Ip-10 mRNA in macrophages after treatment with MRP8/14 for 12 h. Neutralization experiments showed that the MRP8/14-induced Ip-10 expression in RAW264.7 cells was mediated by extracellular IFNβ. Western blotting with phosphorylation-specific antibodies showed that the JAK1/TYK2-STAT1 signaling pathway was activated in MRP8/14-treated RAW264.7 cells, leading to the upregulation of Ip-10 gene expression. IRF7 was further identified as a downstream regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway that mediated Ip-10 gene expression in macrophages treated with MRP8/14. In vivo air pouch experiments confirmed that the IFNβ-JAK1/TYK2-STAT1-IRF7 pathway was required for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ T lymphocyte migration, which promoted lung injury in the context of endotoxemia. Conclusions In summary, our study demonstrates that MRP8/14 induces sustained production of IP-10 via the IFNβ-JAK1/TYK2-STAT1-IRF7 pathway to attract CXCR3+ T lymphocytes into lung tissues and ultimately results in lung injury by an excessive inflammatory response in the context of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Sidan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingrong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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Zhuang C, Kang M, Lee M. Delivery systems of therapeutic nucleic acids for the treatment of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Control Release 2023; 360:1-14. [PMID: 37330013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/ acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating inflammatory lung disease with a high mortality rate. ALI/ARDS is induced by various causes, including sepsis, infections, thoracic trauma, and inhalation of toxic reagents. Corona virus infection disease-19 (COVID-19) is also a major cause of ALI/ARDS. ALI/ARDS is characterized by inflammatory injury and increased vascular permeability, resulting in lung edema and hypoxemia. Currently available treatments for ALI/ARDS are limited, but do include mechanical ventilation for gas exchange and treatments supportive of reduction of severe symptoms. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids have been suggested, but their clinical effects are controversial with possible side-effects. Therefore, novel treatment modalities have been developed for ALI/ARDS, including therapeutic nucleic acids. Two classes of therapeutic nucleic acids are in use. The first constitutes knock-in genes for encoding therapeutic proteins such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and adiponectin (APN) at the site of disease. The other is oligonucleotides such as small interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides for knock-down expression of target genes. Carriers have been developed for efficient delivery for therapeutic nucleic acids into the lungs based on the characteristics of the nucleic acids, administration routes, and targeting cells. In this review, ALI/ARDS gene therapy is discussed mainly in terms of delivery systems. The pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS, therapeutic genes, and their delivery strategies are presented for development of ALI/ARDS gene therapy. The current progress suggests that selected and appropriate delivery systems of therapeutic nucleic acids into the lungs may be useful for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Zhuang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Huang H, Zhu J, Gu L, Hu J, Feng X, Huang W, Wang S, Yang Y, Cui P, Lin SH, Suen A, Shimada BK, Williams B, Kane MA, Ke Y, Zhang CO, Birukova AA, Birukov KG, Chao W, Zou L. TLR7 Mediates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Sepsis by Sensing Extracellular miR-146a. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:375-388. [PMID: 35679261 PMCID: PMC9447138 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0551oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7), the sensor for single-stranded RNA, contributes to systemic inflammation and mortality in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Recent studies show that extracellular miR-146a-5p serves as a TLR7 ligand and plays an important role in regulating host innate immunity. However, the role of miR-146a-5p and TLR7 signaling in pulmonary inflammation, endothelial activation, and sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome remains unclear. Here, we show that intratracheal administration of exogenous miR-146a-5p in mice evokes lung inflammation, activates endothelium, and increases endothelial permeability via TLR7-dependent mechanisms. TLR7 deficiency attenuates pulmonary barrier dysfunction and reduces lung inflammatory response in a murine sepsis model. Moreover, the impact of miR-146a-5p-TLR7 signaling on endothelial activation appears to be a secondary effect because TLR7 is undetectable in the human pulmonary artery and microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), which show no response to direct miR-146a-5p treatment in vitro. Both conditioned media of miR-146a-5p-treated macrophages (Mϕ) and septic sera of wild-type mice induce a marked EC barrier disruption in vitro, whereas Mϕ conditioned media or septic sera of TLR7-/- mice do not exhibit such effect. Cytokine array and pathway enrichment analysis of the Mϕ conditioned media and septic sera identify TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α) as the main downstream effector of miR-146a-5p-TLR7 signaling responsible for the EC barrier dysfunction, which is further supported by neutralizing anti-TNFα antibody intervention. Together, these data demonstrate that TLR7 activation elicits pulmonary inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption by sensing extracellular miR-146a-5p and contributes to sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Jing Zhu
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Lili Gu
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Jiang Hu
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Xiujing Feng
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Ping Cui
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Shao-Hsuan Lin
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Andrew Suen
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | | | | | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yunbo Ke
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Chen-ou Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Anna A. Birukova
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and
| | - Wei Chao
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
| | - Lin Zou
- Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research and
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The Inflammasome NLR Family Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3) as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:837-846. [PMID: 35351468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a dramatic disease without cure. The US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, only slow disease progression. The clinical investigation of novel therapeutic approaches for IPF is an unmet clinical need. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor or NOD-like receptors are pattern recognition receptors capable of binding a large variety of stress factors. NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), once activated, promotes IL-1β, IL-18 production, and innate immune responses. Multiple reports indicate that the inflammasome NLRP3 is overactivated in IPF patients, leading to increased production of class I IL and collagens. Similarly, data from animal models of pulmonary fibrosis confirm the role of NLRP3 in the development of chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. This report provides a review of the evidence of NLRP3 activation in IPF and of NLRP3 inhibition in different animal models of fibrosis, and highlights the recent advances in direct and indirect NLRP3 inhibitors.
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A targetable ‘rogue’ neutrophil-subset, [CD11b+DEspR+] immunotype, is associated with severity and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19-ARDS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5583. [PMID: 35379853 PMCID: PMC8977568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated secondary tissue injury underlies acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progression to multi-organ-failure (MOF) and death, processes linked to COVID-19-ARDS. This secondary tissue injury arises from dysregulated neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) intended to kill pathogens, but instead cause cell-injury. Insufficiency of pleiotropic therapeutic approaches delineate the need for inhibitors of dysregulated neutrophil-subset(s) that induce subset-specific apoptosis critical for neutrophil function-shutdown. We hypothesized that neutrophils expressing the pro-survival dual endothelin-1/VEGF-signal peptide receptor, DEspR, are apoptosis-resistant like DEspR+ cancer-cells, hence comprise a consequential pathogenic neutrophil-subset in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS. Here, we report the significant association of increased peripheral DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophil-counts with severity and mortality in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS, and intravascular NET-formation, in contrast to DEspR[-] neutrophils. We detect DEspR+ neutrophils and monocytes in lung tissue patients in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS, and increased neutrophil RNA-levels of DEspR ligands and modulators in COVID-19-ARDS scRNA-seq data-files. Unlike DEspR[-] neutrophils, DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils exhibit delayed apoptosis, which is blocked by humanized anti-DEspR-IgG4S228P antibody, hu6g8, in ex vivo assays. Ex vivo live-cell imaging of Rhesus-derived DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils showed hu6g8 target-engagement, internalization, and induction of apoptosis. Altogether, data identify DEspR+CD11b+ neutrophils as a targetable ‘rogue’ neutrophil-subset associated with severity and mortality in ARDS and COVID-19-ARDS.
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Han JY, Li Q, Pan CS, Sun K, Fan JY. Progression of the Wei-Qi-Ying-Xue syndrome, microcirculatory disturbances, in infectious diseases and treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_28_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Su R, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang H, Luo Y, Chan HF, Tao Y, Chen Z, Li M. Nanomedicine to advance the treatment of bacteria-induced acute lung injury. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9100-9115. [PMID: 34672317 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01770e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with a high mortality rate due to the lack of an effective treatment. Patients often rely on supportive care such as low tidal volume ventilation to alleviate the symptoms. Nanomedicine has recently received much attention owing to its premium benefits of delivering drugs in a sustainable and controllable manner while minimizing the potential side effects. It can effectively improve the prognosis of bacteria-induced ALI through targeted delivery of drugs, regulation of multiple inflammatory pathways, and combating antibiotic resistance. Hence, in this review, we first discuss the pathogenesis of ALI and its potential therapeutics. In particular, the state-of-the-art nanomedicines for the treatment of bacteria-induced ALI are highlighted, including their administration routes, in vivo distribution, and clearance. Furthermore, the available bacteria-induced ALI animal models are also summarized. In the end, future perspectives of nanomedicine for ALI treatment are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Su
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, USA
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Haixia Wang
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhuanggui Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China. .,Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Remote Inflammatory Preconditioning Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibition of Intrinsic Apoptosis in Rats. J Immunol Res 2021. [PMID: 34595242 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1125199.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) always leads to severe inflammation. As inflammation and oxidative stress are the common pathological basis of endotoxin-induced inflammatory injury and ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), we speculate that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) can be protective for ALI when used as remote inflammatory preconditioning (RInPC). Method A total of 21 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the animal experiments. Eighteen rats were equally and randomly divided into the control (NS injection), LPS (LPS injection), and RInPC groups. The RInPC was performed prior to the LPS injection via tourniquet blockage of blood flow to the right hind limb and adopted three cycles of 5 min tying followed by 5 min untying. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours later. There were 2 rats in the LPS group and 1 in the RInPC group who died before the end of the experiment. Supplementary experiments in the LPS and RInPC groups were conducted to ensure that 6 animals in each group reached the end of the experiment. Results In the present study, we demonstrated that the RInPC significantly attenuated the LPS-induced ALI in rats. Apoptotic cells were reduced significantly by the RInPC, with the simultaneous improvement of apoptosis-related proteins. Reduction of MPO and MDA and increasing of SOD activity were found significantly improved by the RInPC. Increasing of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by the LPS was inhibited, while IL-10 was significantly increased by RInPC, compared to the LPS group. Conclusion RInPC could inhibit inflammation and attenuate oxidative stress, thereby reducing intrinsic apoptosis and providing lung protection in the LPS-induced ALI in rats.
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Yehya N. Potential therapeutics in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: what does the immune system have to offer? A narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2689-2699. [PMID: 34765494 PMCID: PMC8578784 DOI: 10.21037/tp-20-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since first described, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been understood to be an inflammatory disease with a dysregulated hyperinflammatory response. While fewer investigations have studied these phenomena in pediatric ARDS (PARDS), similar pathways are believed to be involved. Significant attention has been paid to the innate immune system, particularly neutrophils and neutrophil-related signaling, more recent studies have provided additional nuance regarding the role of upstream damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and subsequent neutrophil-mediated inflammation, lung permeability, and alveolar epithelial damage. For example, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and inflammasome signaling have been identified as critical mediators existing at the junction of DAMPs and downstream inflammation. We demonstrate how the conclusions obtained from pre-clinical studies of lung injury are highly dependent upon the model chosen, and how this can lead us astray when developing therapies. More recently the adaptive immune system, specifically select T cell subpopulations, have also been implicated in ARDS. This raises the possibility of antigen-specific immunomodulation as a potential therapeutic avenue in ARDS. Finally, we briefly review randomized controlled trials attempting to manipulate the immune dysregulation in ARDS, including pleiotropic immunomodulators like corticosteroids and interferon-β, and what these studies can teach us about the design of novel therapeutics and the design of future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Yehya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Liu Y, Xu J, Zhao L, Cheng J, Chen B. Remote Inflammatory Preconditioning Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibition of Intrinsic Apoptosis in Rats. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:1125199. [PMID: 34595242 PMCID: PMC8478588 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1125199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) always leads to severe inflammation. As inflammation and oxidative stress are the common pathological basis of endotoxin-induced inflammatory injury and ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), we speculate that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) can be protective for ALI when used as remote inflammatory preconditioning (RInPC). METHOD A total of 21 Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the animal experiments. Eighteen rats were equally and randomly divided into the control (NS injection), LPS (LPS injection), and RInPC groups. The RInPC was performed prior to the LPS injection via tourniquet blockage of blood flow to the right hind limb and adopted three cycles of 5 min tying followed by 5 min untying. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours later. There were 2 rats in the LPS group and 1 in the RInPC group who died before the end of the experiment. Supplementary experiments in the LPS and RInPC groups were conducted to ensure that 6 animals in each group reached the end of the experiment. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrated that the RInPC significantly attenuated the LPS-induced ALI in rats. Apoptotic cells were reduced significantly by the RInPC, with the simultaneous improvement of apoptosis-related proteins. Reduction of MPO and MDA and increasing of SOD activity were found significantly improved by the RInPC. Increasing of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by the LPS was inhibited, while IL-10 was significantly increased by RInPC, compared to the LPS group. CONCLUSION RInPC could inhibit inflammation and attenuate oxidative stress, thereby reducing intrinsic apoptosis and providing lung protection in the LPS-induced ALI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430011, China
| | - Jiahang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430011, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430011, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430011, China
| | - Baojun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430011, China
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13
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Herrera VLM, Walkey AJ, Nguyen MQ, Gromisch CM, Mosaddhegi JZ, Gromisch MS, Jundi B, Lukassen S, Carstensen S, Denis R, Belkina AC, Baron RM, Pinilla-Vera M, Muller M, Kimberly WT, Goldstein JN, Lehmann I, Shih AR, Ells R, Levy BD, Rulz-Opazo N. Increased Neutrophil-Subset Associated With Severity/Mortality In ARDS And COVID19-ARDS Expresses The Dual Endothelin-1/VEGFsignal-Peptide Receptor (DEspR): An Actionable Therapeutic Target. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-846250. [PMID: 34545358 PMCID: PMC8452107 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-846250/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-mediated secondary tissue injury underlies acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and progression to multi-organ-failure (MOF) and death, processes linked to severe COVID19. This 'innocent bystander' tissue injury arises in dysregulated hyperinflammatory states from neutrophil functions and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) intended to kill pathogens, but injure cells instead, causing MOF. Insufficiency of prior therapeutic approaches suggest need to identify dysregulated neutrophil-subset(s) and induce subset-specific apoptosis critical for neutrophil function-shutdown and clearance. We hypothesized that neutrophils expressing the pro-survival dual endothelin-1/signal peptide receptor, DEspR, are apoptosis-resistant just like DEspR+ cancer cells, hence comprise a consequential pathogenic neutrophil-subset in ARDS and COVID19-ARDS. Here, we report correlation of circulating DEspR+CD11b+ activated neutrophils (DESpR+actNs) and NETosing-neutrophils with severity in ARDS and in COVID19-ARDS, increased DEspR+ neutrophils and monocytes in post-mortem ARDS-patient lung sections, and neutrophil DEspR/ET1 receptor/ligand autocrine loops in severe COVID19. Unlike DEspR[-] neutrophils, ARDS patient DEspR+actNs exhibit apoptosis-resistance, which decreased upon ex vivo treatment with humanized anti-DEspR-IgG4S228P antibody, hu6g8. Ex vivo live-cell imaging of non-human primate DEspR+actNs showed hu6g8 target-engagement, internalization, and induction of apoptosis. Altogether, data differentiate DEspR+actNs as a targetable neutrophil-subset associated with ARDS and COVID19-ARDS severity, and suggest DEspR-inhibition as a potential therapeutic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bakr Jundi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Soeren Lukassen
- Berlin Institute of Health and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meike Muller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | - Irina Lehmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)
| | - Angela R Shih
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Roland Ells
- Berlin Institute of Health and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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14
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Silva JRDA, Oliveira PVSDE, Nolasco P, Santana H, Rezende IS, Santos DPD, Timenetsky J, Marques LM, Figueiredo TB, Silva RAADA. Ureaplasma diversum clearance in lung mice infection is mediated by neutrophils. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200424. [PMID: 34431870 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia in cattle is one of the causes of morbidity rates and economic loss. The host response to lung infections caused by Ureaplasma diversum in bovines is virtually unknown. Here in the immune response was evaluated in a murine model for an experimental pulmonary infection by U. diversum. Therefore, AJ, BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice received intratracheal inoculation of U. diversum and were evaluated after 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days and the clinical specimens were collected. In bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) an increase of inflammatory cells was observed. Neutrophils were the main cells recruited to the site of infection and the infiltration was coincided with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We found a large amount of neutrophil in this initial period, followed by a decrease 7 and 14 days post infection, accompanied by bacterial clearance. Our results evidenced the presence of U. diversum within the neutrophil that suggests a phagocytic role of this cell in the elimination of the infection. The immune response features reported here are the initial evidence that healthy immune systems may control these microorganisms. This may be the first step to design new strategies immune based to control the infections in naturally infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile R DA Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB II, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Percíllia V S DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Patricia Nolasco
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Hugo Santana
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Izadora S Rezende
- Centro Universitário FG - UniFG, Departamento de Farmácia, Av. Barão do Rio Branco, 459, Centro, 46430-000 Guanambi, BA, Brazil
| | - Denisar P Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil.,Centro Universitário FG - UniFG, Departamento de Farmácia, Av. Barão do Rio Branco, 459, Centro, 46430-000 Guanambi, BA, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, Cidade Universitária 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiana B Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
| | - Robson A A DA Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde - Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil
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15
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Marquant Q, Laubreton D, Drajac C, Mathieu E, Bouguyon E, Noordine ML, Remot A, Riffault S, Thomas M, Descamps D. The microbiota plays a critical role in the reactivity of lung immune components to innate ligands. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21348. [PMID: 33715218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to shaping efficient and safe immune defenses in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the gut and/or lung microbiota in the education of pulmonary innate immune responses. Here, we tested whether the endogenous microbiota in general can modulate the reactivity of pulmonary tissue to pathogen stimuli by comparing the response of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice. Thus, we observed earlier and greater inflammation in the pulmonary compartment of GF mice than that of SPF mice after intranasal instillation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was more abundantly expressed in the lungs of GF mice than those of SPF mice at steady state, which could predispose the innate immunity of GF mice to strongly react to the environmental stimuli. Lung explants were stimulated with different TLR agonists or infected with the human airways pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), resulting in greater inflammation under almost all conditions for the GF explants. Finally, alveolar macrophages (AM) from GF mice presented a higher innate immune response upon RSV infection than those of SPF mice. Overall, these data suggest that the presence of microbiota in SPF mice induced a process of innate immune tolerance in the lungs by a mechanism which remains to be elucidated. Our study represents a step forward to establishing the link between the microbiota and the immune reactivity of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elliot Mathieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Aude Remot
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, Tours, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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16
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Root-Bernstein R. Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042108. [PMID: 33672738 PMCID: PMC7924650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other microbes, mainly bacterial and fungal. This proposition is based on eight linked types of evidence and their logical connections. (1) Severe cases of COVID-19 differ from healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients in exhibiting increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9 and NLRP3 activity. (2) SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses activate TLR3, TLR7, RIG1 and NLRP3. (3) SARS-CoV-2 cannot, therefore, account for the innate receptor activation pattern (IRAP) found in severe COVID-19 patients. (4) Severe COVID-19 also differs from its mild form in being characterized by bacterial and fungal infections. (5) Respiratory bacterial and fungal infections activate TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3. (6) A combination of SARS-CoV-2 with bacterial/fungal coinfections accounts for the IRAP found in severe COVID-19 and why it differs from mild cases. (7) Notably, TLR7 (viral) and TLR4 (bacterial/fungal) synergize, TLR9 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize and TLR2 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize with NLRP3 (viral and bacterial). (8) Thus, a SARS-CoV-2-bacterium/fungus coinfection produces synergistic innate activation, resulting in the hyperinflammation characteristic of a cytokine storm. Unique clinical, experimental and therapeutic predictions (such as why melatonin is effective in treating COVID-19) are discussed, and broader implications are outlined for understanding why other syndromes such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis display varied cytokine storm symptoms.
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17
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Stavropoulou E, Kantartzi K, Tsigalou C, Konstantinidis T, Voidarou C, Konstantinidis T, Bezirtzoglou E. Unraveling the Interconnection Patterns Across Lung Microbiome, Respiratory Diseases, and COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:619075. [PMID: 33585285 PMCID: PMC7876344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.619075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Albeit the lungs were thought to be sterile, recent scientific data reported a microbial microbiota in the lungs of healthy individuals. Apparently, new developments in technological approachesincluding genome sequencing methodologies contributed in the identification of the microbiota and shed light on the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in the development of respiratory diseases. Moreover, knowledge of the human microbiome in health may act as a tool for evaluating characteristic shifts in the case of disease. This review paper discusses the development of respiratory disease linked to the intestinal dysbiosis which influences the lung immunity and microbiome. The gastrointestinal-lung dialogue provides interesting aspects in the pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases. Lastly, we were further interested on the role of this interconnection in the progression and physiopathology of newly emergedCOVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stavropoulou
- CHUV (Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Konstantia Kantartzi
- Nephrology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Theodoros Konstantinidis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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18
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Hembram P. An outline of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the complement cascade of immune system. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2021; 45:123. [PMID: 34257504 PMCID: PMC8267761 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-021-00582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 is a viral infection caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. It was first notified in Wuhan, China, is now spread into numerous part of the world. Thus, the world needs urgent support and encouragement to develop a vaccine or antiviral treatments to combat the atrocious outbreak. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT The origin of this virus is yet unknown; however, rapid transmission from human-to-human "Anthroponosis" has widely confirmed. The world is witnessing a continuous hike in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19, we have aimed to highlight the basic and vital information about the novel coronavirus. We provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, timeline and its pathophysiological properties which would be an aid for the development of therapeutic molecules and antiviral drugs. Immune system plays a crucial role in virus infection in order to control but may have dark side when becomes uncontrollable. The host and SARS-CoV-2 interaction describe how the virus exploits host machinery and how overactive host immune response can cause disease severity also addressed in this review. SHORT CONCLUSION Safe and effective vaccines may be the game-changing tools, but in the near future wearing mask, washing hands at regular intervals, avoiding crowed, maintaining physical distancing and hygienic surrounding, must be good practices to reduce and break the transmission chain. Still, research is ongoing not only on how vaccines protect against disease, but also against infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmalochan Hembram
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, 760007 India
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19
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Kurokawa C, Araújo Júnior J, Pires R, Carpi M, Moraes M, Medeiros L, Fioretto J. HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in experimental acute lung injury induced in rabbits. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to measure HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum and TLR2 and TLR4mRNA expression in lung tissue of rabbits with two grades of acute lung injury (ALI). The animals were randomly assigned to groups with severe (S) and mild/moderate (MM) ALI, induced with warm saline, and a control group. HMGB1, TNF-alpha, IL-8, TLR2mRNA and TLR4mRNA were measured after ALI induction. The results showed increased levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, HMGB1 and TLR4mRNA in the ALI groups. HMGB1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha concentrations in BAL were higher in S compared MM. Increased TLR4mRNA was observed in S and MM versus control. The results suggest an early participation of HMGB1 in ALI together with IL-8 and TNF-alpha and association with severity. TLR4 has early expression and role in ALI pathophysiology but is not associated with severity.
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20
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Gurien SD, Aziz M, Jin H, Wang H, He M, Al‐Abed Y, Nicastro JM, Coppa GF, Wang P. Extracellular microRNA 130b-3p inhibits eCIRP-induced inflammation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48075. [PMID: 31724825 PMCID: PMC10563445 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs regulate mRNA expression intracellularly, they are often released into the circulation in inflammatory diseases. During sepsis, secreted extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), inducing tissue damage by elevating inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Here, we report that the circulating microRNA 130b-3p inhibits eCIRP-mediated sterile and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced non-sterile inflammation. We find that levels of miR-130b-3p are increased in the serum of septic mice and patients and that it strongly interacts with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP in vitro and with eCIRP in the serum of septic mice in vivo. Combining a miR-130b-3p mimic with rmCIRP significantly decreases TNF-α release by macrophages compared to only rmCIRP-treated cells. This combined treatment also dose-dependently decreases the affinity of rmCIRP with its receptor TLR4/MD2. Finally, injection of a miR-130b-3p mimic significantly reduces rmCIRP- or CLP-induced systemic inflammation and acute lung injury in mice. These data show that extracellular miR-130b-3p functions as a novel endogenous inhibitor of eCIRP and point to an innovative therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Gurien
- Center for Immunology and InflammationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
- Department of SurgeryDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellManhassetNYUSA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and InflammationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
| | - Hui Jin
- Center for Immunology and InflammationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Center for Biomedical ScienceThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
| | - Mingzhu He
- Center for Molecular InnovationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
| | - Yousef Al‐Abed
- Center for Molecular InnovationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
| | - Jeffrey M Nicastro
- Department of SurgeryDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellManhassetNYUSA
| | - Gene F Coppa
- Department of SurgeryDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellManhassetNYUSA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and InflammationThe Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
- Department of SurgeryDonald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/NorthwellManhassetNYUSA
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21
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Braga D, Barcella M, Herpain A, Aletti F, Kistler EB, Bollen Pinto B, Bendjelid K, Barlassina C. A longitudinal study highlights shared aspects of the transcriptomic response to cardiogenic and septic shock. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2019; 23:414. [PMID: 31856860 PMCID: PMC6921511 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Septic shock (SS) and cardiogenic shock (CS) are two types of circulatory shock with a different etiology. Several studies have described the molecular alterations in SS patients, whereas the molecular factors involved in CS have been poorly investigated. We aimed to assess in the whole blood of CS and SS patients, using septic patients without shock (SC) as controls, transcriptomic modifications that occur over 1 week after ICU admission and are common to the two types of shock. Methods We performed whole blood RNA sequencing in 21 SS, 11 CS, and 5 SC. In shock patients, blood samples were collected within 16 h from ICU admission (T1), 48 h after ICU admission (T2), and at day 7 or before discharge (T3). In controls, blood samples were available at T1 and T2. Gene expression changes over time have been studied in CS, SS, and SC separately with a paired analysis. Genes with p value < 0.01 (Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction) were defined differentially expressed (DEGs). We used gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify the biological processes and transcriptional regulators significantly enriched in both types of shock. Results In both CS and SS patients, GO terms of inflammatory response and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were downregulated following ICU admission, whereas gene sets of DNA replication were upregulated. At the gene level, we observed that alarmins, interleukin receptors, PRRs, inflammasome, and DNA replication genes significantly changed their expression in CS and SS, but not in SC. Analysis of transcription factor targets showed in both CS and SS patients, an enrichment of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB) targets in genes downregulated over time and an enrichment of E2F targets in genes with an increasing expression trend. Conclusions This pilot study supports, within the limits of a small sample size, the role of alarmins, PRRs, DNA replication, and immunoglobulins in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock, either in the presence of infection or not. We hypothesize that these genes could be potential targets of therapeutic interventions in CS and SS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02141607. Registered 19 May 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Braga
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy. .,Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milano, Italy.
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Antoine Herpain
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federico Aletti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik B Kistler
- Department of Anestesiology & Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Bernardo Bollen Pinto
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim Bendjelid
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Barlassina
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142, Milano, Italy.,Fondazione Filarete, 20139, Milano, Italy
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22
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Chu X, Wu S, Raju R. NLRX1 Regulation Following Acute Mitochondrial Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2431. [PMID: 31736938 PMCID: PMC6830126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction followed by dysregulation of cellular energetics. Mitochondria play an important role in ATP production and cell death regulation. NLRX1, a mitochondria-targeted protein, is known to negatively regulate innate immunity, and cell death responses. However, the role of this protein in cellular homeostasis following mitochondrial injury is not well-understood. To understand the mechanisms underlying the effect of acute injury in regulating NLRX1 signaling pathways, we used an in vitro model of mitochondrial injury wherein, rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were subjected to sodium azide treatment or glucose starvation. Both sodium azide and glucose starvation activated NF-κB and TBK1 associated innate immune response. Moreover, increased TBK1, IKK, IκB, and TRAF6 were recruited to mitochondria and interacted with NLRX1. Depletion of endogenous NLRX1 resulted in exacerbated NF-κB and TBK1 associated innate immune response and apoptosis. Our results suggest that NLRX1 participates in the regulation of innate immune response in mitochondria, and plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis following acute mitochondrial injury. We propose that the mitochondrial recruitment of inflammatory mediators and their interaction with NLRX1 are protective responses to maintain cellular homeostasis following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Songwei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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23
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu H, Sun C, Zhang B, Bai B, Wu D, Xiao Z, Lum H, Zhou J, Chen R, Liang G. Inhibition of myeloid differentiation factor 2 by baicalein protects against acute lung injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:152997. [PMID: 31254764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALI/ARDS is characterized by severe hypoxemic respiratory failure attributed to inflammatory tissue injury. There are no treatment modalities able to prevent/reverse the dire pathological sequelae in these patients. Evidence links the inflammatory lung injury to uncontrolled activation of the immune signaling complex, TLR4-MD2 (Toll-like receptor-myeloid differentiation factor 2). Baicalein, a natural flavonoid, is reported to have robust anti-inflammatory properties, but its inhibition mechanism remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study investigated the protective mechanisms of baicalein on ALI/ARDS. METHODS We used two experimental mouse models of LPS-induced ALI, pulmonary infection model (intratracheal LPS), and systemic infection model (intravenous LPS). Blood, BALF, lung and liver tissues were analyzed using routine methods. In vitro studies using peritoneal mouse macrophages or recombinant proteins were designed to elucidate inhibition mechanisms of baicalein. RESULTS Our critical new findings revealed that Baicalein was an MD2 inhibitor, directly bound to MD2, effectively suppressing TLR4-MD2 activation and the subsequent MAPK and NF-κB signaling. The inhibited MD2 prevented development of inflammatory tissue injury and improved survival. The importance of MD2 in the inflammatory injury in ALI was corroborated by data obtained from MD2-/- mice, which did not develop the characteristic LPS-induced lung tissue damage. Thus, the findings indicated that MD2 was critical for development of ALI, functioning as an early upstream signal driving the progression of inflammatory injury. CONCLUSION Baicalein, as a direct and selective MD2 inhibitor, inhibited the early upstream TLR4-MD2 signaling and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325800, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325600, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Chuchu Sun
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325600, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Di Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhongxiang Xiao
- Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325600, China
| | - Hazel Lum
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Affiliated Cangnan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325800, China; Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325600, China.
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24
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Arora S, Ahmad S, Irshad R, Goyal Y, Rafat S, Siddiqui N, Dev K, Husain M, Ali S, Mohan A, Syed MA. TLRs in pulmonary diseases. Life Sci 2019; 233:116671. [PMID: 31336122 PMCID: PMC7094289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple infectious agents, antigens and host-derived danger signals, the inhabiting stromal and myeloid cells of the lung express an aggregate of TLRs which perceive the endogenously derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) along with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the TLR-associated signalling events involved in host defence. Thus, they form an imperative component of host defence activation in case of microbial infections as well as non-infectious pulmonary disorders such as interstitial lung disease, acute lung injury and airways disease, such as COPD and asthma. They also play an equally important role in lung cancer. Targeting the TLR signalling network would pave ways to the design of more reliable and effective vaccines against infectious agents and control deadly infections, desensitize allergens and reduce inflammation. Moreover, TLR agonists may act as adjuvants by increasing the efficiency of cancer vaccines, thereby contributing their role in treatment of lung cancer too. Overall, TLRs present a compelling and expeditiously bolstered area of research and addressing their signalling events would be of significant use in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rasha Irshad
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yamini Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sahar Rafat
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Neha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Dev
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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25
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Chen Z, Dong WH, Chen Q, Li QG, Qiu ZM. Downregulation of miR-199a-3p mediated by the CtBP2-HDAC1-FOXP3 transcriptional complex contributes to acute lung injury by targeting NLRP1. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2627-2640. [PMID: 31754335 PMCID: PMC6854378 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.37133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we discovered that miR-199a-3p was significantly downregulated in ALI lung tissues using a microarray analysis. In vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of the human epithelial cell line A549 and the human macrophage cell line U937 caused a decrease of miR-199a-3p. Mechanically, miR-199a-3p specifically bound to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 1), a critical member of inflammasomes. Ectopic overexpression or downregulation of miR-199a-3p resulted in the repression or induction of NLRP1, respectively, thereby downregulating or activating its downstream events. Moreover, transcription factor FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) was able to specifically bind to the promoter of miR-199a-3p. Knockdown or overexpression of FOXP3 resulted in a decrease or induction miR-199a-3p expression, respectively. Using immunoprecipitation (IP), mass spectrometry and co-IP assays, we found that FOXP3 formed a transcriptional complex with HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1) and CtBP2 (C-terminal-binding protein 2). Collectively, our results suggested that the CtBP2-HDAC1-FOXP3 transcriptional complex (CHFTC) could specifically bind to the promoter of miR-199a-3p and repress its expression. Downregulation of miR-199a-3p eliminated its inhibition of NLRP1, causing activation of NLRP1 and cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 mediated by Caspase-1. The secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 further aggravated the inflammatory response and resulted in the occurrence of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei-Hua Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Qiu-Gen Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhong-Min Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
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26
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Chen X, Wang T, Song L, Liu X. Activation of multiple Toll-like receptors serves different roles in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:443-450. [PMID: 31258682 PMCID: PMC6566018 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is involved in the innate immune response and the acute inflammatory response following sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that sepsis-induced ALI may be closely associated with several abnormal TLRs, activated by components of microorganisms. However, the number of TLRs involved in this process and the extent of their involvement has not been fully elucidated. The current study examined the simultaneous activation of four TLRs closely associated with sepsis-induced ALI. The results demonstrated that in contrast to the sham-operated group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR2/4/9 were significantly increased in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-operated group. In addition, TLR2-/-, TLR3-/-, TLR4-/- and TLR9-/- C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a CLP-induced ALI animal model and measure the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in plasma and lung tissue samples. The expression of both TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly decreased in TLR2-/-, TLR4-/- and TLR9-/- mice compared with WT mice. In addition, the results revealed that knockdown of TLR2, 4 or 9 decreased immune cell infiltration and therefore may attenuate lung injury. Furthermore, the overall survival was significantly increased in TLR2-/-, 4-/- and 9-/- CLP-induced ALI mice compared with the WT CLP-induced ALI mice. However, there was no statistical significance between TLR3-/- CLP-induced ALI and WT CLP-induced ALI in the current study. Taken together, these results suggest that in the sepsis-induced ALI model, several TLRs are upregulated and participate in the inflammatory response. Therefore, inhibition of multiple TLRs including TLR2, 9, and especially TLR4 simultaneously, but not TLR3, may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
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27
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Yehya N, Thomas NJ. Sepsis and Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2018; 8:32-41. [PMID: 31073506 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in pediatric sepsis is poorly defined. With significant data extrapolated from adult studies in sepsis and ARDS, sometimes with uncertain applicability, better pediatric-specific guidelines and dedicated investigations are warranted. The recent publication of a consensus definition for pediatric ARDS (PARDS) is the first step in addressing this knowledge gap. The aim of this review is to frame our current understanding of PARDS as it relates to pediatric sepsis, encompassing epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. We argue that addressing the role of PARDS in pediatric sepsis requires significant attention to details with respect to how PARDS and sepsis are defined to accurately describe their epidemiology, natural history, and outcomes. Finally, we highlight certain aspects of PARDS management as they relate to the septic child and offer suggestion for future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Yehya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health Science, Penn State Hershey Children's Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
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28
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Xiong Y, Gao W, Xia F, Sun Y, Sun L, Wang L, Ben S, Turvey SE, Yang H, Li Q. Peptide-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrids as Promising Anti-Inflammatory Nanotherapeutics for Acute Lung Injury: In Vivo Efficacy, Biodistribution, and Clearance. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800510. [PMID: 30101578 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown great promises in various biomedical applications. Although GNPs exhibit excellent therapeutic efficacy in in vitro and in vivo in numerous studies, there still exists significant biosafety concerns, mainly for their nonbiodegradability and tendency to be trapped in the liver and spleen. To tackle this problem, hexapeptides are utilized to modify the GNP surface to not only impart them with potent anti-inflammatory activity, but also facilitate their rapid clearance in vivo. Previously, a unique class of peptide-GNP hybrids that potently inhibit multiple TLR signaling pathways in macrophages was identified; in this work, it is further demonstrated that these hybrids, after intratracheal instillation, are capable of effectively reducing lung inflammation and injury by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and increasing the number of regulatory T cells in the lung in a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. More importantly, these hybrids can be effectively excreted 26 h post-administration with only 8.49 ± 0.70% of them remaining in the body, primarily in the lung and intestine and less than 0.03% accumulated in the liver and spleen. This work provides strong evidences that properly designed peptide-GNP hybrids can serve as the next generation of effective and safe anti-inflammatory nanotherapeutics to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineChanghai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University Shanghai 200120 China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineMedicine, 85 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Shanghai 200052 China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Laboratory MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Suqin Ben
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research InstituteDepartment of PediatricsFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai 201620 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineChanghai HospitalSecond Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai East HospitalTongji University Shanghai 200120 China
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29
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GONZÁLEZ I, ARAYA P, ROJAS A. Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Lung Cancer:
New Insights and Future Challenges. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:658-662. [PMID: 30201063 PMCID: PMC6137001 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases and is an important risk factor for the development functional dyspepsia, peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. H. pylori has very high rates of infection in human populations, and it is estimated that over 50% of the world population is infected. Recently, certain extra-gastric manifestations, linked to H. pylori infection, have been widely investigated. Noteworthy, a growing body of evidences supports an association between H. pylori infection with lung cancer. The present review intend to highlight not only the most recent evidences supporting this association, but also some missed points, which must be considered to validate this emerging association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana GONZÁLEZ
- />Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Paulina ARAYA
- />Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando ROJAS
- />Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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30
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Abstract
Historically, volatile anesthetics have demonstrated interesting interactions with both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review organizes these interactions into four phases: recognition, recruitment, response, and resolution. These phases represent a range of proinflammatory, inflammatory, and innate and adaptive immune regulatory responses. The interaction between volatile anesthetics and the immune system is discussed in the context of pathogenesis of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- b Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics , University of Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY USA
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31
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Heidemann SM, Nair A, Bulut Y, Sapru A. Pathophysiology and Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2017; 64:1017-1037. [PMID: 28941533 PMCID: PMC9683071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a syndrome of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxia that accompanies up to 30% of deaths in pediatric intensive care units. Pediatric ARDS (PARDS) is diagnosed by the presence of hypoxia, defined by oxygenation index or Pao2/Fio2 ratio cutoffs, and new chest infiltrate occurring within 7 days of a known insult. Hallmarks of ARDS include hypoxemia and decreased lung compliance, increased work of breathing, and impaired gas exchange. Mortality is often accompanied by multiple organ failure. Although many modalities to treat PARDS have been investigated, supportive therapies and lung protective ventilator support remain the mainstay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Nair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yonca Bulut
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anil Sapru
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110 San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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32
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Necroptotic debris including damaged mitochondria elicits sepsis-like syndrome during late-phase tularemia. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17056. [PMID: 28955505 PMCID: PMC5611684 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis (Ft) strain SchuS4 causes an often lethal disease known as tularemia in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. Ft subverts host cell death programs to facilitate their exponential replication within macrophages and other cell types during early respiratory infection (⩽72 h). The mechanism(s) by which cell death is triggered remains incompletely defined, as does the impact of Ft on mitochondria, the host cell’s organellar ‘canary in a coal mine’. Herein, we reveal that Ft infection of host cells, particularly macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, drives necroptosis via a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3-mediated mechanism. During necroptosis mitochondria and other organelles become damaged. Ft-induced mitochondrial damage is characterized by: (i) a decrease in membrane potential and consequent mitochondrial oncosis or swelling, (ii) increased generation of superoxide radicals, and (iii) release of intact or damaged mitochondria into the lung parenchyma. Host cell recognition of and response to released mitochondria and other damage-associated molecular patterns engenders a sepsis-like syndrome typified by production of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ during late-phase tularemia (⩾72 h), but are absent early during infection.
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33
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. Modeling DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in mice: insight from danger signaling cascades. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:142. [PMID: 28836991 PMCID: PMC5571607 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis represent severe and dose-limiting side effects in the radiotherapy of thorax-associated neoplasms leading to decreased quality of life or - as a consequence of treatment with suboptimal radiation doses - to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease. It is assumed that the initial radiation-induced damage to the resident cells triggers a multifaceted damage-signalling cascade in irradiated normal tissues including a multifactorial secretory program. The resulting pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic microenvironment triggers a cascade of events that can lead within weeks to a pronounced lung inflammation (pneumonitis) or after months to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix molecules and tissue scarring (pulmonary fibrosis).The use of preclinical in vivo models of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy in genetically modified mice has helped to substantially advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms and signalling molecules that participate in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced adverse late effects in the lung. Herein, murine models of whole thorax irradiation or hemithorax irradiation nicely reproduce the pathogenesis of the human disease with respect to the time course and the clinical symptoms. Alternatively, treatment with the radiomimetic DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin (BLM) has frequently been used as a surrogate model of radiation-induced lung disease. The advantage of the BLM model is that the symptoms of pneumonitis and fibrosis develop within 1 month.Here we summarize and discuss published data about the role of danger signalling in the response of the lung tissue to DNA damage and its cross-talk with the innate and adaptive immune systems obtained in preclinical studies using immune-deficient inbred mouse strains and genetically modified mice. Interestingly we observed differences in the role of molecules involved in damage sensing (TOLL-like receptors), damage signalling (MyD88) and immune regulation (cytokines, CD73, lymphocytes) for the pathogenesis and progression of DNA damage-induced pneumopathy between the models of pneumopathy induced by whole thorax irradiation or treatment with the radiomimetic drug BLM. These findings underline the importance to pursue studies in the radiation model(s) if we are to unravel the mechanisms driving radiation-induced adverse late effects.A better understanding of the cross-talk of danger perception and signalling with immune activation and repair mechanisms may allow a modulation of these processes to prevent or treat radiation-induced adverse effects. Vice-versa an improved knowledge of the normal tissue response to injury is also particularly important in view of the increasing interest in combining radiotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade or immunotherapies to avoid exacerbation of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 173, Essen, Germany.
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Blumhagen RZ, Hedin BR, Malcolm KC, Burnham EL, Moss M, Abraham E, Huie TJ, Nick JA, Fingerlin TE, Alper S. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing of Toll-like receptor signaling components in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ARDS. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L930-L939. [PMID: 28775099 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00247.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key physiological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is inflammation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat the infection that underlies many ARDS cases but also contributes to pathological inflammation. Several TLR signaling pathway genes encoding positive effectors of inflammation also produce alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding negative regulators of inflammation. An imbalance between these isoforms could contribute to pathological inflammation and disease severity. To determine whether splicing in TLR pathways is altered in patients with ARDS, we monitored alternative splicing of MyD88 and IRAK1, two genes that function in multiple TLR pathways. The MyD88 and IRAK1 genes produce long proinflammatory mRNAs (MyD88L and IRAK1) and shorter anti-inflammatory mRNAs (MyD88S and IRAK1c). We quantified mRNA encoding inflammatory cytokines and MyD88 and IRAK1 isoforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 104 patients with ARDS and 30 healthy control subjects. We found that MyD88 pre-mRNA splicing is altered in patients with ARDS in a proinflammatory direction. We also observed altered MyD88 isoform levels in a second critically ill patient cohort, suggesting that these changes may not be unique to ARDS. Early in ARDS, PBMC IRAK1c levels were associated with patient survival. Despite the similarities in MyD88 and IRAK1 alternative splicing observed in previous in vitro studies, there were differences in how MyD88 and IRAK1 alternative splicing was altered in patients with ARDS. We conclude that pre-mRNA splicing of TLR signaling genes is altered in patients with ARDS, and further investigation of altered splicing may lead to novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z Blumhagen
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Brenna R Hedin
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kenneth C Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ellen L Burnham
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marc Moss
- Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edward Abraham
- Office of the Dean, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tristan J Huie
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Scott Alper
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Program in Mucosal Inflammation and Immunity, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Huang Y, Zhang C, Shen J, Zhang X, Du J, Zhang D. WITHDRAWN: Toll-like receptor-4 Signaling Improved the Migration of Sca-1 +stem/progenitor Cells. Ann Vasc Surg 2017:S0890-5096(16)31397-8. [PMID: 28739472 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunya Zhang
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jinghua Shen
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jianqing Du
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Daifu Zhang
- Dept of Cardiology, Pudong New Area People' Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, China
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36
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Shi H, Lu R, Wang S, Chen H, Wang F, Liu K. Effects of SDF-1/CXCR4 on Acute Lung Injury Induced by Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Inflammation 2017; 40:937-945. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Fragoso IT, Ribeiro EL, Gomes FODS, Donato MAM, Silva AKS, Oliveira ACOD, Araújo SMDR, Barbosa KPS, Santos LAM, Peixoto CA. Diethylcarbamazine attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by apoptosis of inflammatory cells. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li W, Wu AH, Zhu S, Li J, Wu R, D'Angelo J, Wang H. EGCG induces G-CSF expression and neutrophilia in experimental sepsis. Immunol Res 2016; 63:144-52. [PMID: 26293782 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A major green tea component, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been proven protective against lethal sepsis in experimental setting, but its protective mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence to support EGCG's capacities in stimulating G-CSF production and neutrophilia in vivo. In an animal model of sepsis, EGCG significantly elevated peritoneal levels of G-CSF and several chemokines (e.g., MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1γ/CCL9), and consequently increased peritoneal neutrophil numbers (neutrophilia) at a late stage. In vitro, EGCG divergently affected HMGB1-mediated production of several chemokines: reducing CXCL15 and RANTES/CCL5, but elevating G-CSF and MIP-1α/CCL3 production by peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, it significantly induced the expression and secretion of G-CSF and MIP-1α/CCL3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Based on our preliminary data, it may be important to search for anti-inflammatory and G-CSF-stimulating agents for the clinical management of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Andrew H Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - John D'Angelo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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Zhang L, Deng S, Zhao S, Ai Y, Zhang L, Pan P, Su X, Tan H, Wu D. Intra-Peritoneal Administration of Mitochondrial DNA Provokes Acute Lung Injury and Systemic Inflammation via Toll-Like Receptor 9. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091425. [PMID: 27589725 PMCID: PMC5037704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is responsible for energy metabolism, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammatory responses, is closely related with severe sepsis induced death. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) contain un-methylated cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) motifs, which exhibit immune stimulatory capacities. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of mtDNA release on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammation. Following LPS injection, plasma mtDNA copies peak at 8 h. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, mtDNA in toll like receptor 4 knockout (TLR4 KO) mice were significantly decreased. MtDNA intra-peritoneal administration causes apparent ALI as demonstrated by increased lung injury score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) total protein and wet/dry (W/D) ratio; mtDNA injection also directly provokes systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by increased IL-1β, IL-6, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) level; while nuclear DNA (nDNA) could not induce apparent ALI and systemic inflammation. However, compared with WT mice, TLR4 KO could not protect from mtDNA induced ALI and systemic inflammation. Specific TLR9 inhibitor, ODN 2088 pretreatment can significantly attenuate mtDNA induced ALI and systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by improved lung injury score, decreased lung wet/dry ratio, BALF total protein concentration, and decreased systemic level of IL-1β, IL-6 and HMGB1. MtDNA administration activates the expression of p-P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in lung tissue and specific TLR9 inhibitor pretreatment can attenuate this activation. Thus, LPS-induced mtDNA release occurs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and mtDNA causes acute lung injury and systemic inflammation in a TLR9-dependent and TLR4-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Songyun Deng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Shuangping Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Yuhang Ai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicines, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Xiaoli Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicines, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Hongyi Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicines, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicines, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Buland JR, Wasserloos KJ, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Amoscato AA, Mallampalli RK, Chen BB, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Ofori-Acquah S, Kagan VE, Pitt BR. Biosynthesis of oxidized lipid mediators via lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of extracellular cardiolipin induces endothelial toxicity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L303-16. [PMID: 27233995 PMCID: PMC5142456 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We (66) have previously described an NSAID-insensitive intramitochondrial biosynthetic pathway involving oxidation of the polyunsaturated mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), followed by hydrolysis [by calcium-independent mitochondrial calcium-independent phospholipase A2-γ (iPLA2γ)] of oxidized CL (CLox), leading to the formation of lysoCL and oxygenated octadecadienoic metabolites. We now describe a model system utilizing oxidative lipidomics/mass spectrometry and bioassays on cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) to assess the impact of CLox that we show, in vivo, can be released to the extracellular space and may be hydrolyzed by lipoprotein-associated PLA2 (Lp-PLA2). Chemically oxidized liposomes containing bovine heart CL produced multiple oxygenated species. Addition of Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzed CLox and produced (oxygenated) monolysoCL and dilysoCL and oxidized octadecadienoic metabolites including 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) acids. CLox caused BPAEC necrosis that was exacerbated by Lp-PLA2 Lower doses of nonlethal CLox increased permeability of BPAEC monolayers. This effect was exacerbated by Lp-PLA2 and partially mimicked by authentic monolysoCL or 9- or 13-HODE. Control mice plasma contained virtually no detectable CLox; in contrast, 4 h after Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection, 34 ± 8 mol% (n = 6; P < 0.02) of circulating CL was oxidized. In addition, molar percentage of monolysoCL increased twofold after P. aeruginosa in a subgroup analyzed for these changes. Collectively, these studies suggest an important role for 1) oxidation of CL in proinflammatory environments and 2) possible hydrolysis of CLox in extracellular spaces producing lysoCL and oxidized octadecadienoic acid metabolites that may lead to impairment of pulmonary endothelial barrier function and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Buland
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karla J Wasserloos
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bill B Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Zhao
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yutong Zhao
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Solomon Ofori-Acquah
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
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Barbar SD, Pauchard LA, Bruyère R, Bruillard C, Hayez D, Croisier D, Pugin J, Charles PE. Mechanical Ventilation Alters the Development of Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in Rabbit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158799. [PMID: 27391952 PMCID: PMC4938582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is common during mechanical ventilation (MV). Beside obvious deleterious effects on muco-ciliary clearance, MV could adversely shift the host immune response towards a pro-inflammatory pattern through toll-like receptor (TLRs) up-regulation. We tested this hypothesis in a rabbit model of Staphylococcus aureus VAP. Pneumonia was caused by airway challenge with S. aureus, in either spontaneously breathing (SB) or MV rabbits (n = 13 and 17, respectively). Pneumonia assessment regarding pulmonary and systemic bacterial burden, as well as inflammatory response was done 8 and 24 hours after S. aureus challenge. In addition, ex vivo stimulations of whole blood taken from SB or MV rabbits (n = 7 and 5, respectively) with TLR2 agonist or heat-killed S. aureus were performed. Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation. After 8 hours of infection, lung injury was more severe in MV animals (1.40±0.33 versus [vs] 2.40±0.55, p = 0.007), along with greater bacterial concentrations (6.13±0.63 vs. 4.96±1.31 colony forming units/gram, p = 0.002). Interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αserum concentrations reached higher levels in MV animals (p = 0.010). Whole blood obtained from MV animals released larger amounts of cytokines if stimulated with TLR2 agonist or heat-killed S. aureus (e.g., TNF-α: 1656±166 vs. 1005±89; p = 0.014). Moreover, MV induced TLR2 overexpression in both lung and spleen tissue. MV hastened tissue injury, impaired lung bacterial clearance, and promoted a systemic inflammatory response, maybe through TLR2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber-Davide Barbar
- Laboratoire “Ventilation Immunité Poumon”, Pôle Microbiologie Environnementale et Risque Sanitaire (M.E.R.S.), U.M.R. 1347, I.N.R.A., Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laure-Anne Pauchard
- Laboratoire “Ventilation Immunité Poumon”, Pôle Microbiologie Environnementale et Risque Sanitaire (M.E.R.S.), U.M.R. 1347, I.N.R.A., Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Rémi Bruyère
- Laboratoire “Ventilation Immunité Poumon”, Pôle Microbiologie Environnementale et Risque Sanitaire (M.E.R.S.), U.M.R. 1347, I.N.R.A., Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Bruillard
- Laboratoire “Ventilation Immunité Poumon”, Pôle Microbiologie Environnementale et Risque Sanitaire (M.E.R.S.), U.M.R. 1347, I.N.R.A., Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Pugin
- Intensive Care Laboratory, University Hospitals of Geneva, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Charles
- Laboratoire “Ventilation Immunité Poumon”, Pôle Microbiologie Environnementale et Risque Sanitaire (M.E.R.S.), U.M.R. 1347, I.N.R.A., Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Parrott GL, Kinjo T, Fujita J. A Compendium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:513. [PMID: 27148202 PMCID: PMC4828434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, atypical pneumonia was a term used to describe an unusual presentation of pneumonia. Currently, it is used to describe the multitude of symptoms juxtaposing the classic symptoms found in cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. Specifically, atypical pneumonia is a syndrome resulting from a relatively common group of pathogens including Chlamydophila sp., and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The incidence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in adults is less than the burden experienced by children. Transmission rates among families indicate children may act as a reservoir and maintain contagiousness over a long period of time ranging from months to years. In adults, M. pneumoniae typically produces a mild, “walking” pneumonia and is considered to be one of the causes of persistent cough in patients. M. pneumoniae has also been shown to trigger the exacerbation of other lung diseases. It has been repeatedly detected in patients with bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and cystic fibrosis. Recent advances in technology allow for the rapid diagnosis of M. pneumoniae through the use of polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen tests. With this, more effort has been afforded to identify the causative etiologic agent in all cases of pneumonia. However, previous practices, including the overprescribing of macrolide treatment in China and Japan, have created increased incidence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae. Reports from these countries indicate that >85% of M. pneumoniae pneumonia pediatric cases are macrolide-resistant. Despite its extensively studied past, the smallest bacterial species still inspires some of the largest questions. The developments in microbiology, diagnostic features and techniques, epidemiology, treatment and vaccines, and upper respiratory conditions associated with M. pneumoniae in adult populations are included within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Parrott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
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Abstract
The unique characteristics of pulmonary circulation and alveolar-epithelial capillary-endothelial barrier allow for maintenance of the air-filled, fluid-free status of the alveoli essential for facilitating gas exchange, maintaining alveolar stability, and defending the lung against inhaled pathogens. The hallmark of pathophysiology in acute respiratory distress syndrome is the loss of the alveolar capillary permeability barrier and the presence of protein-rich edema fluid in the alveoli. This alteration in permeability and accumulation of fluid in the alveoli accompanies damage to the lung epithelium and vascular endothelium along with dysregulated inflammation and inappropriate activity of leukocytes and platelets. In addition, there is uncontrolled activation of coagulation along with suppression of fibrinolysis and loss of surfactant. These pathophysiological changes result in the clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which include hypoxemia, radiographic opacities, decreased functional residual capacity, increased physiologic deadspace, and decreased lung compliance. Resolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome involves the migration of cells to the site of injury and re-establishment of the epithelium and endothelium with or without the development of fibrosis. Most of the data related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, originate from studies in adults or in mature animals with very few studies performed in children or juvenile animals. The lack of studies in children is particularly problematic because the lungs and immune system are still developing during childhood and consequently the pathophysiology of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome may differ in significant ways from that seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. This article describes what is known of the pathophysiologic processes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome as we know it today while also presenting the much greater body of evidence on these processes as elucidated by adult and animal studies. It is also our expressed intent to generate enthusiasm for larger and more in-depth investigations of the mechanisms of disease and repair specific to children in the years to come.
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P2X7 receptor as a key player in oxidative stress-driven cell fate in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:172493. [PMID: 25815106 PMCID: PMC4359843 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Incidences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease parallels increase in the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD has been shown to be associated with risks of cardiometabolic disorders and kidney disturbances. It is accompanied by insulin and leptin resistance that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of this public health menace. Though significant research is underway for understanding the molecular mechanisms of NAFLD and its subsequent inflammatory and fibrotic manifestations like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the role of purinergic receptors has been unclear. It is increasingly being recognized that damage associated molecular patterns like NAD and ATP that are released from injured cells via hepatocellular injury either by oxidative stress or lipotoxicity from steatosis activate the purinergic receptor. Based on evidence from inflammatory responses in the airways and vasculature and autoimmune complications in humans and rodents, it is beyond doubt that hepatocellular inflammation such as that seen in NASH can result from the activation of purinergic receptors. This event can result in the formation of inflammasomes and can be an important pathway for the progression of NASH. The present review evaluates the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress and its signaling via P2X7 receptors in hepatocellular injury that might contribute to the NASH pathophysiology.
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Sutherasan Y, D'Antini D, Pelosi P. Advances in ventilator-associated lung injury: prevention is the target. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:233-48. [PMID: 24601663 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.890519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is the main supportive treatment in respiratory failure due to different etiologies. However, MV might aggravate ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI). Four main mechanisms leading to VALI are: 1) increased stress and strain, induced by high tidal volume (VT); 2) increased shear stress, i.e. opening and closing, of previously atelectatic alveolar units; 3) distribution of perfusion and 4) biotrauma. In severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients, low VT, higher levels of positive end expiratory pressure, long duration prone position and neuromuscular blockade within the first 48 hours are associated to a better outcome. VALI can also occur by using high VT in previously non injured lungs. We believe that prevention is the target to minimize injurious effects of MV. This review aims to describe pathophysiology of VALI, the possible prevention and treatment as well as monitoring MV to minimize VALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Sutherasan
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, IRCCS San Martino - IST, Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
The clinical management of neutropenic infections represents a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Established sepsis criteria only partially reflect the neutropenic setting. Diagnostic procedures are frequently impaired by thrombocytopenia and progressive respiratory insufficiency. Increased tendency to bleed, engraftment, and fulminant progression represent major therapeutic challenges. Thus, crucial for the diagnosis and therapy of neutropenic sepsis are clear and well-communicated algorithms, rapid action, and close collaboration between oncologists and intensivists.
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ZHANG JIANZHENG, LIU ZHI, LIU JIA, REN JIXIN, SUN TIANSHENG. Mitochondrial DNA induces inflammation and increases TLR9/NF-κB expression in lung tissue. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:817-24. [PMID: 24535292 PMCID: PMC3976143 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains unmethylated CpG motifs that exhibit immune stimulatory capacities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mtDNA activates the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, thereby contributing to post-traumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and lung injury in rats. The effects of mtDNA on macrophage culture were examined in order to elucidate the putative cellular mechanisms. Rats and macrophage cultures were treated with phosphate-buffered saline, nuclear DNA, or mtDNA for 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. Histological analysis of lung tissue was undertaken following hematoxylin and eosin staining, and cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA. NF-κB and IκB-α phosphorylation levels, as well as TLR9 protein expression were determined by western blot analysis; NF-κB, IκB-α and TLR9 mRNA levels were analyzed by RT-PCR. A greater degree of inflammation and lung injury was observed in response to mtDNA. In addition, mtDNA increased serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in vivo and increased their secretion by cultured macrophages (p<0.05). In lung tissue, mtDNA increased NF-κB, IκB-α and TLR9 mRNA levels (p<0.05); it also increased phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and TLR9 protein levels in the macrophage cultures. Thus, mtDNA may be part of the danger-associated molecular patterns, contributing to the initiation of sterile SIRS through the activation of the TLR9/NF-κB pathway and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIAN-ZHENG ZHANG
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - ZHI LIU
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - JIA LIU
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - JI-XIN REN
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - TIAN-SHENG SUN
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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Protective Effect of Carvacrol on Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Inflammation 2014; 37:1091-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major public health problem and a leading source of morbidity in intensive care units. Lung tissue in patients with ARDS is characterized by inflammation, with exuberant neutrophil infiltration, activation, and degranulation that is thought to initiate tissue injury through the release of proteases and oxygen radicals. Treatment of ARDS is supportive primarily because the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. This gap in knowledge must be addressed to identify urgently needed therapies. Recent research efforts in anti-inflammatory drug development have focused on identifying common control points in multiple signaling pathways. The protein kinase C (PKC) serine-threonine kinases are master regulators of proinflammatory signaling hubs, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Pharmacological inhibition of broad-spectrum PKC activity and, more importantly, of specific PKC isoforms (as well as deletion of PKCs in mice) exerts protective effects in various experimental models of lung injury. Furthermore, PKC isoforms have been implicated in inflammatory processes that may be involved in the pathophysiologic changes that result in ARDS, including activation of innate immune and endothelial cells, neutrophil trafficking to the lung, regulation of alveolar epithelial barrier functions, and control of neutrophil proinflammatory and prosurvival signaling. This review focuses on the mechanistic involvement of PKC isoforms in the pathogenesis of ARDS and highlights the potential of developing new therapeutic paradigms based on the selective inhibition (or activation) of specific PKC isoforms.
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Smeding L, Kuiper JW, Plötz FB, Kneyber MC, Groeneveld AJ. Aggravation of myocardial dysfunction by injurious mechanical ventilation in LPS-induced pneumonia in rats. Respir Res 2013; 14:92. [PMID: 24047433 PMCID: PMC3848739 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation (MV) may cause ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and may thereby contribute to fatal multiple organ failure. We tested the hypothesis that injurious MV of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pre-injured lungs induces myocardial inflammation and further dysfunction ex vivo, through calcium (Ca2+)-dependent mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS N = 35 male anesthetized and paralyzed male Wistar rats were randomized to intratracheal instillation of 2 mg/kg LPS or nothing and subsequent MV with lung-protective settings (low tidal volume (Vt) of 6 mL/kg and 5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)) or injurious ventilation (high Vt of 19 mL/kg and 1 cmH2O PEEP) for 4 hours. Myocardial function ex vivo was evaluated in a Langendorff setup and Ca2+ exposure. Key mediators were determined in lung and heart at the mRNA level. RESULTS Instillation of LPS and high Vt MV impaired gas exchange and, particularly when combined, increased pulmonary wet/dry ratio; heat shock protein (HSP)70 mRNA expression also increased by the interaction between LPS and high Vt MV. For the heart, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 mRNA expression increased, and ventricular (LV) systolic pressure, LV developed pressure, LV +dP/dtmax and contractile responses to increasing Ca2+ exposure ex vivo decreased by LPS. High Vt ventilation aggravated the effects of LPS on myocardial inflammation and dysfunction but not on Ca2+ responses. CONCLUSIONS Injurious MV by high Vt aggravates the effects of intratracheal instillation of LPS on myocardial dysfunction, possibly through enhancing myocardial inflammation via pulmonary release of HSP70 stimulating cardiac TLR2, not involving Ca2+ handling and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Smeding
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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