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Dearden JC, Hewitt M. Prediction of Human Lethal Doses and Concentrations of MEIC Chemicals from Rodent LD 50 Values: An Attempt to Make Some Reparation. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:10-21. [PMID: 33626883 DOI: 10.1177/0261192921994754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of human toxicities from animal toxicity tests is often poor, and is now discouraged and in some cases banned, especially those involving the LD50 test. However, there is a vast number of historical LD50 data in both public and in-house repositories that are being put to little use. This study examined the correlations between human lethality (doses and concentrations) of 36 MEIC chemicals and the median values of a large number of mouse and rat LD50 values obtained for four different routes of administration. The best correlations were found with mouse and rat intraperitoneal LD50 values (r2 = 0.838 and 0.810 for human lethal dose, and r2 = 0.753 and 0.785 for human lethal concentration). The results show that excellent prediction of human lethal dose and concentration can be made, for this series of chemicals at least, by using uncurated rodent LD50 values, thus offering some reparation for the millions of rodent lives sacrificed in LD50 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dearden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Hewitt
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
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2
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Reid KJ, Lang K, Froscio S, Humpage AJ, Young FM. Undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells used to model the effects of the blue-green algal toxin cylindrospermopsin on preimplantation embryonic cell proliferation. Toxicon 2015; 106:79-88. [PMID: 26403865 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cell (mES) proliferation in vitro resembles aspects of in vivo pre-implantation embryonic development. mES were used to assess the embryo-toxicity of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a water contaminant with an Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) of 1 μg/L. mES exposed to 0-1 μg/mL CYN for 24-168 h were subjected to an optimised crystal violet viability assay. mES exposed to retinoic acid ± 1 μg/L CYN differentiated into neural-like cells confirmed by morphological examination and RT-PCR for Oct4, Brachyury and Nestin. The CYN No Observed Effect Concentration (OEC) was 0.5 μg/mL, the Lowest OEC was 1 μg/mL (p < 0.001, n = 3), and the IC50 was 0.86 μg/mL after 24 h. The ADWG 1 μg/L CYN did not affect differentiation or proliferation after 72 h, but decreased proliferation after 168 h (p < 0.05). We conclude that higher algal bloom-associated CYN concentrations have the potential to impair in vivo pre-implantation development, and the mES crystal violet assay has broad application to screening environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Reid
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Suzanne Froscio
- South Australian Department of Health, Government of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Fiona M Young
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia; Flinders Fertility, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaf extract promotes glucose uptake and glycogen accumulation by modulating the insulin signaling pathway in high-glucose-induced insulin-resistant mouse FL83B cells. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Prado A, Petroianu GA, Lorke DE, Chambers JW. A trivalent approach for determining in vitro toxicology: Examination of oxime K027. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:219-27. [PMID: 24853289 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unforeseen toxic effects contribute to compound attrition during preclinical evaluation and clinical trials. Consequently, there is a need to correlate in vitro toxicity to in vivo and clinical outcomes quickly and effectively. We propose an expedited evaluation of physiological parameters in vitro that will improve the ability to predict in vivo toxicity of potential therapeutics. By monitoring metabolism, mitochondrial physiology and cell viability, our approach provides insight to the extent of drug toxicity in vitro. To implement our approach, we used human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) to monitor hepato- and neurotoxicity of the experimental oxime K027. We utilized a trivalent approach to measure metabolism, mitochondrial stress and induction of apoptosis in 96-well formats. Any change in these three areas may suggest drug-induced toxicity in vivo. K027 and pralidoxime, an oxime currently in clinical use, had no effect on glycolysis or oxygen consumption in HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cells. Similarly, these oximes did not induce oxidant generation nor alter mitochondrial membrane potential. Further, K027 and pralidoxime failed to activate effector caspases, and these oximes did not alter viability. The chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel, negatively affected metabolism, mitochondrial physiology and viability. Our studies present a streamlined high-throughput trivalent approach for predicting toxicity in vitro, and this approach reveals that K027 has no measurable hepatotoxicity or neurotoxicity in vitro, which correlates with their in vivo data. This approach could eliminate toxic drugs from consideration for in vivo preclinical evaluation faster than existing toxicity prediction panels and ultimately prevent unnecessary experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Prado
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Shah F, Louise-May S, Greene N. Chemotypes sensitivity and predictivity of in vivo outcomes for cytotoxic assays in THLE and HepG2 cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2753-7. [PMID: 24794102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of in vitro ATP depletion assays in both THLE and HepG2 cells for predicting the toxicological outcome in Exploratory Toxicology Studies across 446 Pfizer proprietary compounds. Our results suggest a higher likelihood of selecting suitable compounds for in vivo safety studies by using cytotoxicity assays in multiple cell-lines over a single cell line. In addition, we demonstrate that different cell-lines have different sensitivities to compounds depending on their ionization state, that is, acid, base or neutral. HepG2 cells are more sensitive for basic compounds, whereas THLE cells have a relatively higher sensitivity for the acidic and neutral compounds. These in vitro cytotoxicity assays when combined with physicochemical properties (cLogP >3 and topological polar surface area (TPSA) <75Å(2)), are the most effective means to prioritize compounds having a lower probability of causing adverse events in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falgun Shah
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, CT, United States.
| | - Shirley Louise-May
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Nigel Greene
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, CT, United States
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6
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GABAA receptor and cell membrane potential as functional endpoints in cultured neurons to evaluate chemicals for human acute toxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bal-Price AK, Suñol C, Weiss DG, van Vliet E, Westerink RH, Costa LG. Application of in vitro neurotoxicity testing for regulatory purposes: Symposium III summary and research needs. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:520-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Reichl S. Cell culture models of the human cornea - a comparative evaluation of their usefulness to determine ocular drug absorption in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008; 60:299-307. [PMID: 18284809 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture models of the cornea are continually developed to replace the isolated animal cornea for transcorneal drug absorption studies. The aim of this study was to determine and compare epithelial tightness and permeability of currently available corneal cell culture models to avoid interlaboratory variability and to assess their usefulness for in-vitro permeation studies. Pure epithelial cell culture models (CEPI, SIRC and HCE-T cell lines), primary cultures of human corneal epithelium (HCEpiC) and the two commercially available models (RHC and Epiocular), as well as organotypic human cornea constructs (HCC, HCC-HCE-T), were investigated and data were compared with those obtained from the excised bovine cornea. Barrier properties were assessed by measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of three passively absorbed substances (mannitol, testosterone and timolol maleate) with different physico-chemical properties. TEER experiments revealed weak barrier functions for all of the investigated epithelial models (<or=100-200 Omega cm2), except the HCE-T cell line. Transport studies confirmed TEER results insofar that models showing low TEER values also had higher permeation rates in comparison with the excised bovine cornea. However, models based on HCE-T cells demonstrated similar barrier properties to isolated corneal tissue. The corneal models investigated in our laboratory show clear differences in epithelial barrier function. In-vitro systems comprising the HCE-T cell line seem to be most appropriate to replace excised animal cornea for assessing corneal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Suñol C, Babot Z, Fonfría E, Galofré M, García D, Herrera N, Iraola S, Vendrell I. Studies with neuronal cells: From basic studies of mechanisms of neurotoxicity to the prediction of chemical toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1350-5. [PMID: 18467072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicology considers that chemicals perturb neurological functions by interfering with the structure or function of neural pathways, circuits and systems. Using in vitro methods for neurotoxicity studies should include evaluation of specific targets for the functionalism of the nervous system and general cellular targets. In this review we present the neuronal characteristics of primary cultures of cortical neurons and of cerebellar granule cells and their use in neurotoxicity studies. Primary cultures of cortical neurons are constituted by around 40% of GABAergic neurons, whereas primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells are mainly constituted by glutamatergic neurons. Both cultures express functional GABAA and ionotropic glutamate receptors. We present neurotoxicity studies performed in these cell cultures, where specific neural targets related to GABA and glutamate neurotransmission are evaluated. The effects of convulsant polychlorocycloalkane pesticides on the GABAA, glycine and NMDA receptors points to the GABAA receptor as the neural target that accounts for their in vivo acute toxicity, whereas NMDA disturbance might be relevant for long-term toxicity. Several compounds from a list of reference compounds, whose severe human poisoning result in convulsions, inhibited the GABAA receptor. We also present cell proteomic studies showing that the neurotoxic contaminant methylmercury affect mitochondrial proteins. We conclude that the in vitro assays that have been developed can be useful for their inclusion in an in vitro test battery to predict human toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Suñol
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-IDIBAPS, c/Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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