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Ishida K, Takeda K, Takehara Y, Takabayashi T, Miyara M, Sanoh S, Kawai H, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Methylmercury Decreases AMPA Receptor Subunit GluA2 Levels in Cultured Rat Cortical Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:292-300. [PMID: 36724957 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental pollutant that has harmful effects on the central nervous systems of humans and animals. The molecular mechanisms of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity at low concentrations are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low-concentration MeHg on the cell viability, Ca2+ homeostasis, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA2 levels, which determine Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors, in rat primary cortical neurons. Exposure of cortical neurons to 100 and 300 nM MeHg for 7 d resulted in a decrease in GluA2 levels, an increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration, increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38, and decreased cell viability. Moreover, glutamate stimulation exacerbated the decrease in cell viability and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in MeHg-treated neurons compared to control neurons. MeHg-induced neuronal cell death was ameliorated by 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine, a specific antagonist of Ca2+-permeable, GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Our findings raise the possibility that decreased neuronal GluA2 levels and the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may contribute to MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Ishida
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuki Takehara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Wakayama Medical University
| | - Hidehiko Kawai
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Wakayama Medical University
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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2
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Gut as the target tissue of mercury and the extraintestinal effects. Toxicology 2023; 484:153396. [PMID: 36521575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is harmful to the environment and human health. The gut plays important roles as the biological, chemical, mechanical, and immune barriers in animals and human beings. It has been known that Hg can be absorbed and methylated/demethylated in the gut, on the other hand, the impacts of Hg to the gut (especially the gut microbiota) is less studied. This review paper summarizes the impacts of inorganic Hg (IHg) and methyl Hg (MeHg) on gut barriers and the extraintestinal effects (damage to other organs such as the liver and brain). Both IHg and MeHg were found to cause intestinal microbial disorders, abnormal metabolites production, tight junction damage, and immune responses in the gut. The damage to the gut also contributed to the extraintestinal effects like the hepatotoxicity by IHg and the neurotoxicity by MeHg. In all, it is proposed that the gut should be considered as an important target tissue of Hg exposure, and the regulation of gut microbiota may have the potential for the prevention and control of the toxicity of Hg.
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3
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Goncalves VC, Silva da Fonsêca V, de Paula Faria D, Izidoro MA, Berretta AA, de Almeida ACG, Affonso Fonseca FL, Scorza FA, Scorza CA. Propolis induces cardiac metabolism changes in 6-hydroxydopamine animal model: A dietary intervention as a potential cardioprotective approach in Parkinson’s disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1013703. [PMID: 36313332 PMCID: PMC9606713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1013703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is sustained growth of the older population worldwide, ageing is a consistent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s-disease (PD). Considered an emblematic movement disorder, PD comprises a miscellany of non-motor symptoms, for which effective management remains an unfulfilled need in clinical practice. Highlighted are the cardiovascular abnormalities, that cause significant burden in PD patients. Evidence suggests that key biological processes underlying PD pathophysiology can be modulated by diet-derived bioactive compounds, such as green propolis, a natural functional food with biological and pharmacological properties. The effects of propolis on cardiac affection associated to PD have received little coverage. In this study, a metabolomics approach and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging were used to assess the metabolic response to diet supplementation with green propolis on heart outcomes of rats with Parkinsonism induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA rats). Untargeted metabolomics approach revealed four cardiac metabolites (2-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, monoacylglycerol and alanine) that were significantly modified between animal groups (6-OHDA, 6-OHDA + Propolis and sham). Propolis-induced changes in the level of these cardiac metabolites suggest beneficial effects of diet intervention. From the metabolites affected, functional analysis identified changes in propanoate metabolism (a key carbohydrate metabolism related metabolic pathway), glucose-alanine cycle, protein and fatty acid biosynthesis, energy metabolism, glutathione metabolism and urea cycle. PET imaging detected higher glucose metabolism in the 17 areas of the left ventricle of all rats treated with propolis, substantially contrasting from those rats that did not consume propolis. Our results bring new insights into cardiac metabolic substrates and pathways involved in the mechanisms of the effects of propolis in experimental PD and provide potential novel targets for research in the quest for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C. Goncalves
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Valeria C. Goncalves, ; Carla Alessandra Scorza,
| | - Victor Silva da Fonsêca
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Izidoro
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas—Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue (COLSAN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio-Carlos G. de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurociências Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina Do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Alessandra Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Valeria C. Goncalves, ; Carla Alessandra Scorza,
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4
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Caioni G, Cimini A, Benedetti E. Food Contamination: An Unexplored Possible Link between Dietary Habits and Parkinson’s Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071467. [PMID: 35406080 PMCID: PMC9003245 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance of a healthy lifestyle in maintaining the population’s well-being and health, especially in terms of balanced nutrition, is well known. Food choice of and dieting habits could impact disease management, which is especially true for Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, nowadays, it is not that simple to maintain a balance in nutrition, and the idea of a healthy diet tends to fade as the consequence of a western lifestyle. This should not only be dealt with in the context of food choice, but also from an environmental point of view. What we put into our bodies is strictly related to the quality of ecosystems we live in. For these reasons, attention should be directed to all the pollutants, which in many cases, we unknowingly ingest. It will be necessary to explore the interaction between food and environment, since human activity also influences the raw materials destined for consumption. This awareness can be achieved by means of an innovative scientific approach, which involves the use of new models, in order to overcome the traditional scientific investigations included in the study of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (A.C.)
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.C.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-086-243-3267
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5
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Renner H, Becker KJ, Kagermeier TE, Grabos M, Eliat F, Günther P, Schöler HR, Bruder JM. Cell-Type-Specific High Throughput Toxicity Testing in Human Midbrain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:715054. [PMID: 34335182 PMCID: PMC8321240 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.715054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity testing is a crucial step in the development and approval of chemical compounds for human contact and consumption. However, existing model systems often fall short in their prediction of human toxicity in vivo because they may not sufficiently recapitulate human physiology. The complexity of three-dimensional (3D) human organ-like cell culture systems ("organoids") can generate potentially more relevant models of human physiology and disease, including toxicity predictions. However, so far, the inherent biological heterogeneity and cumbersome generation and analysis of organoids has rendered efficient, unbiased, high throughput evaluation of toxic effects in these systems challenging. Recent advances in both standardization and quantitative fluorescent imaging enabled us to dissect the toxicities of compound exposure to separate cellular subpopulations within human organoids at the single-cell level in a framework that is compatible with high throughput approaches. Screening a library of 84 compounds in standardized human automated midbrain organoids (AMOs) generated from two independent cell lines correctly recognized known nigrostriatal toxicants. This approach further identified the flame retardant 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) as a selective toxicant for dopaminergic neurons in the context of human midbrain-like tissues for the first time. Results were verified with high reproducibility in more detailed dose-response experiments. Further, we demonstrate higher sensitivity in 3D AMOs than in 2D cultures to the known neurotoxic effects of the pesticide lindane. Overall, the automated nature of our workflow is freely scalable and demonstrates the feasibility of quantitatively assessing cell-type-specific toxicity in human organoids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Renner
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina J Becker
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa E Kagermeier
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martha Grabos
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Farsam Eliat
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Günther
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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6
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Li B, Qiao C, Jin X, Chan HM. Characterizing the Low-Dose Effects of Methylmercury on the Early Stages of Embryo Development Using Cultured Human Embryonic Stem Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77007. [PMID: 34328791 PMCID: PMC8323991 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global concerns of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure have been raised, especially on its effects on pregnant women. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed associations between maternal blood/hair MeHg concentrations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and developmental deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES In this study, we characterized the effects of MeHg exposure on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and extrapolated the effects to human embryonic development. METHODS hESCs were exposed to 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 or 200nM MeHg for 24 h or 6 d. Cell adherence and colony formation and expansion were examined under the microscope. Cell attachment, viability/proliferation, apoptosis, stress response, cell cycle, autophagy, and expression of cell lineage marker genes and proteins were measured at the end of exposures. RESULTS Our results indicated that exposure to nanomolar concentrations of MeHg was associated with a) higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), suggesting increased stress and adaptive responses; b) lower cellular adhesion, viability/proliferation, and colony formation and expansion; c) higher levels of apoptosis, reflected by higher cleaved caspase-3 expression and Annexin V binding; d) higher levels of cytoskeleton protein α-tubulin expression; e) higher rates of G1/S phase cell cycle arrest; and f) autophagy inhibition, as shown by a lower LC3BII/LC3BI ratio and accumulation of SQSTM1 (p62). These outcomes were accompanied by higher expressions of self-renewal genes or proteins or both, including OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and cytokine receptor IL6ST, as well as pluripotency and the cell fate regulator cyclin D1. DISCUSSION These results revealed that under the selection pressure of exposure to low doses of MeHg, some hESCs underwent apoptosis, whereas others adapted and survived with enhanced self-renewal gene expression and specific morphological phenotypes. Findings from the present study provide in vitro evidence that low doses of MeHg adversely affect hESCs when exposed during a period of time that models embryonic pre-, during, and early postimplantation stages. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Li
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cunye Qiao
- Biostatistics and Modeling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Abstract
Mercury (Hg) exists in the environment as inorganic (metallic Hg vapor, mercurous and mercuric salts) or organic (bonded to a structure containing carbon atoms) forms. Neurotoxic effect of Hg is known for years. While the organic form (methylmercury (meHg)) led to the Minamata incidence in Japan and "wonder-wheat" disaster in Iraq, the "mad hatters" and "Danbury shakes" were related to the inorganic elemental form (Hg vapor). Human exposure to toxic Hg continues in the modern world to a large extent by artisanal gold mining, biomass combustion, chloralkali production, and indigenous medicine use to name a few. Heavy industrial use of Hg contaminates air and landfills, affecting the aquatic ecosystem and marine food chain. A detailed social and occupational history with a high index of clinical suspicion is required to not miss this toxic etiology for movement disorders like ataxia, tremor, or myoclonus. In this review, we have discussed the past and present global health impact of Hg from a movement disorder perspective. The connection of Hg with neurodegeneration and autoimmunity has been highlighted. We have also discussed the role of chelating agents and the preventive strategies to combat the neurotoxic effects of Hg in the modern world.
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Pivotal Role of Fyn Kinase in Parkinson's Disease and Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia: a Novel Therapeutic Target? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1372-1391. [PMID: 33175322 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, although many cellular mechanisms including α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage, excessive neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis are implicated in its pathogenesis. There is still no disease-modifying treatment for PD and the gold standard therapy, chronic use of levodopa is usually accompanied by severe side effects, mainly levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Hence, the elucidation of the precise underlying molecular mechanisms is of paramount importance. Fyn is a tyrosine phospho-transferase of the Src family nonreceptor kinases that is highly implicated in immune regulation, cell proliferation and normal brain development. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the emerging role of Fyn in key aspects of PD and LID pathogenesis: it may regulate α-synuclein phosphorylation, oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal death, enhanced neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity by mediating key signaling pathways, such as BDNF/TrkB, PKCδ, MAPK, AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, and NMDAR axes. These findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of Fyn or Fyn-related pathways may represent a novel approach in PD treatment. Saracatinib, a nonselective Fyn inhibitor, has already been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, and novel selective Fyn inhibitors are under investigation. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent evidence on the role of Fyn in the pathogenesis of PD and LID and provide insights on additional Fyn-related molecular mechanisms to be explored in PD and LID pathology that could aid in the development of future Fyn-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Bridges KN, Furin CG, Gerlach RF. Subsistence fish consumption in rural Alaska: Using regional monitoring data to evaluate risk and bioavailability of dietary methylmercury. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139676. [PMID: 32497892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On average, Alaskans in rural communities consume over three times the Federally recommended maximum weekly fish ingestion rate (IR), the overwhelming majority of which is Pacific salmon. Results of statewide monitoring efforts consistently show that Pacific salmon from Alaska have low concentrations of mercury, yet concerns regarding dietary exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) and other aquatic contaminants continue to contribute to declining subsistence fish consumption rates in rural communities. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to use statewide biomonitoring datasets and regional fish IRs to quantitatively evaluate potential risk from dietary MeHg exposure via subsistence consumption of salmon from Alaska. Hazard Indices (HIs) did not exceed 1 for any of the groups evaluated, indicating negligible risk for the average Alaskan subsistence consumer. Selenium health benefit values (HBVSe) of various fish species from AK were also calculated, with positive results for all commonly consumed subsistence species. Additionally, mercury concentrations in the hair of Alaskan women were evaluated as a proxy for dietary MeHg exposure. Results reveal that Alaskan women of childbearing age have substantially lower hair Hg concentrations than their counterparts in other large-scale biomonitoring studies, despite similar fish IRs. Collectively, results of the present study suggest that MeHg in Pacific salmon does not pose an unacceptable hazard for the average subsistence consumer in Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Bridges
- Alaska Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, 3601 C Street Ste. 540, Anchorage, AK 99503, United States of America; Geosyntec Consultants, 3003 Minnesota Dr. Ste. 302, Anchorage, AK 99503, United States of America; Alaska Pacific University, 4101 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, United States of America.
| | - Christoff G Furin
- Division of Environmental Health, Office of The State Veterinarian, 5251 Dr. MLK Jr. Ave., Anchorage, AK 99507, United States of America
| | - Robert F Gerlach
- Division of Environmental Health, Office of The State Veterinarian, 5251 Dr. MLK Jr. Ave., Anchorage, AK 99507, United States of America
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10
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Lin X, Zhao J, Zhang W, He L, Wang L, Chang D, Cui L, Gao Y, Li B, Chen C, Li YF. Acute oral methylmercury exposure perturbs the gut microbiome and alters gut-brain axis related metabolites in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110130. [PMID: 31918252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants like methylmercury (MeHg) can bring devastating neurotoxicity to animals and human beings. Gut microbiota has been found to demethylate MeHg and promote the excretion of Hg through feces. However, the impacts of MeHg on gut microbiota and metabolites related to gut-brain interactions were less studied in mammals. The object of this study was to investigate the impacts of acute MeHg exposure on gut microbiome and metabolites together with its impact on gut integrity and related biological responses in rats. Rats were exposed to MeHg through oral administration and were sacrificed after 24 h 16 S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the perturbance to gut microbiome and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for metabolomics profiling. It was found that gut was one of the target tissues of MeHg. MeHg induce the changes of intestinal microbial community structure and induce the regulating neuron activity change of intestinal neurotransmitters and metabolites on intestinal neurotransmitters and metabolites regulating the neuron activity. This was supported by the increased BDNF level. These findings may suggest a potential new mechanism regarding the neurotoxicity of MeHg. The protocols used in this study may also be applied to understand the neurotoxicity of other environmental neurotoxins like Pb, Mn, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides, etc and to screen the neurotoxicity of emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lina He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dunhu Chang
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Liwei Cui
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101407, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Mercury Pollution Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Metallomics Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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11
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Ke T, Tsatsakis A, Santamaría A, Antunes Soare FA, Tinkov AA, Docea AO, Skalny A, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Chronic exposure to methylmercury induces puncta formation in cephalic dopaminergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurotoxicology 2020; 77:105-113. [PMID: 31935438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a neuromodulator in the positive and negative regulation of brain circuits. Dopamine insufficiency or overload has been implicated in aberrant activities of neural circuits that play key roles in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric diseases. Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to environmental insults. The neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg) produces dopaminergic neuron damage in rodent as well as in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) models. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of C. elegans as an alternative and complementary experimental model in dissecting out mechanism of MeHg-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, a sensitive pathological change that marks early events in neurodegeneration induced by environmental level of MeHg, is still lacking. By establishing a chronic exposure C. elegans model, for the first time, we have shown the propensity of MeHg (5 μM, 10 days) to induce bright puncta of dat-1::mCherry aggreagtes in the dendrites of cephalic (2 CEPs) dopaminergic neurons in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while these changes were not found in other dopaminergic neurons: anterior deirids (2 ADEs) and posterior deirids (2 PDEs), cholinergic neurons (2 AIYs) or glutamatergic neurons (2 PVDs). The bright puncta appear as an aggregation of mCherry proteins accumulating in dendrites. Further staining shows that the puncta were not inclusions in lysosome, or amyloid protein aggregates. In addition, features of the puncta including enlarged sphere shape (0.5-2 μm diameters), bright and accompanying with the shrinkage of the dendrite suggest that the puncta are likely composed of homologous mCherry molecules packaged at the dendritic site for exportation. Moreover, in the glutathione S-transferase 4 (gst-4) transcriptional reporter strain and RT-PCR assay, the expression levels of gst-4 and tubulins (tba-1 and tba-2) genes were not significantly modified under this chronic exposure paradigm, but gst-4 did show significant changes in an one day exposure paradigm. Collectively, these results suggest that CEP dopaminergic neurons are a sensitive target of MeHg, and the current exposure paradigm could be used as a model to investigate mechanism of dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soare
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Anatoly Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow 105064, Russia; Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg 460352, Russia
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow 105064, Russia.
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12
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Yang B, Yin C, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Bai Y, Qian H, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Cai J, Aschner M, Lu R. Curcumin protects against methylmercury-induced cytotoxicity in primary rat astrocytes by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway independently of PKCδ. Toxicology 2019; 425:152248. [PMID: 31330227 PMCID: PMC6710134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant that leads to long-lasting neurological deficits in animals and humans. Curcumin, a polyphenol obtained from the rhizome of turmeric, has well-known antioxidant functions. Here, we evaluated curcumin's efficacy in mitigating MeHg-induced cytotoxicity and further investigated the underlying mechanism of this neuroprotection in primary rat astrocytes. Pretreatment with curcumin (2, 5, 10 and 20 μM for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h) protected against MeHg-induced (5 μM for 6 h) cell death in a time and dose-dependent manner. Curcumin (2, 5, 10 or 20 μM) pretreatment for 12 h significantly ameliorated the MeHg-induced astrocyte injury and oxidative stress, as evidenced by morphological alterations, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. Moreover, curcumin pretreatment increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation and downstream enzyme expression, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH quinone reductase-1 (NQO1). Knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA attenuated the protective effect of curcumin against MeHg-induced cell death. However, both the pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, Ro 31-8220, and the selective PKCδ inhibitor, rottlerin, failed to suppress the curcumin-activated Nrf2/Antioxidant Response Element(ARE) pathway and attenuate the protection exerted by curcumin. Taken together, these findings confirm that curcumin protects against MeHg-induced neurotoxicity by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway and this protection is independent of PKCδ activation. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of curcumin cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yuanyue Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550-1106, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Center for Experimental Research, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215132, China.
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13
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Chung YP, Yen CC, Tang FC, Lee KI, Liu SH, Wu CC, Hsieh SS, Su CC, Kuo CY, Chen YW. Methylmercury exposure induces ROS/Akt inactivation-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated neuronal cell apoptosis. Toxicology 2019; 425:152245. [PMID: 31330229 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have positively linked mercury exposure and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Methylmercury (MeHg), an organic form of mercury, is a ubiquitous and potent environmental neurotoxicant that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and causes irreversible injury to the central nervous system (CNS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MeHg-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. Here, the present study found that Neuro-2a cells underwent apoptosis in response to MeHg (1-5 μM), which was accompanied by increased phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer cellular membrane leaflets, caspase-3 activity, and the activation of caspase cascades and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Exposure of Neuro-2a cells to MeHg also triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was identified via several key molecules (including: glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78, GRP94, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) X-box binding protein(XBP)-1, protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), inositol-requiring enzyme(IRE)-1, activation transcription factor(AFT)4, and ATF6. Transfection with GRP78-, GRP94-, CHOP-, and XBP-1-specific small interfering (si)RNA significantly suppressed the expression of these proteins, and attenuated cytotoxicity and caspase-12, -7, and -3 activation in MeHg-exposed cells. Furthermore, MeHg dramatically decreased Akt phosphorylation, and the overexpression of activation of Akt1 (myr-Akt1) could significantly prevent MeHg-induced Akt inactivation, as well as apoptotic and ER stress-related signals. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively prevented MeHg-induced neuronal cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptotic and ER stress-related signals, and Akt inactivation. Collectively, these results indicate that MeHg exerts its cytotoxicity in neurons by inducing ROS-mediated Akt inactivation up-regulated ER stress, which induces apoptosis and ultimately leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pang Chung
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Tang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua County, 500, Taiwan; Department of Leisure Services Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-I Lee
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taichung, 427, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ching Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Shu Hsieh
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taichung, 427, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua County 500, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Kuo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua County 500, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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14
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Guida N, Valsecchi V, Laudati G, Serani A, Mascolo L, Molinaro P, Montuori P, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LM, Formisano L. The miR206-JunD Circuit Mediates the Neurotoxic Effect of Methylmercury in Cortical Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29522201 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) causes neuronal death through different pathways. Particularly, we found that in cortical neurons it increased the expression of Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription Factor (REST), histone deacetylase (HDAC)4, Specificity Protein (Sp)1, Sp4, and reduced the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Herein, in rat cortical neurons we investigated whether microRNA (miR)206 can modulate MeHg-induced cell death by regulating REST/HDAC4/Sp1/Sp4/BDNF axis. MeHg (1 µM) reduced miR206 expression after both 12 and 24 h and miR206 transfection prevented MeHg-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, miR206 reverted MeHg-induced REST and Sp4 increase and BDNF reduction at gene and protein level, and reverted HDAC4 protein increase, but not HDAC4 mRNA upregulation. Moreover, since no miR206 seed sequences were identified in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of REST and SP4, we investigated the role of JunD, that presents a consensus motif on REST, Sp4, and BDNF promoters. Indeed, MeHg increased JunD mRNA and protein levels, and JunD knockdown counteracted MeHg-induced REST, Sp4 increase, but not BDNF reduction. Furthermore, we identified a miR206 binding site in the 3'-UTR of JunD mRNA (miR206/JunD) and mutagenesis of miR206/JunD site reverted JunD luciferase activity reduction induced by miR206. Finally, miR206 prevented MeHg-increased JunD binding to REST and Sp4 promoters, and MeHg-reduced BDNF expression was determined by the increase of HDAC4 binding on BDNF promoter IV. Collectively, these results suggest that miR206 downregulation induced by MeHg exposure determines an upregulation of HDAC4, that in turn downregulated BDNF, and the activation of JunD that, by binding REST and Sp4 gene promoters, increased their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella M Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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15
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Takasugi N, Hiraoka H, Nakahara K, Akiyama S, Fujikawa K, Nomura R, Furuichi M, Uehara T. The Emerging Role of Electrophiles as a Key Regulator for Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1783. [PMID: 30974903 PMCID: PMC6480251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is called ER stress. ER stress sensors PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 play a central role in the initiation and regulation of the UPR; they inhibit novel protein synthesis and upregulate ER chaperones, such as protein disulfide isomerase, to remove unfolded proteins. However, when recovery from ER stress is difficult, the UPR pathway is activated to eliminate unhealthy cells. This signaling transition is the key event of many human diseases. However, the precise mechanisms are largely unknown. Intriguingly, reactive electrophilic species (RES), which exist in the environment or are produced through cellular metabolism, have been identified as a key player of this transition. In this review, we focused on the function of representative RES: nitric oxide (NO) as a gaseous RES, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) as a lipid RES, and methylmercury (MeHg) as an environmental organic compound RES, to outline the relationship between ER stress and RES. Modulation by RES might be a target for the development of next-generation therapy for ER stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hiraoka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kengo Nakahara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Shiori Akiyama
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kana Fujikawa
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Moeka Furuichi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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16
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Ke T, Gonçalves FM, Gonçalves CL, Dos Santos AA, Rocha JBT, Farina M, Skalny A, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Post-translational modifications in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:2068-2081. [PMID: 30385410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) exposure remains a major public health concern due to its widespread distribution in the environment. Organic mercurials, such as MeHg, have been extensively investigated especially because of their congenital effects. In this context, studies on the molecular mechanism of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity are pivotal to the understanding of its toxic effects and the development of preventive measures. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation are essential for the proper function of proteins and play important roles in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. The rapid and transient nature of many PTMs allows efficient signal transduction in response to stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge of PTMs in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity, including the most commonly PTMs, as well as PTMs induced by oxidative stress and PTMs of antioxidant proteins. Though PTMs represent an important molecular mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are involved in the neurotoxic effects of MeHg, we are far from understanding the complete picture on their role, and further research is warranted to increase our knowledge of PTMs in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ke
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | | | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Anatoly Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow 105064, Russia; Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg 460352, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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17
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Nielsen KM, Zhang Y, Curran TE, Magnuson JT, Venables BJ, Durrer KE, Allen MS, Roberts AP. Alterations to the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome of Pimephales promelas and Mus musculus Following Exposure to Dietary Methylmercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8774-8784. [PMID: 29943971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a global contaminant, which may be microbially transformed into methylmercury (MeHg), which bioaccumulates. This results in potentially toxic body burdens in high trophic level organisms in aquatic ecosystems and maternal transfer to offspring. We previously demonstrated effects on developing fish including hyperactivity, altered time-to-hatch, reduced survival, and dysregulation of the dopaminergic system. A link between gut microbiota and central nervous system function in teleosts has been established with implications for behavior. We sequenced gut microbiomes of fathead minnows exposed to dietary MeHg to determine microbiome effects. Dietary exposures were repeated with adult CD-1 mice. Metabolomics was used to screen for metabolome changes in mouse brain and larval fish, and results indicate effects on lipid metabolism and neurotransmission, supported by microbiome data. Findings suggest environmentally relevant exposure scenarios may cause xenobiotic-mediated dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, contributing to neurotoxicity. Furthermore, small-bodied teleosts may be a useful model species for studying certain types of neurodegenerative diseases, in lieu of higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Nielsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd. , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Thomas E Curran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Barney J Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Katherine E Durrer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd. , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Michael S Allen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd. , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences and Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
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18
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Olguín N, Müller ML, Rodríguez-Farré E, Suñol C. Neurotransmitter amines and antioxidant agents in neuronal protection against methylmercury-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of mice cortical neurons. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:278-287. [PMID: 30075218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental toxicant with detrimental effects on the developing brain and adult nervous system. The main mechanisms identified include oxidative stress, changes in intracellular calcium, mitochondrial changes, inhibition of glutamate uptake, of protein synthesis and disruption of microtubules. However, little is known about mechanisms of protection against MeHg neurotoxicity. We found that resveratrol (10 μM) and ascorbic acid (200 μM) protected MeHg-induced cell death in primary cultures of cortical neurons. In this work, we aimed at finding additional targets that may be related to MeHg mode of action in cell toxicity with special emphasis in cell protection. We wonder whether neurotransmitters may affect the MeHg effects on neuronal death. Our findings show that neurons exposed to low MeHg concentrations exhibit less mortality if co-exposed to 10 μM dopamine (DA). However, DA metabolites, HVA (homovanillic acid) and DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) are not responsible for such protection. Furthermore, both DA D1 and D2 receptors agonists showed a protective effect against MeHg toxicity. It is striking though that DA receptor antagonists SKF83566 (10 μM) and haloperidol (10 μM) did not inhibit DA protection against MeHg. In addition, the protective effect of 10 μM DA against MeHg-induced toxicity was not affected by additional organochlorine pollutants exposure. Our results also demonstrate that cells exposed to MeHg in presence of 100 μM acetylcholine (ACh), show an increase in cell mortality at the "threshold value" of 100 nM MeHg. Finally, norepinephrine (10 μM) and serotonin (20 μM) also had an effect on cell protection. Altogether, we propose to further investigate the additional mechanisms that may be playing an important role in MeHg-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nair Olguín
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC - IDIBAPS, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Lena Müller
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC - IDIBAPS, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Rodríguez-Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC - IDIBAPS, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC - IDIBAPS, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Li Y, He B, Gao J, Liu QS, Liu R, Qu G, Shi J, Hu L, Jiang G. Methylmercury exposure alters RNA splicing in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells: Implications from proteomic and post-transcriptional responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:213-221. [PMID: 29554569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxic effects of methylmercury (MeHg) have been intensively studied. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the neurotoxicity of MeHg are not fully understood. To decipher these mechanisms, proteomic and high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technique were utilized, comprehensively evaluating the cellular responses of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells to MeHg exposure. Proteomic results revealed that MeHg exposure interfered with RNA splicing via splicesome, along with the known molecular mechanisms of mercury-related neurotoxicity (e.g. oxidative stress, protein folding, immune system processes, and cytoskeletal organization). The effects of MeHg on RNA splicing were further verified using RNA-seq. Compared to control, a total of 658 aberrant RNA alternative splicing (AS) events were observed after MeHg exposure. Proteomics and RNA-seq results also demonstrated that mercury chloride (HgCl2) influenced the expression levels of several RNA splicing related proteins and 676 AS events compared to control. These results suggested that RNA splicing could be a new molecular mechanism involved in MeHg and HgCl2 neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiejun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Farina M, Aschner M, da Rocha JBT. The catecholaminergic neurotransmitter system in methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2017; 1:47-81. [PMID: 32346666 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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22
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Developmental neurotoxicity of the hippocampus following in utero exposure to methylmercury: impairment in cell signaling. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:513-527. [PMID: 28821999 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed some hippocampal signaling cascades and behavioral impairments in 30-day-old rat pups prenatally exposed to methylmercury (MeHg). Pregnant rats were exposed to 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg MeHg by gavage in alternated days from gestational day 5 until parturition. We found increased anxiety-like and decreased exploration behavior evaluated by open field test and deficit of both short- and long-term memories by novel object recognition task, respectively, in MeHg-treated pups. Downregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and activated/hypophosphorylated (Ser9) GSK3β in MeHg-treated pups could be upstream of hyperphosphorylated Tau (Ser396) destabilizing microtubules and contributing to neural dysfunction in the hippocampus of these rats. Hyperphosphorylated/activated p38MAPK and downregulated phosphoErk1/2 support a role for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade on MeHg neurotoxicity. Decreased receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) immunocontent supports the assumption that downregulated RAGE/Erk1/2 pathway could be involved in hypophosphorylated lysine/serine/proline (KSP) repeats on neurofilament subunits and disturbed axonal transport. Downregulated myelin basic protein (MBP), the major myelin protein, is compatible with dysmyelination and neurofilament hypophosphorylation. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels suggest reactive astrocytes, and active apoptotic pathways BAD/BCL-2, BAX/BCL-XL, and caspase 3 suggest cell death. Taken together, our findings get light on important signaling mechanisms that could underlie the behavioral deficits in 30-day-old pups prenatally exposed to MeHg.
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Guida N, Laudati G, Mascolo L, Valsecchi V, Sirabella R, Selleri C, Di Renzo G, Canzoniero LMT, Formisano L. p38/Sp1/Sp4/HDAC4/BDNF Axis Is a Novel Molecular Pathway of the Neurotoxic Effect of the Methylmercury. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:8. [PMID: 28154524 PMCID: PMC5243805 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways involved in methylmercury (MeHg)-induced neurotoxicity are not fully understood. Since pan-Histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibition has been found to revert the neurodetrimental effect of MeHg, it appeared of interest to investigate whether the pattern of HDACs isoform protein expression is modified during MeHg-induced neurotoxicity and the transcriptional/transductional mechanisms involved. SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells treated with MeHg 1 μM for 12 and 24 h showed a significant increase of HDAC4 protein and gene expression, whereas the HDACs isoforms 1–3, 5, and 6 were unmodified. Furthermore, MeHg-induced HDAC4 increase was reverted when cells were transfected with siRNAs against specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and Sp4, that were both increased during MeHg exposure. Next we studied the role of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in MeHg—induced increase of Sp1, Sp4, and HDAC4 expression. As shown by Western Blot analysis MeHg exposure increased the phosphorylation of p38, but not of ERK and JNK. Notably, when p38 was pharmacologically blocked, MeHg-induced Sp1, Sp4 protein expression, and HDAC4 protein and gene expression was reverted. In addition, MeHg exposure increased the binding of HDAC4 to the promoter IV of the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, determining its mRNA reduction, that was significantly counteracted by HDAC4 knocking down. Furthermore, rat cortical neurons exposed to MeHg (1 μM/24 h) showed an increased phosphorylation of p38, in parallel with an up-regulation of Sp1, Sp4, and HDAC4 and a down-regulation of BDNF proteins. Importantly, transfection of siRNAs against p38, Sp1, Sp4, and HDAC4 or transfection of vector overexpressing BDNF significantly blocked MeHg-induced cell death in cortical neurons. All these results suggest that p38/Sp1-Sp4/HDAC4/BDNF may represent a new pathway involved in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of SannioBenevento, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Science and Technology, University of SannioBenevento, Italy
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Suman S, Mishra S, Shukla Y. Toxicoproteomics in human health and disease: an update. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:1073-1089. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1252676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Suman
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics and Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow, India
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25
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Fujie T, Hara T, Kaji T. Toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules: bio-organometallics and its toxicology. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:SP81-SP88. [PMID: 28320985 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organometallics is a research strategy of biology that uses organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. The molecules are expected to exhibit useful bioactivities based on the unique structure formed by interaction between the organic structure and intramolecular metal(s). However, studies on both biology and toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules have been incompletely performed. There can be two types of toxicological studies of bio-organometallics; one is evaluation of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules and the other is analysis of biological systems from the viewpoint of toxicology using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. Our recent studies indicate that cytotoxicity of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is nontoxic in inorganic forms can be more toxic than that of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is toxic in inorganic forms when the structure of the ligand is the same. Additionally, it was revealed that organic-inorganic hybrid molecules are useful for analysis of biological systems important for understanding the toxicity of chemical compounds including heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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