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Riaz U, Idris M, Ahmed M, Ali F, Yang L. Infrared Thermography as a Potential Non-Invasive Tool for Estrus Detection in Cattle and Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081425. [PMID: 37106988 PMCID: PMC10135134 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The productivity of dairy animals has significantly increased over the past few decades due to intense genetic selection. However, the enhanced yield performance of milk animals caused a proportional increase in stress and compromised reproductive efficiency. Optimal reproductive performance is mandatory for the sustainable production of dairy animals. Reproductive efficiency is marked by proper estrus detection and precise breeding to achieve maximum pregnancies. The existing conventional methods of estrus detection are somewhat labor intensive and less efficient. Similarly, the modern automated methods that rely on detecting physical activity are expensive, and their efficiency is affected by factors such as type of housing (tie stall), flooring, and environment. Infrared thermography has recently emerged as a technique that does not depend on monitoring physical activity. Furthermore, infrared thermography is a non-invasive, user-friendly, and stress-free option that aids in the detection of estrus in dairy animals. Infrared thermography has the potential to be considered a useful non-invasive tool for detecting temperature fluctuations to generate estrus alerts without physical contact in cattle and buffaloes. This manuscript highlights the potential use of infrared thermography to understand reproductive physiology and practical implementation of this technique through discussing its advantages, limitations, and possible precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Riaz
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Musadiq Idris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Farah Ali
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Liguo Yang
- International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (IJRCAGBR), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Binyameen M, Khan MIR, Haque MNU, Tausif MA, Kok A, van Knegsel ATM, Tahir MZ. Effect of prepartum dietary energy sources on productive and reproductive performance in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:88. [PMID: 36808487 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Feeding of dietary energy sources has been extensively studied in dairy cows but not well described in dairy buffaloes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prepartum dietary energy sources on productive and reproductive performance in Nili Ravi buffaloes (n = 21). The buffaloes were offered isocaloric (1.55 Mcal/kg DM NEL (net energy for lactation)) glucogenic (GD), lipogenic (LD), and mixed diet (MD) during 63 days prepartum and maintained (1.27 Mcal/kg DM NEL) at lactation diet (LCD) during 14 weeks postpartum. Effects of dietary energy sources and week on animals were analyzed with the mixed model. The DMI, BCS, and body weights remained similar during the pre- and postpartum periods. The prepartum diets did not affect birth weight, blood metabolites, milk yield, and composition. The GD tended to early uterine involution, more follicle numbers, and early follicle formation. The prepartum feeding of dietary energy source had a similar effect on first estrus expression, days open, conception rate, pregnancy rate, and calving interval. So, it could be concluded that prepartum feeding of an isocaloric dietary energy source had a similar effect on the performance of buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Binyameen
- Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki, District Kasur, 55300, Pakistan
| | - M I R Khan
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M N U Haque
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M A Tausif
- Livestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki, District Kasur, 55300, Pakistan
| | - A Kok
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Z Tahir
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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Presicce GA, Vistocco D, Capuano M, Navas L, Salzano A, Bifulco G, Campanile G, Neglia G. Pregnancies following Protocols for Repetitive Synchronization of Ovulation in Primiparous Buffaloes in Different Seasons. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110616. [PMID: 36356093 PMCID: PMC9693142 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artificial Insemination (AI) is mainly used after estrus synchronization in buffalo, and consecutive synchronization protocols are used to enhance reproductive efficiency. In this study, two different synchronization protocols have been used: Ovsynch vs. a P4-administration, and their efficiency in primiparous animals has been evaluated in different seasons for up to four cycles of re-synchronization protocols. Results show that the pregnancy rate upon the initial AI tends to be higher in P4 treated buffaloes, and that AI efficiency after re-synchronization through P4 is higher than the Ovsynch protocol. In conclusion, synchronization treatments must be selected according to the season of the year. The results derived from this study could be useful for buffalo breeders who want to improve the reproductive efficiency in primiparous animals in commercially managed buffalo herds. Abstract Primiparous buffaloes were tested in two periods of the year characterized, by either low or high reproductive efficiency. They were subjected to two protocols for synchronization of ovulation: (i) Ovsynch (OV) and (ii) progesterone based (P4) treatment. After calving, the animals underwent a series of four cycles of re-synchronization protocols. The season did not affect pregnancy rates when the results of the two treatments were pooled together with regard to the first synchronization protocol, followed by AI. Pregnancy rates were similar during the low breeding season (50.3% vs. 57.4% in OV and P4, respectively), but different during the high breeding season (50.4% vs. 67.7% in OV and P4, respectively; p = 0.000). Logistic regression confirmed a significant effect of treatment and season interaction on pregnancy (p = 0.003). Following re-synchronization, a treatment by season interaction was detected during the low breeding season (odds ratio = 2.233), in favor of P4. Finally, a survival analysis showed a better response of animals subjected to P4 treatment from the second AI onward. In conclusion, the pooled data of pregnancy rates from both treatments between seasons are not different following AIs. Better results, though, were obtained from the implementation of P4 treatment, and are recorded in a season-fashioned mode when the comparison is made following first or cumulative AIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio A. Presicce
- Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo e l’Innovazione dell’Agricoltura del Lazio (ARSIAL), 00162 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Vistocco
- Department of Political Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Navas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-81-2536047
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bifulco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Study on Various Luteal Characteristics Using Doppler Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3896068. [PMID: 35978642 PMCID: PMC9377916 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3896068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of current study was to assess the trend in various luteal characteristics viz luteal size (LS), plasma progesterone (P4) concentration, and luteal blood flow (LBF) using color Doppler imaging (CDI) and power Doppler imaging (PDI) modes in pregnant and nonpregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Lactating, cyclic, and healthy Nili-Ravi buffaloes (n = 09) without any reproductive abnormality were selected in present study. Buffaloes were synchronized using Ov-Synch, and fixed-time artificially insemination was performed (day = 0). Pregnancy was diagnosed on 30-day post-AI using B-mode ultrasonography based on presence or absence of embryonic heartbeat. Ovaries of all animals were scanned from day 5 till 21 post-AI using both B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography to measure LS and LBF. After each ovarian ultrasound examination, blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture to determine plasma P4 concentration. According to results, LBF using CDI and PDI was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in pregnant buffaloes on days 13 and 15 post-AI, respectively. The mean LS and plasma P4 concentration did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) between pregnant and nonpregnant animals until day 15 post-AI. However, a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was noticed for both on day 17 and onwards. It is concluded that LBF is a more sensitive luteal character as compared to LS and P4 for earlier pregnancy diagnosis in Nili-Ravi buffaloes when ascertained through CDI.
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Binyameen M, Khan MIUR, Ul Haque MN, Azam BE, Kok A, Van Knegsel ATM, Tahir MZ. Effect of Prepartum Dietary Energy Level on Production and Reproduction in Nili Ravi Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1683. [PMID: 35804582 PMCID: PMC9264905 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prepartum dietary energy level on postpartum production and reproduction in Nili Ravi buffaloes (n = 21). The buffaloes were offered low energy (LE: 1.31 Mcal/kg DM NEL (net energy for lactation)), medium energy (ME: 1.42 Mcal/kg DM NEL) or high energy (HE: 1.54 Mcal/kg DM NEL) diet for 63 days prepartum, and received the same lactation diet (LD: 1.22 Mcal/kg DM NEL) during 14 weeks postpartum. The effects of dietary energy level and week were analyzed with Proc GLIMMIX model. Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower in buffaloes fed the LE diet compared with buffaloes fed the ME or HE diet. Calf birth weight (CBW) was higher in buffaloes fed the HE diet compared with buffaloes fed the ME or LE diet. Milk production was similar in buffaloes fed the HE, ME or LE diet within 14 weeks postpartum and throughout the lactation. Milk fat was higher in buffaloes fed the LE diet compared with buffaloes fed the ME or HE diet. Milk protein and lactose yields was high in buffaloes fed the HE diet compared with buffaloes fed the ME or LE diet. Body condition score was high in HE and was affected by diet × week interactions during pre and postpartum period. The concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and triglycerides in serum was lowest in buffaloes fed the HE diet compared with the buffaloes fed the ME or LE diet. The buffaloes fed the HE diet had early uterine involution (UI), first estrus, short dry days, and calving interval (CI) compared with buffaloes fed the ME or LE diet. None of buffaloes fed the LE diet exhibited estrus during the first 14 weeks postpartum compared with buffaloes fed the ME or HE diet. In conclusion, prepartum feeding of high energy diet can be helpful in improving the postpartum productive and reproductive performance in Nili Ravi buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhmmad Naveed Ul Haque
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Burhan E. Azam
- Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki 55300, Pakistan; (M.B.); (B.E.A.)
| | - Akke Kok
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (A.T.M.V.K.)
| | - Ariette T. M. Van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.K.); (A.T.M.V.K.)
| | - Muhammad Zahid Tahir
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
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Abulaiti A, Riaz U, Naseer Z, Ahmed Z, Hua G, Yang L. Follicular Dynamics during Estrous Cycle of Pubertal, Mature and Postpartum Crossbred (Nili Ravi × Jianghan) Buffaloes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1208. [PMID: 35565637 PMCID: PMC9105092 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicular dynamics is used as a reliable indicator for reproductive management in livestock. However, the follicular dynamics (follicle wave emergence, estrus cycle length, diameter of dominant follicle, follicular growth and atretic phases) during the estrous cycle of crossbred (Nili Ravi-Jianghan) buffalo is still unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to observe the follicular dynamics in estrous cycle of crossbred buffaloes at different physiological stages (pubertal; n = 28, sexual mature; n = 22 and postpartum; n = 18). In the present study, the follicular dynamics were ultrasonically examined at 12 h intervals throughout an estrous cycle during the breeding season. The results indicate that about 86.76% (59/68) crossbred buffaloes, irrespective of physiological stage, exhibited two follicular waves in estrous cycle with an average estrus cycle length was 20.7 ± 0.4 days. The estrus cycle length was significantly shorter (p < 0.05) in pubertal buffaloes (19.4 ± 0.4 days) compared with sexual mature (21.5 ± 0.3 days) and postpartum (21.9 ± 0.4 days) buffaloes. The first follicular wave emerged on same day during one- (pubertal vs. postpartum), two- (pubertal vs. mature vs. postpartum) or three-wave (mature vs. postpartum) estrous cycle buffaloes. The maximum diameter of dominant follicle (DF) in pubertal, sexually mature and postpartum crossbred buffaloes was 9.6 ± 2.0 mm, 10.6 ± 0.5 mm and 12.6 ± 0.7 mm with growth rate of 1.08 ± 0.04 mm/day, 0.92 ± 0.04 mm/day, and 0.9 ± 0.07 mm/day, respectively. In conclusion, similar to other buffalo breeds, Nili Ravi-Jianghan crossbred buffaloes showed the two-wave follicular pattern dominantly with an average duration of ~20 days estrous cycle. The observed follicular dynamics can be used as a reliable indicator for synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) programs to improve the fertility of crossbred buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adili Abulaiti
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.A.); (U.R.); (Z.A.)
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Province’s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Umair Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.A.); (U.R.); (Z.A.)
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Naseer
- Theriogenology Section, Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.A.); (U.R.); (Z.A.)
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.A.); (U.R.); (Z.A.)
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Province’s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.A.); (U.R.); (Z.A.)
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Province’s Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, Wuhan 430070, China
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Ahmad N, Arshad U. Synchronization and resynchronization strategies to improve fertility in dairy buffaloes. Theriogenology 2020; 150:173-179. [PMID: 31982154 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dairy buffalo has an integral role in the sustenance of economics due to its substantial contribution in milk and meat industry, however, the reproduction in this species is challenging. During the last decade, our laboratory conducted a series of experiments to encapsulate the solutions of the problems through optimizing pre- and post-insemination interventions in dairy buffaloes. In an unique study, we proposed that timing of ovulation with reference to the onset of standing heat during spontaneous estrus is delayed, and subsequently re-framed the traditional AM-PM rule (AI after 12 h of standing heat) to AM-AM or PM-PM (AI after 24 h of standing heat) to achieve the optimum fertility using frozen thawed semen in dairy buffaloes. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) varied substantially either via injecting single shot of prostaglandin (PG) F2α to perform AI at detected estrus or applying standard ovsynch protocol for timed AI (TAI) in buffaloes. However, estrus response, and P/AI remained similar either with used or new controlled internal drug release device in dairy buffaloes. Additionally, the incorporation of estradiol benzoate in progesterone (P4) based protocol resulted in controlled emergence of follicular wave and increased the estrus intensity in buffaloes. Thereafter, we fine-tuned P4-based protocols to optimize the ovulation window for TAI either using GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or equine chorionic gonadotropin that ultimately improved the fertility in dairy buffaloes. Although, these hormonal interventions resulted in decent fertility, yet it was consistently being compromised due to early or late embryonic losses in dairy buffaloes. Administration of hCG or GnRH on d 7 or 23 or 25 post AI has been proved beneficial to enhance the embryonic survival in buffaloes. Recently, resynchronization program as an aggressive reproductive management approach has been tested that served as a dual-purpose tool to increase overall herd fertility and reduce embryonic losses at commercial buffalo farm operations. Taken together, we concluded that the solutions to the problems of reproductive function are now clearly available with acceptable fertility, however, their application to the small holder buffalo farming remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
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Murtaza A, Khan MIUR, Abbas M, Hameed N, Ahmad W, Mohsin I, Tahir MZ. Optimal timing of artificial insemination and changes in vaginal mucous characteristics relative to the onset of standing estrus in Beetal goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 213:106249. [PMID: 31987315 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to determine the optimal timing of artificial insemination and vaginal mucous characteristics relative to the onset of estrus in goats. Does (n = 257) were estrous synchronized using hormonal treatments. Intracervical inseminations with fresh semen were performed at 0, 12, 24 and 36 h after the onset of estrus. Characteristics of vaginal mucus (i.e., color, consistency, and volume) were observed and graded at the time of AI to calculate cumulative mucous score. The vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was recorded (Draminski® detector) at the time of AI. Pregnancy rate was less (P < 0.05) when inseminations occurred at 0 h (28.6%) compared with 12 (58.3%) and 24 h (56.4%) after the onset of estrus; however, pregnancy rate at 36 h (54.5%) did not differ (P> 0.05) compared with inseminations at 0, 12 or 24 h after estrous onset. Relative odds for pregnancy rate at 12, 24 and 36 h were 5.24, 5.20 and 3.29 times greater compared with 0 h. Cumulative mucous score varied (P < 0.05) relative to the onset of estrus and correlated well (P < 0.05) with the color and consistency than volume of the mucus. The VER was less (P < 0.05) at 12 than 0 and 36 h after estrous onset. In conclusion, goats can be inseminated between 12-36 h after the onset of estrus; however, the chances of pregnancy are greater with inseminations at the 12 or 24 h time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Murtaza
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mustansar Abbas
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Hameed
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Mohsin
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid Tahir
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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